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\subsection{EXF: The external forcing package |
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\label{sec:pkg:exf}} |
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\begin{rawhtml} |
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<!-- CMIREDIR:sectionexf: --> |
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\end{rawhtml} |
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|
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Authors: Patrick Heimbach and Dimitris Menemenlis |
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|
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\subsubsection{Introduction |
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\label{sec:pkg:exf:intro}} |
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|
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The external forcing package, in conjunction with the |
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calendar package (cal), enables the handling of real-time |
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(or ``model-time'') forcing |
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fields of differing temporal forcing patterns. |
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It comprises climatological restoring and relaxation. |
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Bulk formulae are implemented to convert atmospheric fields |
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to surface fluxes. |
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An interpolation routine provides on-the-fly interpolation of |
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forcing fields an arbitrary grid onto the model grid. |
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|
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CPP options enable or disable different aspects of the package |
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(Section \ref{sec:pkg:exf:config}). |
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Runtime options, flags, filenames and field-related dates/times are |
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set in \texttt{data.exf} and \texttt{data.exf\_clim} |
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(Section \ref{sec:pkg:exf:runtime}). |
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A description of key subroutines is given in Section |
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\ref{sec:pkg:exf:subroutines}. |
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Input fields, units and sign conventions are summarized in |
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Section \ref{sec:pkg:exf:fields_units}, and available diagnostics |
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output is listed in Section \ref{sec:pkg:exf:fields_diagnostics}. |
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|
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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|
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\subsubsection{EXF configuration, compiling \& running} |
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|
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\paragraph{Compile-time options |
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\label{sec:pkg:exf:config}} |
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~ |
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|
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As with all MITgcm packages, EXF can be turned on or off at compile time |
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% |
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\begin{itemize} |
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% |
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\item |
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using the \texttt{packages.conf} file by adding \texttt{exf} to it, |
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% |
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\item |
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or using \texttt{genmake2} adding |
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\texttt{-enable=exf} or \texttt{-disable=exf} switches |
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% |
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\item |
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\textit{required packages and CPP options}: \\ |
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EXF requires the calendar package \texttt{cal} to be enabled; |
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no additional CPP options are required. |
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% |
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\end{itemize} |
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(see Section \ref{sect:buildingCode}). |
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|
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Parts of the EXF code can be enabled or disabled at compile time |
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via CPP preprocessor flags. These options are set in either |
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\texttt{EXF\_OPTIONS.h} or in \texttt{ECCO\_CPPOPTIONS.h}. |
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Table \ref{tab:pkg:exf:cpp} summarizes these options. |
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|
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\begin{table}[b!] |
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\centering |
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\label{tab:pkg:exf:cpp} |
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{\footnotesize |
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|} |
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\hline |
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\textbf{CPP option} & \textbf{Description} \\ |
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\hline \hline |
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\texttt{EXF\_VERBOSE} & |
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verbose mode (recommended only for testing) \\ |
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\texttt{ALLOW\_ATM\_TEMP} & |
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compute heat/freshwater fluxes from atmos. state input \\ |
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\texttt{ALLOW\_ATM\_WIND} & |
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compute wind stress from wind speed input\\ |
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\texttt{ALLOW\_BULKFORMULAE} & |
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is used if \texttt{ALLOW\_ATM\_TEMP} or |
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\texttt{ALLOW\_ATM\_WIND} is enabled \\ |
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\texttt{EXF\_READ\_EVAP} & read evaporation instead of computing it \\ |
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\texttt{ALLOW\_RUNOFF} & read time-constant river/glacier run-off field \\ |
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\texttt{ALLOW\_DOWNWARD\_RADIATION} & compute net from downward or downward from net radiation \\ |
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\texttt{USE\_EXF\_INTERPOLATION} & enable on-the-fly bilinear or bicubic interpolation of input fields \\ |
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\hline |
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\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textit{used in conjunction with relaxation to prescribed (climatological) fields}} \\ |
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\hline |
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\texttt{ALLOW\_CLIMSST\_RELAXATION} & |
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relaxation to 2-D SST climatology \\ |
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\texttt{ALLOW\_CLIMSSS\_RELAXATION} & |
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relaxation to 2-D SSS climatology \\ |
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\hline |
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\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textit{these are set outside of EXF in} \texttt{CPP\_OPTIONS.h}} \\ |
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\hline |
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\texttt{SHORTWAVE\_HEATING} & enable shortwave radiation \\ |
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\texttt{ATMOSPHERIC\_LOADING} & enable surface pressure forcing \\ |
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\hline |
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\end{tabular} |
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} |
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\caption{~} |
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\end{table} |
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|
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|
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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|
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\subsubsection{Run-time parameters |
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\label{sec:pkg:exf:runtime}} |
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|
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Run-time parameters are set in files |
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\texttt{data.pkg}, \texttt{data.exf}, and |
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\texttt{data.exf\_clim} (for relaxation/climatological fields) |
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which are read in \texttt{exf\_readparms.F}. |
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Run-time parameters may be broken into 3 categories: |
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(i) switching on/off the package at runtime, |
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(ii) general flags and parameters, and |
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(iii) attributes for each forcing and climatological field. |
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|
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\paragraph{Enabling the package} |
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~ \\ |
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% |
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A package is usually switched on/off at runtime by setting |
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(e.g. for EXF) \texttt{useEXF = .TRUE.} in \texttt{data.pkg}. |
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For EXF this flag is omitted, i.e. EXF is always ON if it is compiled. |
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|
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\paragraph{General flags and parameters} |
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~ \\ |
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% |
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\begin{table}[h!] |
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\centering |
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\label{tab:pkg:exf:runtime_flags} |
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{\footnotesize |
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\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|} |
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\hline |
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\textbf{Flag/parameter} & \textbf{default} & \textbf{Description} \\ |
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\hline \hline |
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useExfCheckRange & \texttt{.TRUE.} & |
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check range of input fields and stop if out of range \\ |
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useExfYearlyFields & \texttt{.FALSE.} & |
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append current year postfix of form \texttt{\_YYYY} on filename \\ |
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twoDigitYear & \texttt{.FALSE.} & |
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instead of appending \texttt{\_YYYY} append \texttt{YY} \\ |
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repeatPeriod & \texttt{0.0} & $ > 0 $ : |
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cycle through all input fields at the same period (in seconds) \\ |
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~ & ~ & $ = 0 $ : |
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use period assigned to each field \\ |
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exf\_offset\_atemp & \texttt{0.0} & set to 273.16 to convert from deg. Kelvin (assumed input) to Celsius \\ |
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windstressmax & \texttt{2.0} & |
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max. allowed wind stress $N/m^2$ \\ |
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exf\_albedo & \texttt{0.1} & |
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surface albedo used to compute downward vs. net radiative fluxes \\ |
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exf\_iprec & \texttt{32} & |
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precision of input fields (32-bit or 64-bit) \\ |
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exf\_yftype & \texttt{'RL'} & |
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precision of arrays ('RL' vs. 'RS') \\ |
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\hline |
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\end{tabular} |
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} |
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\caption{~} |
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\end{table} |
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|
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|
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\paragraph{Field attributes} |
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~ \\ |
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% |
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All EXF fields are listed in Section \ref{sec:pkg:exf:fields_units}. |
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Each field has a number of attributes which can be customized. |
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They are summarized in |
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Table \ref{tab:pkg:exf:runtime_attributes}. |
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To obtain an attribute for a specific field, e.g. \texttt{uwind} |
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prepend the field name to the listed attribute, e.g. for attribute |
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\texttt{period} this yields \texttt{uwindperiod}: |
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% |
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\begin{eqnarray*} |
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\begin{array}{cccccc} |
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~ & \texttt{field} & \& & \texttt{attribute} & \longrightarrow & \texttt{parameter} \\ |
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\text{e.g.} & \text{uwind} & \& & \text{period} & \longrightarrow & \text{uwindperiod} \\ |
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\end{array} |
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\end{eqnarray*} |
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% |
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|
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\begin{table}[h!] |
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\centering |
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\label{tab:pkg:exf:runtime_attributes} |
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{\footnotesize |
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\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|} |
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\hline |
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\textbf{attribute} & \textbf{Default} & \textbf{Description} \\ |
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\hline \hline |
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\textit{field}\texttt{file} & ' ' & |
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filename; if left empty no file will be read; \texttt{const} will be used instead \\ |
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\textit{field}\texttt{const} & 0. & |
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constant that will be used if no file is read \\ |
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\textit{field}\texttt{startdate1} & 0. & |
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format: \texttt{YYYYMMDD}; start year (YYYY), month (MM), day (YY) \\ |
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~&~& of field to determine record number \\ |
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\textit{field}\texttt{startdate2} & 0. & |
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format: \texttt{HHMMSS}; start hour (HH), minute (MM), second(SS) \\ |
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~&~& of field to determine record number\\ |
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\textit{field}\texttt{period} & 0. & |
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interval in seconds between two records \\ |
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\texttt{exf\_inscal\_}\textit{field}& ~ & |
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optional rescaling of input fields to comply with EXF units \\ |
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\texttt{exf\_outscal\_}\textit{field}& ~ & |
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optional rescaling of EXF fields when mapped onto MITgcm fields \\ |
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\hline |
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\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\textit{used in conjunction with} |
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\texttt{EXF\_USE\_INTERPOLATION}} \\ |
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\hline |
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\textit{field}\texttt{\_lon0} & $thetaMin+delX/2$ & |
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starting longitude of input \\ |
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\textit{field}\texttt{\_lon\_inc} & $delX$ & |
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increment in longitude of input \\ |
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\textit{field}\texttt{\_lat0} & $phiMin+delY/2$ & |
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starting latitude of input \\ |
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\textit{field}\texttt{\_lat\_inc} & $delY$ & |
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increment in latitude of input \\ |
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\textit{field}\texttt{\_nlon} & $Nx$ & |
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number of grid points in longitude of input \\ |
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\textit{field}\texttt{\_nlat} & $Ny$ & |
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number of grid points in longitude of input \\ |
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\hline |
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\end{tabular} |
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} |
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\caption{\newline |
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Note one exception for the default of |
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\texttt{atempconst} = celsius2K = 273.16} |
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\end{table} |
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|
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\paragraph{Example configuration} ~ \\ |
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% |
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The following block is taken from the \texttt{data.exf} file |
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of the veification experiment \texttt{global\_with\_exf/}. |
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It defines attributes for the heat flux variable \texttt{hflux}: |
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|
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\begin{verbatim} |
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hfluxfile = 'ncep_qnet.bin', |
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hfluxstartdate1 = 19920101, |
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hfluxstartdate2 = 000000, |
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hfluxperiod = 2592000.0, |
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hflux_lon0 = 2 |
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hflux_lon_inc = 4 |
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hflux_lat0 = -78 |
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hflux_lat_inc = 39*4 |
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hflux_nlon = 90 |
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hflux_nlat = 40 |
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\end{verbatim} |
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|
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EXF will read a file of name 'ncep\_qnet.bin'. |
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Its first record represents January 1st, 1991 at 00:00 UTC. |
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Next record is 2592000 seconds (or 30 days) later. |
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Interpolation on-the-fly is used (in the present case trivially |
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on the same grid, but included nevertheless for illustration), |
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and input field grid starting coordinates and increments are |
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supplied as well. |
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|
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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|
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\subsubsection{EXF input fields and units |
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\label{sec:pkg:exf:fields_units}} |
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|
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The following list is taken from the header file \texttt{exf\_fields.h}. |
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It comprises all EXF input fields. |
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|
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Output fields which EXF provides to the MITgcm are fields |
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\textbf{fu}, \textbf{fv}, \textbf{Qnet}, \textbf{Qsw}, \textbf{EmPmR}, |
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and \textbf{pload}. They are defined in \texttt{FFIELDS.h}. |
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|
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{\footnotesize |
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\begin{verbatim} |
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|
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c | |
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c field :: Description |
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c | |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c ustress :: Zonal surface wind stress in N/m^2 |
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c | > 0 for increase in uVel, which is west to |
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c | east for cartesian and spherical polar grids |
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c | Typical range: -0.5 < ustress < 0.5 |
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c | Southwest C-grid U point |
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c | Input field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c vstress :: Meridional surface wind stress in N/m^2 |
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c | > 0 for increase in vVel, which is south to |
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c | north for cartesian and spherical polar grids |
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c | Typical range: -0.5 < vstress < 0.5 |
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c | Southwest C-grid V point |
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c | Input field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c hs :: sensible heat flux into ocean in W/m^2 |
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c | > 0 for increase in theta (ocean warming) |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c hl :: latent heat flux into ocean in W/m^2 |
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c | > 0 for increase in theta (ocean warming) |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c hflux :: Net upward surface heat flux in W/m^2 |
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c | excluding shortwave (on input) |
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c | hflux = latent + sensible + lwflux |
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c | > 0 for decrease in theta (ocean cooling) |
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c | Typical range: -250 < hflux < 600 |
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c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
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c | Input field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c sflux :: Net upward freshwater flux in m/s |
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c | sflux = evap - precip - runoff |
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c | > 0 for increase in salt (ocean salinity) |
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c | Typical range: -1e-7 < sflux < 1e-7 |
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c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
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c | Input field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c swflux :: Net upward shortwave radiation in W/m^2 |
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c | swflux = - ( swdown - ice and snow absorption - reflected ) |
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c | > 0 for decrease in theta (ocean cooling) |
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c | Typical range: -350 < swflux < 0 |
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c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
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c | Input field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c uwind :: Surface (10-m) zonal wind velocity in m/s |
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c | > 0 for increase in uVel, which is west to |
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c | east for cartesian and spherical polar grids |
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c | Typical range: -10 < uwind < 10 |
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c | Southwest C-grid U point |
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c | Input or input/output field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c vwind :: Surface (10-m) meridional wind velocity in m/s |
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c | > 0 for increase in vVel, which is south to |
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c | north for cartesian and spherical polar grids |
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c | Typical range: -10 < vwind < 10 |
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c | Southwest C-grid V point |
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c | Input or input/output field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c wspeed :: Surface (10-m) wind speed in m/s |
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c | >= 0 sqrt(u^2+v^2) |
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c | Typical range: 0 < wspeed < 10 |
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c | Input or input/output field |
| 337 |
c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c atemp :: Surface (2-m) air temperature in deg K |
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c | Typical range: 200 < atemp < 300 |
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c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
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c | Input or input/output field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c aqh :: Surface (2m) specific humidity in kg/kg |
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c | Typical range: 0 < aqh < 0.02 |
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c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
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c | Input or input/output field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c lwflux :: Net upward longwave radiation in W/m^2 |
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c | lwflux = - ( lwdown - ice and snow absorption - emitted ) |
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c | > 0 for decrease in theta (ocean cooling) |
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c | Typical range: -20 < lwflux < 170 |
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c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
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c | Input field |
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c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c evap :: Evaporation in m/s |
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c | > 0 for increase in salt (ocean salinity) |
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c | Typical range: 0 < evap < 2.5e-7 |
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c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
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c | Input, input/output, or output field |
| 360 |
c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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c precip :: Precipitation in m/s |
| 362 |
c | > 0 for decrease in salt (ocean salinity) |
| 363 |
c | Typical range: 0 < precip < 5e-7 |
| 364 |
c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
| 365 |
c | Input or input/output field |
| 366 |
c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 367 |
c snowprecip :: snow in m/s |
| 368 |
c | > 0 for decrease in salt (ocean salinity) |
| 369 |
c | Typical range: 0 < precip < 5e-7 |
| 370 |
c | Input or input/output field |
| 371 |
c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 372 |
c runoff :: River and glacier runoff in m/s |
| 373 |
c | > 0 for decrease in salt (ocean salinity) |
| 374 |
c | Typical range: 0 < runoff < ???? |
| 375 |
c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
| 376 |
c | Input or input/output field |
| 377 |
c | !!! WATCH OUT: Default exf_inscal_runoff !!! |
| 378 |
c | !!! in exf_readparms.F is not 1.0 !!! |
| 379 |
c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 380 |
c swdown :: Downward shortwave radiation in W/m^2 |
| 381 |
c | > 0 for increase in theta (ocean warming) |
| 382 |
c | Typical range: 0 < swdown < 450 |
| 383 |
c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
| 384 |
c | Input/output field |
| 385 |
c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 386 |
c lwdown :: Downward longwave radiation in W/m^2 |
| 387 |
c | > 0 for increase in theta (ocean warming) |
| 388 |
c | Typical range: 50 < lwdown < 450 |
| 389 |
c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
| 390 |
c | Input/output field |
| 391 |
c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 392 |
c apressure :: Atmospheric pressure field in N/m^2 |
| 393 |
c | > 0 for ???? |
| 394 |
c | Typical range: ???? < apressure < ???? |
| 395 |
c | Southwest C-grid tracer point |
| 396 |
c | Input field |
| 397 |
c---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 398 |
|
| 399 |
\end{verbatim} |
| 400 |
} |
| 401 |
|
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 403 |
|
| 404 |
\subsubsection{Key subroutines |
| 405 |
\label{sec:pkg:exf:subroutines}} |
| 406 |
|
| 407 |
Top-level routine: \texttt{exf\_getforcing.F} |
| 408 |
|
| 409 |
{\footnotesize |
| 410 |
\begin{verbatim} |
| 411 |
|
| 412 |
C !CALLING SEQUENCE: |
| 413 |
c ... |
| 414 |
c exf_getforcing (TOP LEVEL ROUTINE) |
| 415 |
c | |
| 416 |
c |-- exf_getclim (get climatological fields used e.g. for relax.) |
| 417 |
c | |--- exf_set_climsst (relax. to 2-D SST field) |
| 418 |
c | |--- exf_set_climsss (relax. to 2-D SSS field) |
| 419 |
c | o |
| 420 |
c | |
| 421 |
c |-- exf_getffields <- this one does almost everything |
| 422 |
c | | 1. reads in fields, either flux or atmos. state, |
| 423 |
c | | depending on CPP options (for each variable two fields |
| 424 |
c | | consecutive in time are read in and interpolated onto |
| 425 |
c | | current time step). |
| 426 |
c | | 2. If forcing is atmos. state and control is atmos. state, |
| 427 |
c | | then the control variable anomalies are read here via ctrl_get_gen |
| 428 |
c | | (atemp, aqh, precip, swflux, swdown, uwind, vwind). |
| 429 |
c | | If forcing and control are fluxes, then |
| 430 |
c | | controls are added later. |
| 431 |
c | o |
| 432 |
c | |
| 433 |
c |-- exf_radiation |
| 434 |
c | | Compute net or downwelling radiative fluxes via |
| 435 |
c | | Stefan-Boltzmann law in case only one is known. |
| 436 |
c | o |
| 437 |
c |-- exf_wind |
| 438 |
c | | Computes wind speed and stresses, if required. |
| 439 |
c | o |
| 440 |
c | |
| 441 |
c |-- exf_bulkformulae |
| 442 |
c | | Compute air-sea buoyancy fluxes from |
| 443 |
c | | atmospheric state following Large and Pond, JPO, 1981/82 |
| 444 |
c | o |
| 445 |
c | |
| 446 |
c |-- < hflux is sum of sensible, latent, longwave rad. > |
| 447 |
c |-- < sflux is sum of evap. minus precip. minus runoff > |
| 448 |
c | |
| 449 |
c |-- exf_getsurfacefluxes |
| 450 |
c | If forcing and control is flux, then the |
| 451 |
c | control vector anomalies are read here via ctrl_get_gen |
| 452 |
c | (hflux, sflux, ustress, vstress) |
| 453 |
c | |
| 454 |
c |-- < update tile edges here > |
| 455 |
c | |
| 456 |
c |-- exf_check_range |
| 457 |
c | | Check whether read fields are within assumed range |
| 458 |
c | | (may capture mismatches in units) |
| 459 |
c | o |
| 460 |
c | |
| 461 |
c |-- < add shortwave to hflux for diagnostics > |
| 462 |
c | |
| 463 |
c |-- exf_diagnostics_fill |
| 464 |
c | | Do EXF-related diagnostics output here. |
| 465 |
c | o |
| 466 |
c | |
| 467 |
c |-- exf_mapfields |
| 468 |
c | | Forcing fields from exf package are mapped onto |
| 469 |
c | | mitgcm forcing arrays. |
| 470 |
c | | Mapping enables a runtime rescaling of fields |
| 471 |
c | o |
| 472 |
C o |
| 473 |
\end{verbatim} |
| 474 |
} |
| 475 |
|
| 476 |
Radiation calculation: \texttt{exf\_radiation.F} |
| 477 |
|
| 478 |
Wind speed and stress calculation: \texttt{exf\_wind.F} |
| 479 |
|
| 480 |
Bulk formula: \texttt{exf\_bulkformulae.F} |
| 481 |
|
| 482 |
Generic I/O: \texttt{exf\_set\_gen.F} |
| 483 |
|
| 484 |
Interpolation: \texttt{exf\_interp.F} |
| 485 |
|
| 486 |
Header routines |
| 487 |
|
| 488 |
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 489 |
|
| 490 |
\subsubsection{EXF diagnostics |
| 491 |
\label{sec:pkg:exf:diagnostics}} |
| 492 |
|
| 493 |
Diagnostics output is available via the diagnostics package |
| 494 |
(see Section \ref{sec:pkg:diagnostics}). |
| 495 |
Available output fields are summarized in |
| 496 |
Table \ref{tab:pkg:exf:diagnostics}. |
| 497 |
|
| 498 |
\begin{table}[h!] |
| 499 |
\centering |
| 500 |
\label{tab:pkg:exf:diagnostics} |
| 501 |
{\footnotesize |
| 502 |
\begin{verbatim} |
| 503 |
------------------------------------------------------ |
| 504 |
<-Name->|Levs|grid|<-- Units -->|<- Tile (max=80c) |
| 505 |
------------------------------------------------------ |
| 506 |
EXFhs | 1 | SM | W/m^2 | Sensible heat flux into ocean, >0 increases theta |
| 507 |
EXFhl | 1 | SM | W/m^2 | Latent heat flux into ocean, >0 increases theta |
| 508 |
EXFlwnet| 1 | SM | W/m^2 | Net upward longwave radiation, >0 decreases theta |
| 509 |
EXFswnet| 1 | SM | W/m^2 | Net upward shortwave radiation, >0 decreases theta |
| 510 |
EXFlwdn | 1 | SM | W/m^2 | Downward longwave radiation, >0 increases theta |
| 511 |
EXFswdn | 1 | SM | W/m^2 | Downward shortwave radiation, >0 increases theta |
| 512 |
EXFqnet | 1 | SM | W/m^2 | Net upward heat flux (turb+rad), >0 decreases theta |
| 513 |
EXFtaux | 1 | SU | N/m^2 | zonal surface wind stress, >0 increases uVel |
| 514 |
EXFtauy | 1 | SV | N/m^2 | meridional surface wind stress, >0 increases vVel |
| 515 |
EXFuwind| 1 | SM | m/s | zonal 10-m wind speed, >0 increases uVel |
| 516 |
EXFvwind| 1 | SM | m/s | meridional 10-m wind speed, >0 increases uVel |
| 517 |
EXFwspee| 1 | SM | m/s | 10-m wind speed modulus ( >= 0 ) |
| 518 |
EXFatemp| 1 | SM | degK | surface (2-m) air temperature |
| 519 |
EXFaqh | 1 | SM | kg/kg | surface (2-m) specific humidity |
| 520 |
EXFevap | 1 | SM | m/s | evaporation, > 0 increases salinity |
| 521 |
EXFpreci| 1 | SM | m/s | evaporation, > 0 decreases salinity |
| 522 |
EXFsnow | 1 | SM | m/s | snow precipitation, > 0 decreases salinity |
| 523 |
EXFempmr| 1 | SM | m/s | net upward freshwater flux, > 0 increases salinity |
| 524 |
EXFpress| 1 | SM | N/m^2 | atmospheric pressure field |
| 525 |
\end{verbatim} |
| 526 |
} |
| 527 |
\caption{~} |
| 528 |
\end{table} |
| 529 |
|
| 530 |
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 531 |
|
| 532 |
\subsubsection{Reference experiments} |
| 533 |
|
| 534 |
global\_with\_exf: |
| 535 |
|
| 536 |
lab\_sea: |
| 537 |
|
| 538 |
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 539 |
|
| 540 |
\subsubsection{References} |
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