s_phys_pkgs/text/bulk_force.tex

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\def\deg{$^o$}
\section{BULK\_FORCE: Bulk Formula Package}
\label{sec:pkg:bulk_formula}
\begin{rawhtml}
<!-- CMIREDIR:package_bulk_formula: -->
\end{rawhtml}

author: Stephanie Dutkiewicz\\

\noindent
Instead of forcing the model with heat and fresh water flux data,
this package calculates these fluxes using the changing sea surface
temperature. We need to read in some atmospheric data:
{\bf air temperature, air humidity, down shortwave radiation,
     down longwave radiation, precipitation, wind speed}.
The current setup also reads in {\bf wind stress}, but this
can be changed so that the stresses are calculated from the
wind speed.

The current setup requires that there is the thermodynamic-seaice package
({\it pkg/thsice}, also refered below as seaice)
is also used. It would be useful though to have it also
setup to run with some very simple parametrization of the sea ice.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
The heat and fresh water fluxes are calculated in {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}
called from {\it forward\_step.F}. These fluxes are used over open water,
fluxes over seaice are recalculated in the sea-ice package.
Before the call to {\it bulkf\_forcing.F} we call 
{\it bulkf\_fields\_load.F} to find the current atmospheric conditions.
The only other changes to the model code come from the initializing
and writing diagnostics of these fluxes.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}
\noindent
{\bf \underline{subroutine BULKF\_FIELDS\_LOAD}}

\noindent
Here we find the atmospheric data needed for the bulk formula
calculations. These are read in at periodic intervals and
values are interpolated to the current time. The data file names
come from {\bf data.blk}. The values that can be read in are:
air temperature, air humidity, precipitation, 
down solar radiation, down long
wave radiation, zonal and meridional wind speeds, total wind
speed, net heat flux, net freshwater forcing, cloud cover,
snow fall, zonal and meridional wind stresses, and SST and SSS
used for relaxation terms.
Not all these files are necessary or used. For instance cloud
cover and snow fall are not used in the current bulk formula
calculation. If total wind speed is not supplied, wind speed
is calculate from the zonal and meridional components. If
wind stresses are not read in, then the stresses are calculated
from the wind speed. Net heat flux and net freshwater can be
read in and used over open ocean instead of the bulk formula
calculations (but over seaice the bulkf formula is always
used). This is "hardwired" into {\it bulkf\_forcing} and
the "ch" in the variable names suggests that this is "cheating".
SST and SSS need to be read in if there is any relaxation used.


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


\vspace{1cm}
\noindent
{\bf \underline{subroutine BULKF\_FORCING}}

\noindent
In {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}, we calculate  heat and fresh water
fluxes (and wind stress, if necessary) for each grid cell.
First we determine if the grid cell is open water or seaice
and this information is carried by {\bf iceornot}. There is
a provision here for a different designation if there is
snow cover (but currently this does not make any difference).
We then call {\it bulkf\_formula\_lanl.F} which provides
values for: up long wave radiation, latent and sensible heat
fluxes, the derivative of these three with respect to surface
temperature, wind stress, evaporation. 
Net long wave radiation is calculated from the combination
of the down long wave read in and the up long wave calculated.

We then find the albedo of the surface - with a call to
{\it sfc\_albedo} if there is sea-ice (see the seaice package
for information on the subroutine). If the grid cell is open
ocean the albedo is set as 0.1. Note that this is a parameter
that can be used to tune the results. The net short wave
radiation is then the down shortwave radiation minus the 
amount reflected.

If the wind stress needed to be calculated in {\it bulkf\_formula\_lanl.F},
it was calculated to grid cell center points, so in {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}
we regrid to {\bf u} and {\bf v} points. We let the model know
if it has read in stresses or calculated stresses by the switch
{\bf readwindstress} which is can be set in data.blk, and defaults
to {\bf .TRUE.}.

We then calculate {\bf Qnet} and {\bf EmPmR} that will be used
as the fluxes over the open ocean. There is a provision for
using runoff. If we are "cheating" and using observed fluxes 
over the open ocean, then there is a provision here to
use read in {\bf Qnet} and {\bf EmPmR}.

The final call is to calculate averages of the terms found
in this subroutine.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}
\noindent
{\bf {\underline{ subroutine BULKF\_FORMULA\_LANL}}}

\noindent
This is the main program of the package where the
heat fluxes and freshwater fluxes over ice and
open water are calculated. Note that this subroutine
is also called from the seaice package during the
iterations to find the ice surface temperature.

Latent heat ($L$) used in this subroutine 
depends on the state of the surface: vaporization for
open water, fusion and vaporization for ice surfaces.
Air temperature is converted from Celsius to Kelvin.
If there is no wind speed ($u_s$) given, then the wind speed
is calculated from the zonal and meridional components.

We calculate the virtual temperature:
\[
T_o = T_{air} (1+\gamma q_{air})
\]
where $T_{air}$ is the air temperature at $h_T$, $q_{air}$ is
humidity at $h_q$ and $\gamma$ is a constant.

The saturated vapor pressure is calculate (QQ ref):
\[
q_{sat} = \frac{a}{p_o} e^{L (b-\frac{c}{T_{srf}})}
\]
where $a,b,c$ are constants, $T_{srf}$ is surface temperature
and $p_o$ is the surface pressure.

The two values crucial for the bulk formula calculations are
the difference between air at sea surface and sea surface temperature:
\[
\Delta T = T_{air} - T_{srf} +\alpha h_T
\]
where $\alpha$ is adiabatic lapse rate and $h_T$ is the  height
where the air temperature was taken; and the difference
between the air humidity and the saturated humidity
\[
\Delta q = q_{air} - q_{sat}.
\]

We then calculate the turbulent exchange coefficients
following Bryan et al (1996) and the numerical scheme
of Hunke and Lipscombe (1998). 
We estimate initial values for the exchange coefficients, $c_u$,
$c_T$ and $c_q$ as
\[
\frac{\kappa}{ln(z_{ref}/z_{rou})}
\]
where $\kappa$ is the Von Karman constant, $z_{ref}$ is a
reference height and $z_{rou}$ is a roughness length scale
which could be a function of type of surface, but is here set
as a constant. Turbulent scales are:
\begin{eqnarray}
u^* & = & c_u u_s \nonumber\\
T^* & = & c_T \Delta T \nonumber\\
q^* & = & c_q \Delta q \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

We find the "integrated flux profile" for momentum and stability
if there are stable QQ conditions ($\Upsilon>0$) :
\[
\psi_m = \psi_s = -5 \Upsilon
\]
and for unstable QQ conditions ($\Upsilon<0$):
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi_m & = & 2 ln(0.5(1+\chi)) + ln(0.5(1+\chi^2)) - 2 \tan^{-1} \chi + \pi/2
\nonumber \\
\psi_s & = & 2 ln(0.5(1+\chi^2)) \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where
\[
\Upsilon = \frac{\kappa g z_{ref}}{u^{*2}} (\frac{T^*}{T_o} + 
\frac{q^*}{1/\gamma + q_a})
\]
and $\chi=(1-16\Upsilon)^{1/2}$.

The coefficients are updated through 5 iterations as:
\begin{eqnarray}
c_u & = & \frac {\hat{c_u}}{1+\hat{c_u}(\lambda - \psi_m)/\kappa} \nonumber \\
c_T & = & \frac {\hat{c_T}}{1+\hat{c_T}(\lambda - \psi_s)/\kappa} \nonumber \\
c_q & = & c'_T
\end{eqnarray}
where $\lambda =ln(h_T/z_{ref})$.

We can then find the bulk formula heat fluxes:

\vspace{.2cm}
\noindent
Sensible heat flux:
\[
Q_s=\rho_{air} c_{p_{air}} u_s c_u c_T \Delta T
\]

\vspace{.2cm}
\noindent
Latent heat flux:
\[
Q_l=\rho_{air} L u_s c_u c_q \Delta q
\]

\vspace{.2cm}
\noindent
Up long wave radiation
\[
Q_{lw}^{up}=\epsilon \sigma T_{srf}^4
\]
where $\epsilon$ is emissivity (which can be different for
open ocean, ice and snow), $\sigma$ is Stefan-Boltzman constant.

We calculate the derivatives of the three above functions
with respect to surface temperature
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dQ_s}{d_T} & = & \rho_{air} c_{p_{air}} u_s c_u c_T \nonumber \\
\frac{dQ_l}{d_T} & = & \frac{\rho_{air} L^2 u_s c_u c_q c}{T_{srf}^2} \nonumber \\
\frac{dQ_{]lw}^{up}}{d_T} & = &  4 \epsilon \sigma t_{srf}^3 \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

And total derivative $\frac{dQ_o}{dT}= \frac{dQ_s}{dT} +
\frac{dQ_l}{dT} + \frac{dQ_{lw}^{up}}{dT}$.


If we do not read in the wind stress, it is calculated here.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Initializing subroutines}}}

\noindent
{\it bulkf\_init.F}:
Set bulkf variables to zero.

\noindent
{\it bulkf\_readparms.F}:
Reads {\bf data.blk}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Diagnostic subroutines}}}

\noindent
{\it bulkf\_ave.F}:
Keeps track of means of the bulkf variables

\noindent
{\it bulkf\_diags.F}:
Finds averages and writes out diagnostics

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Common Blocks}}}

\noindent
{\it BULKF.h}: BULKF Variables,  data file names, and logicals
{\bf readwindstress} and {\bf readsurface}

\noindent
{\it BULKF\_DIAGS.h}: matrices for diagnostics: averages of fields
from {\it bulkf\_diags.F}

\noindent
{\it BULKF\_ICE\_CONSTANTS.h}: 
all the parameters need by the ice model and in the bulkf formula
calculations.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Input file DATA.ICE}}}

\noindent
We read in the file names of atmospheric data used in
the  bulk formula calculations. Here we can also set
the logicals: {\bf readwindstress} if we read in the
wind stress rather than calculate it from the wind
speed; and {\bf readsurface} to read in the surface
temperature and salinity if these will be used as
part of a relaxing term.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Important Notes}}}

\noindent
{\bf 1)} heat fluxes have different signs in the ocean and ice
models.

\noindent
{\bf 2)} {\bf StartIceModel} must be changed in {\bf data.ice}:
1 (if starting from no ice), 0 (if using pickup.ic file).

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\vspace{1cm}

\noindent 
{\bf {\underline{References}}}


\vspace{.2cm}

\noindent
Bryan F.O., B.G Kauffman, W.G. Large, P.R. Gent, 1996:
The NCAR CSM flux coupler. Technical note TN-425+STR,
NCAR.

\vspace{.2cm}

\noindent
Hunke, E.C and W.H. Lipscomb, circa 2001: CICE: the Los Alamos
Sea Ice Model Documentation and Software User's Manual.
LACC-98-16v.2.\\
(note: this documentation is no longer available as CICE has progressed
to a very different version 3)


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \end{document}
1	% \documentclass[12pt]{article}
2	% \usepackage{amssymb}
3	%
4	% \usepackage{graphics}
5	%
6	%
7	% \oddsidemargin -4mm \evensidemargin 0mm
8	% \textwidth 165mm
9	% \textheight 230mm
10	% \topmargin -2mm \headsep -2mm
11	% \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}
12	% \begin{document}
13	%
14
15	%%%--------------------------------------%%%
16	\def\deg{$^o$}
17	\section{BULK\_FORCE: Bulk Formula Package}
18	\label{sec:pkg:bulk_formula}
19	\begin{rawhtml}
20	<!-- CMIREDIR:package_bulk_formula: -->
21	\end{rawhtml}
22
23	author: Stephanie Dutkiewicz\\
24
25	\noindent
26	Instead of forcing the model with heat and fresh water flux data,
27	this package calculates these fluxes using the changing sea surface
28	temperature. We need to read in some atmospheric data:
29	{\bf air temperature, air humidity, down shortwave radiation,
30	down longwave radiation, precipitation, wind speed}.
31	The current setup also reads in {\bf wind stress}, but this
32	can be changed so that the stresses are calculated from the
33	wind speed.
34
35	The current setup requires that there is the thermodynamic-seaice package
36	({\it pkg/thsice}, also refered below as seaice)
37	is also used. It would be useful though to have it also
38	setup to run with some very simple parametrization of the sea ice.
39
40	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
41
42	\vspace{1cm}
43
44	\noindent
45	The heat and fresh water fluxes are calculated in {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}
46	called from {\it forward\_step.F}. These fluxes are used over open water,
47	fluxes over seaice are recalculated in the sea-ice package.
48	Before the call to {\it bulkf\_forcing.F} we call
49	{\it bulkf\_fields\_load.F} to find the current atmospheric conditions.
50	The only other changes to the model code come from the initializing
51	and writing diagnostics of these fluxes.
52
53	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
54	\vspace{1cm}
55	\noindent
56	{\bf \underline{subroutine BULKF\_FIELDS\_LOAD}}
57
58	\noindent
59	Here we find the atmospheric data needed for the bulk formula
60	calculations. These are read in at periodic intervals and
61	values are interpolated to the current time. The data file names
62	come from {\bf data.blk}. The values that can be read in are:
63	air temperature, air humidity, precipitation,
64	down solar radiation, down long
65	wave radiation, zonal and meridional wind speeds, total wind
66	speed, net heat flux, net freshwater forcing, cloud cover,
67	snow fall, zonal and meridional wind stresses, and SST and SSS
68	used for relaxation terms.
69	Not all these files are necessary or used. For instance cloud
70	cover and snow fall are not used in the current bulk formula
71	calculation. If total wind speed is not supplied, wind speed
72	is calculate from the zonal and meridional components. If
73	wind stresses are not read in, then the stresses are calculated
74	from the wind speed. Net heat flux and net freshwater can be
75	read in and used over open ocean instead of the bulk formula
76	calculations (but over seaice the bulkf formula is always
77	used). This is "hardwired" into {\it bulkf\_forcing} and
78	the "ch" in the variable names suggests that this is "cheating".
79	SST and SSS need to be read in if there is any relaxation used.
80
81
82	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
83
84
85	\vspace{1cm}
86	\noindent
87	{\bf \underline{subroutine BULKF\_FORCING}}
88
89	\noindent
90	In {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}, we calculate heat and fresh water
91	fluxes (and wind stress, if necessary) for each grid cell.
92	First we determine if the grid cell is open water or seaice
93	and this information is carried by {\bf iceornot}. There is
94	a provision here for a different designation if there is
95	snow cover (but currently this does not make any difference).
96	We then call {\it bulkf\_formula\_lanl.F} which provides
97	values for: up long wave radiation, latent and sensible heat
98	fluxes, the derivative of these three with respect to surface
99	temperature, wind stress, evaporation.
100	Net long wave radiation is calculated from the combination
101	of the down long wave read in and the up long wave calculated.
102
103	We then find the albedo of the surface - with a call to
104	{\it sfc\_albedo} if there is sea-ice (see the seaice package
105	for information on the subroutine). If the grid cell is open
106	ocean the albedo is set as 0.1. Note that this is a parameter
107	that can be used to tune the results. The net short wave
108	radiation is then the down shortwave radiation minus the
109	amount reflected.
110
111	If the wind stress needed to be calculated in {\it bulkf\_formula\_lanl.F},
112	it was calculated to grid cell center points, so in {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}
113	we regrid to {\bf u} and {\bf v} points. We let the model know
114	if it has read in stresses or calculated stresses by the switch
115	{\bf readwindstress} which is can be set in data.blk, and defaults
116	to {\bf .TRUE.}.
117
118	We then calculate {\bf Qnet} and {\bf EmPmR} that will be used
119	as the fluxes over the open ocean. There is a provision for
120	using runoff. If we are "cheating" and using observed fluxes
121	over the open ocean, then there is a provision here to
122	use read in {\bf Qnet} and {\bf EmPmR}.
123
124	The final call is to calculate averages of the terms found
125	in this subroutine.
126
127	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
128	\vspace{1cm}
129	\noindent
130	{\bf {\underline{ subroutine BULKF\_FORMULA\_LANL}}}
131
132	\noindent
133	This is the main program of the package where the
134	heat fluxes and freshwater fluxes over ice and
135	open water are calculated. Note that this subroutine
136	is also called from the seaice package during the
137	iterations to find the ice surface temperature.
138
139	Latent heat ($L$) used in this subroutine
140	depends on the state of the surface: vaporization for
141	open water, fusion and vaporization for ice surfaces.
142	Air temperature is converted from Celsius to Kelvin.
143	If there is no wind speed ($u_s$) given, then the wind speed
144	is calculated from the zonal and meridional components.
145
146	We calculate the virtual temperature:
147	\[
148	T_o = T_{air} (1+\gamma q_{air})
149	\]
150	where $T_{air}$ is the air temperature at $h_T$, $q_{air}$ is
151	humidity at $h_q$ and $\gamma$ is a constant.
152
153	The saturated vapor pressure is calculate (QQ ref):
154	\[
155	q_{sat} = \frac{a}{p_o} e^{L (b-\frac{c}{T_{srf}})}
156	\]
157	where $a,b,c$ are constants, $T_{srf}$ is surface temperature
158	and $p_o$ is the surface pressure.
159
160	The two values crucial for the bulk formula calculations are
161	the difference between air at sea surface and sea surface temperature:
162	\[
163	\Delta T = T_{air} - T_{srf} +\alpha h_T
164	\]
165	where $\alpha$ is adiabatic lapse rate and $h_T$ is the height
166	where the air temperature was taken; and the difference
167	between the air humidity and the saturated humidity
168	\[
169	\Delta q = q_{air} - q_{sat}.
170	\]
171
172	We then calculate the turbulent exchange coefficients
173	following Bryan et al (1996) and the numerical scheme
174	of Hunke and Lipscombe (1998).
175	We estimate initial values for the exchange coefficients, $c_u$,
176	$c_T$ and $c_q$ as
177	\[
178	\frac{\kappa}{ln(z_{ref}/z_{rou})}
179	\]
180	where $\kappa$ is the Von Karman constant, $z_{ref}$ is a
181	reference height and $z_{rou}$ is a roughness length scale
182	which could be a function of type of surface, but is here set
183	as a constant. Turbulent scales are:
184	\begin{eqnarray}
185	u^* & = & c_u u_s \nonumber\\
186	T^* & = & c_T \Delta T \nonumber\\
187	q^* & = & c_q \Delta q \nonumber
188	\end{eqnarray}
189
190	We find the "integrated flux profile" for momentum and stability
191	if there are stable QQ conditions ($\Upsilon>0$) :
192	\[
193	\psi_m = \psi_s = -5 \Upsilon
194	\]
195	and for unstable QQ conditions ($\Upsilon<0$):
196	\begin{eqnarray}
197	\psi_m & = & 2 ln(0.5(1+\chi)) + ln(0.5(1+\chi^2)) - 2 \tan^{-1} \chi + \pi/2
198	\nonumber \\
199	\psi_s & = & 2 ln(0.5(1+\chi^2)) \nonumber
200	\end{eqnarray}
201	where
202	\[
203	\Upsilon = \frac{\kappa g z_{ref}}{u^{2}} (\frac{T^}{T_o} +
204	\frac{q^*}{1/\gamma + q_a})
205	\]
206	and $\chi=(1-16\Upsilon)^{1/2}$.
207
208	The coefficients are updated through 5 iterations as:
209	\begin{eqnarray}
210	c_u & = & \frac {\hat{c_u}}{1+\hat{c_u}(\lambda - \psi_m)/\kappa} \nonumber \\
211	c_T & = & \frac {\hat{c_T}}{1+\hat{c_T}(\lambda - \psi_s)/\kappa} \nonumber \\
212	c_q & = & c'_T
213	\end{eqnarray}
214	where $\lambda =ln(h_T/z_{ref})$.
215
216	We can then find the bulk formula heat fluxes:
217
218	\vspace{.2cm}
219	\noindent
220	Sensible heat flux:
221	\[
222	Q_s=\rho_{air} c_{p_{air}} u_s c_u c_T \Delta T
223	\]
224
225	\vspace{.2cm}
226	\noindent
227	Latent heat flux:
228	\[
229	Q_l=\rho_{air} L u_s c_u c_q \Delta q
230	\]
231
232	\vspace{.2cm}
233	\noindent
234	Up long wave radiation
235	\[
236	Q_{lw}^{up}=\epsilon \sigma T_{srf}^4
237	\]
238	where $\epsilon$ is emissivity (which can be different for
239	open ocean, ice and snow), $\sigma$ is Stefan-Boltzman constant.
240
241	We calculate the derivatives of the three above functions
242	with respect to surface temperature
243	\begin{eqnarray}
244	\frac{dQ_s}{d_T} & = & \rho_{air} c_{p_{air}} u_s c_u c_T \nonumber \\
245	\frac{dQ_l}{d_T} & = & \frac{\rho_{air} L^2 u_s c_u c_q c}{T_{srf}^2} \nonumber \\
246	\frac{dQ_{]lw}^{up}}{d_T} & = & 4 \epsilon \sigma t_{srf}^3 \nonumber
247	\end{eqnarray}
248
249	And total derivative $\frac{dQ_o}{dT}= \frac{dQ_s}{dT} +
250	\frac{dQ_l}{dT} + \frac{dQ_{lw}^{up}}{dT}$.
251
252
253
254
255	If we do not read in the wind stress, it is calculated here.
256
257	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
258
259	\vspace{1cm}
260
261	\noindent
262	{\bf {\underline{Initializing subroutines}}}
263
264	\noindent
265	{\it bulkf\_init.F}:
266	Set bulkf variables to zero.
267
268	\noindent
269	{\it bulkf\_readparms.F}:
270	Reads {\bf data.blk}
271
272	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
273
274	\vspace{1cm}
275
276	\noindent
277	{\bf {\underline{Diagnostic subroutines}}}
278
279	\noindent
280	{\it bulkf\_ave.F}:
281	Keeps track of means of the bulkf variables
282
283	\noindent
284	{\it bulkf\_diags.F}:
285	Finds averages and writes out diagnostics
286
287	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
288	\vspace{1cm}
289
290	\noindent
291	{\bf {\underline{Common Blocks}}}
292
293	\noindent
294	{\it BULKF.h}: BULKF Variables, data file names, and logicals
295	{\bf readwindstress} and {\bf readsurface}
296
297	\noindent
298	{\it BULKF\_DIAGS.h}: matrices for diagnostics: averages of fields
299	from {\it bulkf\_diags.F}
300
301	\noindent
302	{\it BULKF\_ICE\_CONSTANTS.h}:
303	all the parameters need by the ice model and in the bulkf formula
304	calculations.
305
306	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
307	\vspace{1cm}
308
309	\noindent
310	{\bf {\underline{Input file DATA.ICE}}}
311
312	\noindent
313	We read in the file names of atmospheric data used in
314	the bulk formula calculations. Here we can also set
315	the logicals: {\bf readwindstress} if we read in the
316	wind stress rather than calculate it from the wind
317	speed; and {\bf readsurface} to read in the surface
318	temperature and salinity if these will be used as
319	part of a relaxing term.
320
321	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
322	\vspace{1cm}
323
324	\noindent
325	{\bf {\underline{Important Notes}}}
326
327	\noindent
328	{\bf 1)} heat fluxes have different signs in the ocean and ice
329	models.
330
331	\noindent
332	{\bf 2)} {\bf StartIceModel} must be changed in {\bf data.ice}:
333	1 (if starting from no ice), 0 (if using pickup.ic file).
334
335	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
336
337	\vspace{1cm}
338
339	\noindent
340	{\bf {\underline{References}}}
341
342
343	\vspace{.2cm}
344
345	\noindent
346	Bryan F.O., B.G Kauffman, W.G. Large, P.R. Gent, 1996:
347	The NCAR CSM flux coupler. Technical note TN-425+STR,
348	NCAR.
349
350	\vspace{.2cm}
351
352	\noindent
353	Hunke, E.C and W.H. Lipscomb, circa 2001: CICE: the Los Alamos
354	Sea Ice Model Documentation and Software User's Manual.
355	LACC-98-16v.2.\\
356	(note: this documentation is no longer available as CICE has progressed
357	to a very different version 3)
358
359
360
361
362
363	%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
364	% \end{document}