s_phys_pkgs/text/bulk_force.tex

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\def\deg{$^o$}
\section{Bulk Formula Package}
\label{sec:pkg:bulk_formula}
\begin{rawhtml}
<!-- CMIREDIR:package_bulk_formula: -->
\end{rawhtml}

author: Stephanie Dutkiewicz\\

\noindent
Instead of forcing the model with heat and fresh water flux data,
this package calculates these fluxes using the changing sea surface
temperature. We need to read in some atmospheric data:
{\bf air temperature, air humidity, down shortwave radiation,
     down longwave radiation, precipitation, wind speed}.
The current setup also reads in {\bf wind stress}, but this
can be changed so that the stresses are calculated from the
wind speed.

The current setup requires that there is the thermodynamic-seaice package
({\it pkg/thsice}, also refered below as seaice)
is also used. It would be useful though to have it also
setup to run with some very simple parametrization of the sea ice.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
The heat and fresh water fluxes are calculated in {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}
called from {\it forward\_step.F}. These fluxes are used over open water,
fluxes over seaice are recalculated in the sea-ice package.
Before the call to {\it bulkf\_forcing.F} we call 
{\it bulkf\_fields\_load.F} to find the current atmospheric conditions.
The only other changes to the model code come from the initializing
and writing diagnostics of these fluxes.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}
\noindent
{\bf \underline{subroutine BULKF\_FIELDS\_LOAD}}

\noindent
Here we find the atmospheric data needed for the bulk formula
calculations. These are read in at periodic intervals and
values are interpolated to the current time. The data file names
come from {\bf data.blk}. The values that can be read in are:
air temperature, air humidity, precipitation, 
down solar radiation, down long
wave radiation, zonal and meridional wind speeds, total wind
speed, net heat flux, net freshwater forcing, cloud cover,
snow fall, zonal and meridional wind stresses, and SST and SSS
used for relaxation terms.
Not all these files are necessary or used. For instance cloud
cover and snow fall are not used in the current bulk formula
calculation. If total wind speed is not supplied, wind speed
is calculate from the zonal and meridional components. If
wind stresses are not read in, then the stresses are calculated
from the wind speed. Net heat flux and net freshwater can be
read in and used over open ocean instead of the bulk formula
calculations (but over seaice the bulkf formula is always
used). This is "hardwired" into {\it bulkf\_forcing} and
the "ch" in the variable names suggests that this is "cheating".
SST and SSS need to be read in if there is any relaxation used.


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


\vspace{1cm}
\noindent
{\bf \underline{subroutine BULKF\_FORCING}}

\noindent
In {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}, we calculate  heat and fresh water
fluxes (and wind stress, if necessary) for each grid cell.
First we determine if the grid cell is open water or seaice
and this information is carried by {\bf iceornot}. There is
a provision here for a different designation if there is
snow cover (but currently this does not make any difference).
We then call {\it bulkf\_formula\_lanl.F} which provides
values for: up long wave radiation, latent and sensible heat
fluxes, the derivative of these three with respect to surface
temperature, wind stress, evaporation. 
Net long wave radiation is calculated from the combination
of the down long wave read in and the up long wave calculated.

We then find the albedo of the surface - with a call to
{\it sfc\_albedo} if there is sea-ice (see the seaice package
for information on the subroutine). If the grid cell is open
ocean the albedo is set as 0.1. Note that this is a parameter
that can be used to tune the results. The net short wave
radiation is then the down shortwave radiation minus the 
amount reflected.

If the wind stress needed to be calculated in {\it bulkf\_formula\_lanl.F},
it was calculated to grid cell center points, so in {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}
we regrid to {\bf u} and {\bf v} points. We let the model know
if it has read in stresses or calculated stresses by the switch
{\bf readwindstress} which is can be set in data.blk, and defaults
to {\bf .TRUE.}.

We then calculate {\bf Qnet} and {\bf EmPmR} that will be used
as the fluxes over the open ocean. There is a provision for
using runoff. If we are "cheating" and using observed fluxes 
over the open ocean, then there is a provision here to
use read in {\bf Qnet} and {\bf EmPmR}.

The final call is to calculate averages of the terms found
in this subroutine.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}
\noindent
{\bf {\underline{ subroutine BULKF\_FORMULA\_LANL}}}

\noindent
This is the main program of the package where the
heat fluxes and freshwater fluxes over ice and
open water are calculated. Note that this subroutine
is also called from the seaice package during the
iterations to find the ice surface temperature.

Latent heat ($L$) used in this subroutine 
depends on the state of the surface: vaporization for
open water, fusion and vaporization for ice surfaces.
Air temperature is converted from Celsius to Kelvin.
If there is no wind speed ($u_s$) given, then the wind speed
is calculated from the zonal and meridional components.

We calculate the virtual temperature:
\[
T_o = T_{air} (1+\gamma q_{air})
\]
where $T_{air}$ is the air temperature at $h_T$, $q_{air}$ is
humidity at $h_q$ and $\gamma$ is a constant.

The saturated vapor pressure is calculate (QQ ref):
\[
q_{sat} = \frac{a}{p_o} e^{L (b-\frac{c}{T_{srf}})}
\]
where $a,b,c$ are constants, $T_{srf}$ is surface temperature
and $p_o$ is the surface pressure.

The two values crucial for the bulk formula calculations are
the difference between air at sea surface and sea surface temperature:
\[
\Delta T = T_{air} - T_{srf} +\alpha h_T
\]
where $\alpha$ is adiabatic lapse rate and $h_T$ is the  height
where the air temperature was taken; and the difference
between the air humidity and the saturated humidity
\[
\Delta q = q_{air} - q_{sat}.
\]

We then calculate the turbulent exchange coefficients
following Bryan et al (1996) and the numerical scheme
of Hunke and Lipscombe (1998). 
We estimate initial values for the exchange coefficients, $c_u$,
$c_T$ and $c_q$ as
\[
\frac{\kappa}{ln(z_{ref}/z_{rou})}
\]
where $\kappa$ is the Von Karman constant, $z_{ref}$ is a
reference height and $z_{rou}$ is a roughness length scale
which could be a function of type of surface, but is here set
as a constant. Turbulent scales are:
\begin{eqnarray}
u^* & = & c_u u_s \nonumber\\
T^* & = & c_T \Delta T \nonumber\\
q^* & = & c_q \Delta q \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

We find the "integrated flux profile" for momentum and stability
if there are stable QQ conditions ($\Upsilon>0$) :
\[
\psi_m = \psi_s = -5 \Upsilon
\]
and for unstable QQ conditions ($\Upsilon<0$):
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi_m & = & 2 ln(0.5(1+\chi)) + ln(0.5(1+\chi^2)) - 2 \tan^{-1} \chi + \pi/2
\nonumber \\
\psi_s & = & 2 ln(0.5(1+\chi^2)) \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where
\[
\Upsilon = \frac{\kappa g z_{ref}}{u^{*2}} (\frac{T^*}{T_o} + 
\frac{q^*}{1/\gamma + q_a})
\]
and $\chi=(1-16\Upsilon)^{1/2}$.

The coefficients are updated through 5 iterations as:
\begin{eqnarray}
c_u & = & \frac {\hat{c_u}}{1+\hat{c_u}(\lambda - \psi_m)/\kappa} \nonumber \\
c_T & = & \frac {\hat{c_T}}{1+\hat{c_T}(\lambda - \psi_s)/\kappa} \nonumber \\
c_q & = & c'_T
\end{eqnarray}
where $\lambda =ln(h_T/z_{ref})$.

We can then find the bulk formula heat fluxes:

\vspace{.2cm}
\noindent
Sensible heat flux:
\[
Q_s=\rho_{air} c_{p_{air}} u_s c_u c_T \Delta T
\]

\vspace{.2cm}
\noindent
Latent heat flux:
\[
Q_l=\rho_{air} L u_s c_u c_q \Delta q
\]

\vspace{.2cm}
\noindent
Up long wave radiation
\[
Q_{lw}^{up}=\epsilon \sigma T_{srf}^4
\]
where $\epsilon$ is emissivity (which can be different for
open ocean, ice and snow), $\sigma$ is Stefan-Boltzman constant.

We calculate the derivatives of the three above functions
with respect to surface temperature
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dQ_s}{d_T} & = & \rho_{air} c_{p_{air}} u_s c_u c_T \nonumber \\
\frac{dQ_l}{d_T} & = & \frac{\rho_{air} L^2 u_s c_u c_q c}{T_{srf}^2} \nonumber \\
\frac{dQ_{]lw}^{up}}{d_T} & = &  4 \epsilon \sigma t_{srf}^3 \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

And total derivative $\frac{dQ_o}{dT}= \frac{dQ_s}{dT} +
\frac{dQ_l}{dT} + \frac{dQ_{lw}^{up}}{dT}$.


If we do not read in the wind stress, it is calculated here.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Initializing subroutines}}}

\noindent
{\it bulkf\_init.F}:
Set bulkf variables to zero.

\noindent
{\it bulkf\_readparms.F}:
Reads {\bf data.blk}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Diagnostic subroutines}}}

\noindent
{\it bulkf\_ave.F}:
Keeps track of means of the bulkf variables

\noindent
{\it bulkf\_diags.F}:
Finds averages and writes out diagnostics

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Common Blocks}}}

\noindent
{\it BULKF.h}: BULKF Variables,  data file names, and logicals
{\bf readwindstress} and {\bf readsurface}

\noindent
{\it BULKF\_DIAGS.h}: matrices for diagnostics: averages of fields
from {\it bulkf\_diags.F}

\noindent
{\it BULKF\_ICE\_CONSTANTS.h}: 
all the parameters need by the ice model and in the bulkf formula
calculations.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Input file DATA.ICE}}}

\noindent
We read in the file names of atmospheric data used in
the  bulk formula calculations. Here we can also set
the logicals: {\bf readwindstress} if we read in the
wind stress rather than calculate it from the wind
speed; and {\bf readsurface} to read in the surface
temperature and salinity if these will be used as
part of a relaxing term.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{1cm}

\noindent
{\bf {\underline{Important Notes}}}

\noindent
{\bf 1)} heat fluxes have different signs in the ocean and ice
models.

\noindent
{\bf 2)} {\bf StartIceModel} must be changed in {\bf data.ice}:
1 (if starting from no ice), 0 (if using pickup.ic file).

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\vspace{1cm}

\noindent 
{\bf {\underline{References}}}


\vspace{.2cm}

\noindent
Bryan F.O., B.G Kauffman, W.G. Large, P.R. Gent, 1996:
The NCAR CSM flux coupler. Technical note TN-425+STR,
NCAR.

\vspace{.2cm}

\noindent
Hunke, E.C and W.H. Lipscomb, circa 2001: CICE: the Los Alamos
Sea Ice Model Documentation and Software User's Manual.
LACC-98-16v.2.\\
(note: this documentation is no longer available as CICE has progressed
to a very different version 3)


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \end{document}
1	jmc	1.1	% \documentclass[12pt]{article}
2			% \usepackage{amssymb}
3			%
4			% \usepackage{graphics}
5			%
6			%
7			% \oddsidemargin -4mm \evensidemargin 0mm
8			% \textwidth 165mm
9			% \textheight 230mm
10			% \topmargin -2mm \headsep -2mm
11			% \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}
12			% \begin{document}
13			%
14
15			%%%--------------------------------------%%%
16			\def\deg{$^o$}
17			\section{Bulk Formula Package}
18	edhill	1.2	\label{sec:pkg:bulk_formula}
19			\begin{rawhtml}
20			<!-- CMIREDIR:package_bulk_formula: -->
21			\end{rawhtml}
22	jmc	1.1
23			author: Stephanie Dutkiewicz\\
24
25			\noindent
26			Instead of forcing the model with heat and fresh water flux data,
27			this package calculates these fluxes using the changing sea surface
28			temperature. We need to read in some atmospheric data:
29			{\bf air temperature, air humidity, down shortwave radiation,
30			down longwave radiation, precipitation, wind speed}.
31			The current setup also reads in {\bf wind stress}, but this
32			can be changed so that the stresses are calculated from the
33			wind speed.
34
35			The current setup requires that there is the thermodynamic-seaice package
36			({\it pkg/thsice}, also refered below as seaice)
37			is also used. It would be useful though to have it also
38			setup to run with some very simple parametrization of the sea ice.
39
40			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
41
42			\vspace{1cm}
43
44			\noindent
45			The heat and fresh water fluxes are calculated in {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}
46			called from {\it forward\_step.F}. These fluxes are used over open water,
47			fluxes over seaice are recalculated in the sea-ice package.
48			Before the call to {\it bulkf\_forcing.F} we call
49			{\it bulkf\_fields\_load.F} to find the current atmospheric conditions.
50			The only other changes to the model code come from the initializing
51			and writing diagnostics of these fluxes.
52
53			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
54			\vspace{1cm}
55			\noindent
56			{\bf \underline{subroutine BULKF\_FIELDS\_LOAD}}
57
58			\noindent
59			Here we find the atmospheric data needed for the bulk formula
60			calculations. These are read in at periodic intervals and
61			values are interpolated to the current time. The data file names
62			come from {\bf data.blk}. The values that can be read in are:
63			air temperature, air humidity, precipitation,
64			down solar radiation, down long
65			wave radiation, zonal and meridional wind speeds, total wind
66			speed, net heat flux, net freshwater forcing, cloud cover,
67			snow fall, zonal and meridional wind stresses, and SST and SSS
68			used for relaxation terms.
69			Not all these files are necessary or used. For instance cloud
70			cover and snow fall are not used in the current bulk formula
71			calculation. If total wind speed is not supplied, wind speed
72			is calculate from the zonal and meridional components. If
73			wind stresses are not read in, then the stresses are calculated
74			from the wind speed. Net heat flux and net freshwater can be
75			read in and used over open ocean instead of the bulk formula
76			calculations (but over seaice the bulkf formula is always
77			used). This is "hardwired" into {\it bulkf\_forcing} and
78			the "ch" in the variable names suggests that this is "cheating".
79			SST and SSS need to be read in if there is any relaxation used.
80
81
82			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
83
84
85			\vspace{1cm}
86			\noindent
87			{\bf \underline{subroutine BULKF\_FORCING}}
88
89			\noindent
90			In {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}, we calculate heat and fresh water
91			fluxes (and wind stress, if necessary) for each grid cell.
92			First we determine if the grid cell is open water or seaice
93			and this information is carried by {\bf iceornot}. There is
94			a provision here for a different designation if there is
95			snow cover (but currently this does not make any difference).
96			We then call {\it bulkf\_formula\_lanl.F} which provides
97			values for: up long wave radiation, latent and sensible heat
98			fluxes, the derivative of these three with respect to surface
99			temperature, wind stress, evaporation.
100			Net long wave radiation is calculated from the combination
101			of the down long wave read in and the up long wave calculated.
102
103			We then find the albedo of the surface - with a call to
104			{\it sfc\_albedo} if there is sea-ice (see the seaice package
105			for information on the subroutine). If the grid cell is open
106			ocean the albedo is set as 0.1. Note that this is a parameter
107			that can be used to tune the results. The net short wave
108			radiation is then the down shortwave radiation minus the
109			amount reflected.
110
111			If the wind stress needed to be calculated in {\it bulkf\_formula\_lanl.F},
112			it was calculated to grid cell center points, so in {\it bulkf\_forcing.F}
113			we regrid to {\bf u} and {\bf v} points. We let the model know
114			if it has read in stresses or calculated stresses by the switch
115			{\bf readwindstress} which is can be set in data.blk, and defaults
116			to {\bf .TRUE.}.
117
118			We then calculate {\bf Qnet} and {\bf EmPmR} that will be used
119			as the fluxes over the open ocean. There is a provision for
120			using runoff. If we are "cheating" and using observed fluxes
121			over the open ocean, then there is a provision here to
122			use read in {\bf Qnet} and {\bf EmPmR}.
123
124			The final call is to calculate averages of the terms found
125			in this subroutine.
126
127			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
128			\vspace{1cm}
129			\noindent
130			{\bf {\underline{ subroutine BULKF\_FORMULA\_LANL}}}
131
132			\noindent
133			This is the main program of the package where the
134			heat fluxes and freshwater fluxes over ice and
135			open water are calculated. Note that this subroutine
136			is also called from the seaice package during the
137			iterations to find the ice surface temperature.
138
139			Latent heat ($L$) used in this subroutine
140			depends on the state of the surface: vaporization for
141			open water, fusion and vaporization for ice surfaces.
142			Air temperature is converted from Celsius to Kelvin.
143			If there is no wind speed ($u_s$) given, then the wind speed
144			is calculated from the zonal and meridional components.
145
146			We calculate the virtual temperature:
147			\[
148			T_o = T_{air} (1+\gamma q_{air})
149			\]
150			where $T_{air}$ is the air temperature at $h_T$, $q_{air}$ is
151			humidity at $h_q$ and $\gamma$ is a constant.
152
153			The saturated vapor pressure is calculate (QQ ref):
154			\[
155			q_{sat} = \frac{a}{p_o} e^{L (b-\frac{c}{T_{srf}})}
156			\]
157			where $a,b,c$ are constants, $T_{srf}$ is surface temperature
158			and $p_o$ is the surface pressure.
159
160			The two values crucial for the bulk formula calculations are
161			the difference between air at sea surface and sea surface temperature:
162			\[
163			\Delta T = T_{air} - T_{srf} +\alpha h_T
164			\]
165			where $\alpha$ is adiabatic lapse rate and $h_T$ is the height
166			where the air temperature was taken; and the difference
167			between the air humidity and the saturated humidity
168			\[
169			\Delta q = q_{air} - q_{sat}.
170			\]
171
172			We then calculate the turbulent exchange coefficients
173			following Bryan et al (1996) and the numerical scheme
174			of Hunke and Lipscombe (1998).
175			We estimate initial values for the exchange coefficients, $c_u$,
176			$c_T$ and $c_q$ as
177			\[
178			\frac{\kappa}{ln(z_{ref}/z_{rou})}
179			\]
180			where $\kappa$ is the Von Karman constant, $z_{ref}$ is a
181			reference height and $z_{rou}$ is a roughness length scale
182			which could be a function of type of surface, but is here set
183			as a constant. Turbulent scales are:
184			\begin{eqnarray}
185			u^* & = & c_u u_s \nonumber\\
186			T^* & = & c_T \Delta T \nonumber\\
187			q^* & = & c_q \Delta q \nonumber
188			\end{eqnarray}
189
190			We find the "integrated flux profile" for momentum and stability
191			if there are stable QQ conditions ($\Upsilon>0$) :
192			\[
193			\psi_m = \psi_s = -5 \Upsilon
194			\]
195			and for unstable QQ conditions ($\Upsilon<0$):
196			\begin{eqnarray}
197			\psi_m & = & 2 ln(0.5(1+\chi)) + ln(0.5(1+\chi^2)) - 2 \tan^{-1} \chi + \pi/2
198			\nonumber \\
199			\psi_s & = & 2 ln(0.5(1+\chi^2)) \nonumber
200			\end{eqnarray}
201			where
202			\[
203			\Upsilon = \frac{\kappa g z_{ref}}{u^{2}} (\frac{T^}{T_o} +
204			\frac{q^*}{1/\gamma + q_a})
205			\]
206			and $\chi=(1-16\Upsilon)^{1/2}$.
207
208			The coefficients are updated through 5 iterations as:
209			\begin{eqnarray}
210			c_u & = & \frac {\hat{c_u}}{1+\hat{c_u}(\lambda - \psi_m)/\kappa} \nonumber \\
211			c_T & = & \frac {\hat{c_T}}{1+\hat{c_T}(\lambda - \psi_s)/\kappa} \nonumber \\
212			c_q & = & c'_T
213			\end{eqnarray}
214			where $\lambda =ln(h_T/z_{ref})$.
215
216			We can then find the bulk formula heat fluxes:
217
218			\vspace{.2cm}
219			\noindent
220			Sensible heat flux:
221			\[
222			Q_s=\rho_{air} c_{p_{air}} u_s c_u c_T \Delta T
223			\]
224
225			\vspace{.2cm}
226			\noindent
227			Latent heat flux:
228			\[
229			Q_l=\rho_{air} L u_s c_u c_q \Delta q
230			\]
231
232			\vspace{.2cm}
233			\noindent
234			Up long wave radiation
235			\[
236			Q_{lw}^{up}=\epsilon \sigma T_{srf}^4
237			\]
238			where $\epsilon$ is emissivity (which can be different for
239			open ocean, ice and snow), $\sigma$ is Stefan-Boltzman constant.
240
241			We calculate the derivatives of the three above functions
242			with respect to surface temperature
243			\begin{eqnarray}
244			\frac{dQ_s}{d_T} & = & \rho_{air} c_{p_{air}} u_s c_u c_T \nonumber \\
245			\frac{dQ_l}{d_T} & = & \frac{\rho_{air} L^2 u_s c_u c_q c}{T_{srf}^2} \nonumber \\
246			\frac{dQ_{]lw}^{up}}{d_T} & = & 4 \epsilon \sigma t_{srf}^3 \nonumber
247			\end{eqnarray}
248
249			And total derivative $\frac{dQ_o}{dT}= \frac{dQ_s}{dT} +
250			\frac{dQ_l}{dT} + \frac{dQ_{lw}^{up}}{dT}$.
251
252
253
254
255			If we do not read in the wind stress, it is calculated here.
256
257			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
258
259			\vspace{1cm}
260
261			\noindent
262			{\bf {\underline{Initializing subroutines}}}
263
264			\noindent
265			{\it bulkf\_init.F}:
266			Set bulkf variables to zero.
267
268			\noindent
269			{\it bulkf\_readparms.F}:
270			Reads {\bf data.blk}
271
272			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
273
274			\vspace{1cm}
275
276			\noindent
277			{\bf {\underline{Diagnostic subroutines}}}
278
279			\noindent
280			{\it bulkf\_ave.F}:
281			Keeps track of means of the bulkf variables
282
283			\noindent
284			{\it bulkf\_diags.F}:
285			Finds averages and writes out diagnostics
286
287			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
288			\vspace{1cm}
289
290			\noindent
291			{\bf {\underline{Common Blocks}}}
292
293			\noindent
294			{\it BULKF.h}: BULKF Variables, data file names, and logicals
295			{\bf readwindstress} and {\bf readsurface}
296
297			\noindent
298			{\it BULKF\_DIAGS.h}: matrices for diagnostics: averages of fields
299			from {\it bulkf\_diags.F}
300
301			\noindent
302			{\it BULKF\_ICE\_CONSTANTS.h}:
303			all the parameters need by the ice model and in the bulkf formula
304			calculations.
305
306			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
307			\vspace{1cm}
308
309			\noindent
310			{\bf {\underline{Input file DATA.ICE}}}
311
312			\noindent
313			We read in the file names of atmospheric data used in
314			the bulk formula calculations. Here we can also set
315			the logicals: {\bf readwindstress} if we read in the
316			wind stress rather than calculate it from the wind
317			speed; and {\bf readsurface} to read in the surface
318			temperature and salinity if these will be used as
319			part of a relaxing term.
320
321			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
322			\vspace{1cm}
323
324			\noindent
325			{\bf {\underline{Important Notes}}}
326
327			\noindent
328			{\bf 1)} heat fluxes have different signs in the ocean and ice
329			models.
330
331			\noindent
332			{\bf 2)} {\bf StartIceModel} must be changed in {\bf data.ice}:
333			1 (if starting from no ice), 0 (if using pickup.ic file).
334
335			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
336
337			\vspace{1cm}
338
339			\noindent
340			{\bf {\underline{References}}}
341
342
343			\vspace{.2cm}
344
345			\noindent
346			Bryan F.O., B.G Kauffman, W.G. Large, P.R. Gent, 1996:
347			The NCAR CSM flux coupler. Technical note TN-425+STR,
348			NCAR.
349
350			\vspace{.2cm}
351
352			\noindent
353			Hunke, E.C and W.H. Lipscomb, circa 2001: CICE: the Los Alamos
354			Sea Ice Model Documentation and Software User's Manual.
355			LACC-98-16v.2.\\
356			(note: this documentation is no longer available as CICE has progressed
357			to a very different version 3)
358
359
360
361
362
363			%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
364			% \end{document}