/[MITgcm]/manual/s_getstarted/text/getting_started.tex

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-revision 1.24 by edhill,
Fri Apr  9 15:06:18 2004 UTC
+revision 1.31 by edhill,
Tue Aug  9 21:52:09 2005 UTC
 Line 15 
 structure are described more fully in ch
  this section, we provide information on how to customize the code when
  you are ready to try implementing the configuration you have in mind.
  \section{Where to find information}
  \label{sect:whereToFindInfo}
+ \begin{rawhtml}
+ <!-- CMIREDIR:whereToFindInfo: -->
+ \end{rawhtml}
  A web site is maintained for release 2 (``Pelican'') of MITgcm:
  \begin{rawhtml} <A href=http://mitgcm.org/pelican/ target="idontexist"> \end{rawhtml}
-Line 50 
 http://mitgcm.org/htdig/
+Line 54 
 http://mitgcm.org/htdig/
  \section{Obtaining the code}
  \label{sect:obtainingCode}
+ \begin{rawhtml}
+ <!-- CMIREDIR:obtainingCode: -->
+ \end{rawhtml}
  MITgcm can be downloaded from our system by following
  the instructions below. As a courtesy we ask that you send e-mail to us at
-Line 79 
 provide easy support for maintenance upd
+Line 86 
 provide easy support for maintenance upd
  \end{enumerate}
- \subsubsection{Checkout from CVS}
+ \subsection{Method 1 - Checkout from CVS}
  \label{sect:cvs_checkout}
  If CVS is available on your system, we strongly encourage you to use it. CVS
-Line 92 
 be set within your shell.  For a csh or
+Line 99 
 be set within your shell.  For a csh or
  \begin{verbatim}
  % setenv CVSROOT :pserver:cvsanon@mitgcm.org:/u/gcmpack
  \end{verbatim}
- in your .cshrc or .tcshrc file.  For bash or sh shells, put:
+ in your \texttt{.cshrc} or \texttt{.tcshrc} file.  For bash or sh
+ shells, put:
  \begin{verbatim}
  % export CVSROOT=':pserver:cvsanon@mitgcm.org:/u/gcmpack'
  \end{verbatim}
-Line 147 
 of CVS aliases
+Line 155 
 of CVS aliases
    \label{tab:cvsModules}
  \end{table}
- The checkout process creates a directory called \textit{MITgcm}. If
+ The checkout process creates a directory called \texttt{MITgcm}. If
- the directory \textit{MITgcm} exists this command updates your code
+ the directory \texttt{MITgcm} exists this command updates your code
  based on the repository. Each directory in the source tree contains a
- directory \textit{CVS}. This information is required by CVS to keep
+ directory \texttt{CVS}. This information is required by CVS to keep
  track of your file versions with respect to the repository. Don't edit
- the files in \textit{CVS}!  You can also use CVS to download code
+ the files in \texttt{CVS}!  You can also use CVS to download code
  updates.  More extensive information on using CVS for maintaining
  MITgcm code can be found
  \begin{rawhtml} <A href=''http://mitgcm.org/usingcvstoget.html'' target="idontexist"> \end{rawhtml}
-Line 169 
 they create can be changed to a differen
+Line 177 
 they create can be changed to a differen
  \end{verbatim}
- \subsubsection{Conventional download method}
+ \subsection{Method 2 - Tar file download}
  \label{sect:conventionalDownload}
  If you do not have CVS on your system, you can download the model as a
-Line 256 
 also means we can't tell what version of
+Line 264 
 also means we can't tell what version of
  with. So please be sure you understand what you're doing.
  \section{Model and directory structure}
+ \begin{rawhtml}
+ <!-- CMIREDIR:directory_structure: -->
+ \end{rawhtml}
  The ``numerical'' model is contained within a execution environment
  support wrapper. This wrapper is designed to provide a general
-Line 263 
 framework for grid-point models. MITgcmU
+Line 274 
 framework for grid-point models. MITgcmU
  model that uses the framework. Under this structure the model is split
  into execution environment support code and conventional numerical
  model code. The execution environment support code is held under the
- \textit{eesupp} directory. The grid point model code is held under the
+ \texttt{eesupp} directory. The grid point model code is held under the
- \textit{model} directory. Code execution actually starts in the
+ \texttt{model} directory. Code execution actually starts in the
- \textit{eesupp} routines and not in the \textit{model} routines. For
+ \texttt{eesupp} routines and not in the \texttt{model} routines. For
- this reason the top-level \textit{MAIN.F} is in the
+ this reason the top-level \texttt{MAIN.F} is in the
- \textit{eesupp/src} directory. In general, end-users should not need
+ \texttt{eesupp/src} directory. In general, end-users should not need
  to worry about this level. The top-level routine for the numerical
- part of the code is in \textit{model/src/THE\_MODEL\_MAIN.F}. Here is
+ part of the code is in \texttt{model/src/THE\_MODEL\_MAIN.F}. Here is
  a brief description of the directory structure of the model under the
  root tree (a detailed description is given in section 3: Code
  structure).
  \begin{itemize}
- \item \textit{bin}: this directory is initially empty. It is the
+ \item \texttt{bin}: this directory is initially empty. It is the
    default directory in which to compile the code.
- \item \textit{diags}: contains the code relative to time-averaged
+ \item \texttt{diags}: contains the code relative to time-averaged
-   diagnostics. It is subdivided into two subdirectories \textit{inc}
+   diagnostics. It is subdivided into two subdirectories \texttt{inc}
-   and \textit{src} that contain include files (*.\textit{h} files) and
+   and \texttt{src} that contain include files (\texttt{*.h} files) and
-   Fortran subroutines (*.\textit{F} files), respectively.
+   Fortran subroutines (\texttt{*.F} files), respectively.
- \item \textit{doc}: contains brief documentation notes.
+ \item \texttt{doc}: contains brief documentation notes.
- \item \textit{eesupp}: contains the execution environment source code.
+ \item \texttt{eesupp}: contains the execution environment source code.
-   Also subdivided into two subdirectories \textit{inc} and
+   Also subdivided into two subdirectories \texttt{inc} and
-   \textit{src}.
+   \texttt{src}.
- \item \textit{exe}: this directory is initially empty. It is the
+ \item \texttt{exe}: this directory is initially empty. It is the
    default directory in which to execute the code.
- \item \textit{model}: this directory contains the main source code.
+ \item \texttt{model}: this directory contains the main source code.
-   Also subdivided into two subdirectories \textit{inc} and
+   Also subdivided into two subdirectories \texttt{inc} and
-   \textit{src}.
+   \texttt{src}.
- \item \textit{pkg}: contains the source code for the packages. Each
+ \item \texttt{pkg}: contains the source code for the packages. Each
-   package corresponds to a subdirectory. For example, \textit{gmredi}
+   package corresponds to a subdirectory. For example, \texttt{gmredi}
    contains the code related to the Gent-McWilliams/Redi scheme,
-   \textit{aim} the code relative to the atmospheric intermediate
+   \texttt{aim} the code relative to the atmospheric intermediate
    physics. The packages are described in detail in section 3.
- \item \textit{tools}: this directory contains various useful tools.
+ \item \texttt{tools}: this directory contains various useful tools.
-   For example, \textit{genmake2} is a script written in csh (C-shell)
+   For example, \texttt{genmake2} is a script written in csh (C-shell)
    that should be used to generate your makefile. The directory
-   \textit{adjoint} contains the makefile specific to the Tangent
+   \texttt{adjoint} contains the makefile specific to the Tangent
    linear and Adjoint Compiler (TAMC) that generates the adjoint code.
    The latter is described in details in part V.
- \item \textit{utils}: this directory contains various utilities. The
+ \item \texttt{utils}: this directory contains various utilities. The
-   subdirectory \textit{knudsen2} contains code and a makefile that
+   subdirectory \texttt{knudsen2} contains code and a makefile that
    compute coefficients of the polynomial approximation to the knudsen
    formula for an ocean nonlinear equation of state. The
-   \textit{matlab} subdirectory contains matlab scripts for reading
+   \texttt{matlab} subdirectory contains matlab scripts for reading
-   model output directly into matlab. \textit{scripts} contains C-shell
+   model output directly into matlab. \texttt{scripts} contains C-shell
    post-processing scripts for joining processor-based and tiled-based
    model output.
- \item \textit{verification}: this directory contains the model
+ \item \texttt{verification}: this directory contains the model
    examples. See section \ref{sect:modelExamples}.
  \end{itemize}
- \section{Example experiments}
+ \section[MITgcm Example Experiments]{Example experiments}
  \label{sect:modelExamples}
+ \begin{rawhtml}
+ <!-- CMIREDIR:modelExamples: -->
+ \end{rawhtml}
  %% a set of twenty-four pre-configured numerical experiments
-Line 337 
 documentation in sections \ref{sect:eg-b
+Line 351 
 documentation in sections \ref{sect:eg-b
  The other examples follow the same general structure as the tutorial
  examples. However, they only include brief instructions in a text file
  called {\it README}.  The examples are located in subdirectories under
- the directory \textit{verification}. Each example is briefly described
+ the directory \texttt{verification}. Each example is briefly described
  below.
  \subsection{Full list of model examples}
  \begin{enumerate}
- \item \textit{exp0} - single layer, ocean double gyre (barotropic with
+ \item \texttt{exp0} - single layer, ocean double gyre (barotropic with
    free-surface). This experiment is described in detail in section
    \ref{sect:eg-baro}.
- \item \textit{exp1} - Four layer, ocean double gyre. This experiment
+ \item \texttt{exp1} - Four layer, ocean double gyre. This experiment
    is described in detail in section \ref{sect:eg-baroc}.
- \item \textit{exp2} - 4x4 degree global ocean simulation with steady
+ \item \texttt{exp2} - 4x4 degree global ocean simulation with steady
    climatological forcing. This experiment is described in detail in
    section \ref{sect:eg-global}.
- \item \textit{exp4} - Flow over a Gaussian bump in open-water or
+ \item \texttt{exp4} - Flow over a Gaussian bump in open-water or
    channel with open boundaries.
- \item \textit{exp5} - Inhomogenously forced ocean convection in a
+ \item \texttt{exp5} - Inhomogenously forced ocean convection in a
    doubly periodic box.
- \item \textit{front\_relax} - Relaxation of an ocean thermal front (test for
+ \item \texttt{front\_relax} - Relaxation of an ocean thermal front (test for
  Gent/McWilliams scheme). 2D (Y-Z).
- \item \textit{internal wave} - Ocean internal wave forced by open
+ \item \texttt{internal wave} - Ocean internal wave forced by open
    boundary conditions.
- \item \textit{natl\_box} - Eastern subtropical North Atlantic with KPP
+ \item \texttt{natl\_box} - Eastern subtropical North Atlantic with KPP
    scheme; 1 month integration
- \item \textit{hs94.1x64x5} - Zonal averaged atmosphere using Held and
+ \item \texttt{hs94.1x64x5} - Zonal averaged atmosphere using Held and
    Suarez '94 forcing.
- \item \textit{hs94.128x64x5} - 3D atmosphere dynamics using Held and
+ \item \texttt{hs94.128x64x5} - 3D atmosphere dynamics using Held and
    Suarez '94 forcing.
- \item \textit{hs94.cs-32x32x5} - 3D atmosphere dynamics using Held and
+ \item \texttt{hs94.cs-32x32x5} - 3D atmosphere dynamics using Held and
    Suarez '94 forcing on the cubed sphere.
- \item \textit{aim.5l\_zon-ave} - Intermediate Atmospheric physics.
+ \item \texttt{aim.5l\_zon-ave} - Intermediate Atmospheric physics.
    Global Zonal Mean configuration, 1x64x5 resolution.
- \item \textit{aim.5l\_XZ\_Equatorial\_Slice} - Intermediate
+ \item \texttt{aim.5l\_XZ\_Equatorial\_Slice} - Intermediate
    Atmospheric physics, equatorial Slice configuration.  2D (X-Z).
- \item \textit{aim.5l\_Equatorial\_Channel} - Intermediate Atmospheric
+ \item \texttt{aim.5l\_Equatorial\_Channel} - Intermediate Atmospheric
    physics. 3D Equatorial Channel configuration.
- \item \textit{aim.5l\_LatLon} - Intermediate Atmospheric physics.
+ \item \texttt{aim.5l\_LatLon} - Intermediate Atmospheric physics.
    Global configuration, on latitude longitude grid with 128x64x5 grid
    points ($2.8^\circ{\rm degree}$ resolution).
- \item \textit{adjustment.128x64x1} Barotropic adjustment problem on
+ \item \texttt{adjustment.128x64x1} Barotropic adjustment problem on
    latitude longitude grid with 128x64 grid points ($2.8^\circ{\rm
      degree}$ resolution).
- \item \textit{adjustment.cs-32x32x1} Barotropic adjustment problem on
+ \item \texttt{adjustment.cs-32x32x1} Barotropic adjustment problem on
    cube sphere grid with 32x32 points per face ( roughly $2.8^\circ{\rm
      degree}$ resolution).
- \item \textit{advect\_cs} Two-dimensional passive advection test on
+ \item \texttt{advect\_cs} Two-dimensional passive advection test on
    cube sphere grid.
- \item \textit{advect\_xy} Two-dimensional (horizontal plane) passive
+ \item \texttt{advect\_xy} Two-dimensional (horizontal plane) passive
    advection test on Cartesian grid.
- \item \textit{advect\_yz} Two-dimensional (vertical plane) passive
+ \item \texttt{advect\_yz} Two-dimensional (vertical plane) passive
    advection test on Cartesian grid.
- \item \textit{carbon} Simple passive tracer experiment. Includes
+ \item \texttt{carbon} Simple passive tracer experiment. Includes
    derivative calculation. Described in detail in section
    \ref{sect:eg-carbon-ad}.
- \item \textit{flt\_example} Example of using float package.
+ \item \texttt{flt\_example} Example of using float package.
- \item \textit{global\_ocean.90x40x15} Global circulation with GM, flux
+ \item \texttt{global\_ocean.90x40x15} Global circulation with GM, flux
    boundary conditions and poles.
- \item \textit{global\_ocean\_pressure} Global circulation in pressure
+ \item \texttt{global\_ocean\_pressure} Global circulation in pressure
    coordinate (non-Boussinesq ocean model). Described in detail in
    section \ref{sect:eg-globalpressure}.
- \item \textit{solid-body.cs-32x32x1} Solid body rotation test for cube
+ \item \texttt{solid-body.cs-32x32x1} Solid body rotation test for cube
    sphere grid.
  \end{enumerate}
-Line 432 
 Gent/McWilliams scheme). 2D (Y-Z).
+Line 446 
 Gent/McWilliams scheme). 2D (Y-Z).
  Each example directory has the following subdirectories:
  \begin{itemize}
- \item \textit{code}: contains the code particular to the example. At a
+ \item \texttt{code}: contains the code particular to the example. At a
    minimum, this directory includes the following files:
    \begin{itemize}
-   \item \textit{code/CPP\_EEOPTIONS.h}: declares CPP keys relative to
+   \item \texttt{code/packages.conf}: declares the list of packages or
+     package groups to be used.  If not included, the default version
+     is located in \texttt{pkg/pkg\_default}.  Package groups are
+     simply convenient collections of commonly used packages which are
+     defined in \texttt{pkg/pkg\_default}.  Some packages may require
+     other packages or may require their absence (that is, they are
+     incompatible) and these package dependencies are listed in
+     \texttt{pkg/pkg\_depend}.
+   \item \texttt{code/CPP\_EEOPTIONS.h}: declares CPP keys relative to
      the ``execution environment'' part of the code. The default
-     version is located in \textit{eesupp/inc}.
+     version is located in \texttt{eesupp/inc}.
-   \item \textit{code/CPP\_OPTIONS.h}: declares CPP keys relative to
+   \item \texttt{code/CPP\_OPTIONS.h}: declares CPP keys relative to
      the ``numerical model'' part of the code. The default version is
-     located in \textit{model/inc}.
+     located in \texttt{model/inc}.
-   \item \textit{code/SIZE.h}: declares size of underlying
+   \item \texttt{code/SIZE.h}: declares size of underlying
      computational grid.  The default version is located in
-     \textit{model/inc}.
+     \texttt{model/inc}.
    \end{itemize}
    In addition, other include files and subroutines might be present in
-   \textit{code} depending on the particular experiment. See Section 2
+   \texttt{code} depending on the particular experiment. See Section 2
    for more details.
- \item \textit{input}: contains the input data files required to run
+ \item \texttt{input}: contains the input data files required to run
-   the example. At a minimum, the \textit{input} directory contains the
+   the example. At a minimum, the \texttt{input} directory contains the
    following files:
    \begin{itemize}
-   \item \textit{input/data}: this file, written as a namelist,
+   \item \texttt{input/data}: this file, written as a namelist,
      specifies the main parameters for the experiment.
-   \item \textit{input/data.pkg}: contains parameters relative to the
+   \item \texttt{input/data.pkg}: contains parameters relative to the
      packages used in the experiment.
-   \item \textit{input/eedata}: this file contains ``execution
+   \item \texttt{input/eedata}: this file contains ``execution
      environment'' data. At present, this consists of a specification
      of the number of threads to use in $X$ and $Y$ under multithreaded
      execution.
-Line 475 
 Each example directory has the following
+Line 498 
 Each example directory has the following
    of the experiment.  This varies from experiment to experiment. See
    section 2 for more details.
- \item \textit{results}: this directory contains the output file
+ \item \texttt{results}: this directory contains the output file
-   \textit{output.txt} produced by the simulation example. This file is
+   \texttt{output.txt} produced by the simulation example. This file is
    useful for comparison with your own output when you run the
    experiment.
  \end{itemize}
-Line 484 
 Each example directory has the following
+Line 507 
 Each example directory has the following
  Once you have chosen the example you want to run, you are ready to
  compile the code.
- \section{Building the code}
+ \section[Building MITgcm]{Building the code}
  \label{sect:buildingCode}
+ \begin{rawhtml}
- To compile the code, we use the {\em make} program. This uses a file
+ <!-- CMIREDIR:buildingCode: -->
- ({\em Makefile}) that allows us to pre-process source files, specify
+ \end{rawhtml}
- compiler and optimization options and also figures out any file
- dependencies. We supply a script ({\em genmake2}), described in
+ To compile the code, we use the \texttt{make} program. This uses a
- section \ref{sect:genmake}, that automatically creates the {\em
+ file (\texttt{Makefile}) that allows us to pre-process source files,
-   Makefile} for you. You then need to build the dependencies and
+ specify compiler and optimization options and also figures out any
+ file dependencies. We supply a script (\texttt{genmake2}), described
+ in section \ref{sect:genmake}, that automatically creates the
+ \texttt{Makefile} for you. You then need to build the dependencies and
  compile the code.
- As an example, let's assume that you want to build and run experiment
+ As an example, assume that you want to build and run experiment
- \textit{verification/exp2}. The are multiple ways and places to
+ \texttt{verification/exp2}. The are multiple ways and places to
  actually do this but here let's build the code in
- \textit{verification/exp2/input}:
+ \texttt{verification/exp2/build}:
  \begin{verbatim}
- % cd verification/exp2/input
+ % cd verification/exp2/build
  \end{verbatim}
- First, build the {\em Makefile}:
+ First, build the \texttt{Makefile}:
  \begin{verbatim}
  % ../../../tools/genmake2 -mods=../code
  \end{verbatim}
- The command line option tells {\em genmake} to override model source
+ The command line option tells \texttt{genmake} to override model source
- code with any files in the directory {\em ./code/}.
+ code with any files in the directory \texttt{../code/}.
- On many systems, the {\em genmake2} program will be able to
+ On many systems, the \texttt{genmake2} program will be able to
  automatically recognize the hardware, find compilers and other tools
- within the user's path (``echo \$PATH''), and then choose an
+ within the user's path (``\texttt{echo \$PATH}''), and then choose an
- appropriate set of options from the files contained in the {\em
+ appropriate set of options from the files (``optfiles'') contained in
-   tools/build\_options} directory.  Under some circumstances, a user
+ the \texttt{tools/build\_options} directory.  Under some
- may have to create a new ``optfile'' in order to specify the exact
+ circumstances, a user may have to create a new ``optfile'' in order to
- combination of compiler, compiler flags, libraries, and other options
+ specify the exact combination of compiler, compiler flags, libraries,
- necessary to build a particular configuration of MITgcm.  In such
+ and other options necessary to build a particular configuration of
- cases, it is generally helpful to read the existing ``optfiles'' and
+ MITgcm.  In such cases, it is generally helpful to read the existing
- mimic their syntax.
+ ``optfiles'' and mimic their syntax.
  Through the MITgcm-support list, the MITgcm developers are willing to
  provide help writing or modifing ``optfiles''.  And we encourage users
-Line 529 
 MITgcm-support@mitgcm.org
+Line 555 
 MITgcm-support@mitgcm.org
  \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}
  list.
- To specify an optfile to {\em genmake2}, the syntax is:
+ To specify an optfile to \texttt{genmake2}, the syntax is:
  \begin{verbatim}
  % ../../../tools/genmake2 -mods=../code -of /path/to/optfile
  \end{verbatim}
- Once a {\em Makefile} has been generated, we create the dependencies:
+ Once a \texttt{Makefile} has been generated, we create the
+ dependencies with the command:
  \begin{verbatim}
  % make depend
  \end{verbatim}
- This modifies the {\em Makefile} by attaching a [long] list of files
+ This modifies the \texttt{Makefile} by attaching a (usually, long)
- upon which other files depend. The purpose of this is to reduce
+ list of files upon which other files depend. The purpose of this is to
- re-compilation if and when you start to modify the code. The {\tt make
+ reduce re-compilation if and when you start to modify the code. The
-   depend} command also creates links from the model source to this
+ {\tt make depend} command also creates links from the model source to
- directory.
+ this directory.  It is important to note that the {\tt make depend}
+ stage will occasionally produce warnings or errors since the
+ dependency parsing tool is unable to find all of the necessary header
+ files (\textit{eg.}  \texttt{netcdf.inc}).  In these circumstances, it
+ is usually OK to ignore the warnings/errors and proceed to the next
+ step.
- Next compile the code:
+ Next one can compile the code using:
  \begin{verbatim}
  % make
  \end{verbatim}
- The {\tt make} command creates an executable called \textit{mitgcmuv}.
+ The {\tt make} command creates an executable called \texttt{mitgcmuv}.
  Additional make ``targets'' are defined within the makefile to aid in
- the production of adjoint and other versions of MITgcm.
+ the production of adjoint and other versions of MITgcm.  On SMP
+ (shared multi-processor) systems, the build process can often be sped
- Now you are ready to run the model. General instructions for doing so are
+ up appreciably using the command:
- given in section \ref{sect:runModel}. Here, we can run the model with:
- \begin{verbatim}
- ./mitgcmuv > output.txt
- \end{verbatim}
- where we are re-directing the stream of text output to the file {\em
- output.txt}.
- \subsection{Building/compiling the code elsewhere}
- In the example above (section \ref{sect:buildingCode}) we built the
- executable in the {\em input} directory of the experiment for
- convenience. You can also configure and compile the code in other
- locations, for example on a scratch disk with out having to copy the
- entire source tree. The only requirement to do so is you have {\tt
-   genmake2} in your path or you know the absolute path to {\tt
-   genmake2}.
- The following sections outline some possible methods of organizing
- your source and data.
- \subsubsection{Building from the {\em ../code directory}}
- This is just as simple as building in the {\em input/} directory:
  \begin{verbatim}
- % cd verification/exp2/code
+ % make -j 2
- % ../../../tools/genmake2
- % make depend
- % make
- \end{verbatim}
- However, to run the model the executable ({\em mitgcmuv}) and input
- files must be in the same place. If you only have one calculation to make:
- \begin{verbatim}
- % cd ../input
- % cp ../code/mitgcmuv ./
- % ./mitgcmuv > output.txt
- \end{verbatim}
- or if you will be making multiple runs with the same executable:
- \begin{verbatim}
- % cd ../
- % cp -r input run1
- % cp code/mitgcmuv run1
- % cd run1
- % ./mitgcmuv > output.txt
  \end{verbatim}
+ where the ``2'' can be replaced with a number that corresponds to the
+ number of CPUs available.
- \subsubsection{Building from a new directory}
+ Now you are ready to run the model. General instructions for doing so are
+ given in section \ref{sect:runModel}. Here, we can run the model by
- Since the {\em input} directory contains input files it is often more
+ first creating links to all the input files:
- useful to keep {\em input} pristine and build in a new directory
- within {\em verification/exp2/}:
- \begin{verbatim}
- % cd verification/exp2
- % mkdir build
- % cd build
- % ../../../tools/genmake2 -mods=../code
- % make depend
- % make
- \end{verbatim}
- This builds the code exactly as before but this time you need to copy
- either the executable or the input files or both in order to run the
- model. For example,
- \begin{verbatim}
- % cp ../input/* ./
- % ./mitgcmuv > output.txt
- \end{verbatim}
- or if you tend to make multiple runs with the same executable then
- running in a new directory each time might be more appropriate:
- \begin{verbatim}
- % cd ../
- % mkdir run1
- % cp build/mitgcmuv run1/
- % cp input/* run1/
- % cd run1
- % ./mitgcmuv > output.txt
- \end{verbatim}
- \subsubsection{Building on a scratch disk}
- Model object files and output data can use up large amounts of disk
- space so it is often the case that you will be operating on a large
- scratch disk. Assuming the model source is in {\em ~/MITgcm} then the
- following commands will build the model in {\em /scratch/exp2-run1}:
- \begin{verbatim}
- % cd /scratch/exp2-run1
- % ~/MITgcm/tools/genmake2 -rootdir=~/MITgcm \
-   -mods=~/MITgcm/verification/exp2/code
- % make depend
- % make
- \end{verbatim}
- To run the model here, you'll need the input files:
  \begin{verbatim}
- % cp ~/MITgcm/verification/exp2/input/* ./
+ ln -s ../input/* .
- % ./mitgcmuv > output.txt
  \end{verbatim}
+ and then calling the executable with:
- As before, you could build in one directory and make multiple runs of
- the one experiment:
  \begin{verbatim}
- % cd /scratch/exp2
+ ./mitgcmuv > output.txt
- % mkdir build
- % cd build
- % ~/MITgcm/tools/genmake2 -rootdir=~/MITgcm \
-   -mods=~/MITgcm/verification/exp2/code
- % make depend
- % make
- % cd ../
- % cp -r ~/MITgcm/verification/exp2/input run2
- % cd run2
- % ./mitgcmuv > output.txt
  \end{verbatim}
+ where we are re-directing the stream of text output to the file
+ \texttt{output.txt}.
- \subsection{Using \texttt{genmake2}}
+ \section[Running MITgcm]{Running the model in prognostic mode}
- \label{sect:genmake}
- To compile the code, first use the program \texttt{genmake2} (located
- in the \texttt{tools} directory) to generate a Makefile.
- \texttt{genmake2} is a shell script written to work with all
- ``sh''--compatible shells including bash v1, bash v2, and Bourne.
- Internally, \texttt{genmake2} determines the locations of needed
- files, the compiler, compiler options, libraries, and Unix tools.  It
- relies upon a number of ``optfiles'' located in the
- \texttt{tools/build\_options} directory.
- The purpose of the optfiles is to provide all the compilation options
- for particular ``platforms'' (where ``platform'' roughly means the
- combination of the hardware and the compiler) and code configurations.
- Given the combinations of possible compilers and library dependencies
- ({\it eg.}  MPI and NetCDF) there may be numerous optfiles available
- for a single machine.  The naming scheme for the majority of the
- optfiles shipped with the code is
- \begin{center}
-   {\bf OS\_HARDWARE\_COMPILER }
- \end{center}
- where
- \begin{description}
- \item[OS] is the name of the operating system (generally the
-   lower-case output of the {\tt 'uname'} command)
- \item[HARDWARE] is a string that describes the CPU type and
-   corresponds to output from the  {\tt 'uname -m'} command:
-   \begin{description}
-   \item[ia32] is for ``x86'' machines such as i386, i486, i586, i686,
-     and athlon
-   \item[ia64] is for Intel IA64 systems (eg. Itanium, Itanium2)
-   \item[amd64] is AMD x86\_64 systems
-   \item[ppc] is for Mac PowerPC systems
-   \end{description}
- \item[COMPILER] is the compiler name (generally, the name of the
-   FORTRAN executable)
- \end{description}
- In many cases, the default optfiles are sufficient and will result in
- usable Makefiles.  However, for some machines or code configurations,
- new ``optfiles'' must be written. To create a new optfile, it is
- generally best to start with one of the defaults and modify it to suit
- your needs.  Like \texttt{genmake2}, the optfiles are all written
- using a simple ``sh''--compatible syntax.  While nearly all variables
- used within \texttt{genmake2} may be specified in the optfiles, the
- critical ones that should be defined are:
- \begin{description}
- \item[FC] the FORTRAN compiler (executable) to use
- \item[DEFINES] the command-line DEFINE options passed to the compiler
- \item[CPP] the C pre-processor to use
- \item[NOOPTFLAGS] options flags for special files that should not be
-   optimized
- \end{description}
- For example, the optfile for a typical Red Hat Linux machine (``ia32''
- architecture) using the GCC (g77) compiler is
- \begin{verbatim}
- FC=g77
- DEFINES='-D_BYTESWAPIO -DWORDLENGTH=4'
- CPP='cpp  -traditional -P'
- NOOPTFLAGS='-O0'
- #  For IEEE, use the "-ffloat-store" option
- if test "x$IEEE" = x ; then
-     FFLAGS='-Wimplicit -Wunused -Wuninitialized'
-     FOPTIM='-O3 -malign-double -funroll-loops'
- else
-     FFLAGS='-Wimplicit -Wunused -ffloat-store'
-     FOPTIM='-O0 -malign-double'
- fi
- \end{verbatim}
- If you write an optfile for an unrepresented machine or compiler, you
- are strongly encouraged to submit the optfile to the MITgcm project
- for inclusion.  Please send the file to the
- \begin{rawhtml} <A href="mail-to:MITgcm-support@mitgcm.org"> \end{rawhtml}
- \begin{center}
-   MITgcm-support@mitgcm.org
- \end{center}
- \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}
- mailing list.
- In addition to the optfiles, \texttt{genmake2} supports a number of
- helpful command-line options.  A complete list of these options can be
- obtained from:
- \begin{verbatim}
- % genmake2 -h
- \end{verbatim}
- The most important command-line options are:
- \begin{description}
- \item[\texttt{--optfile=/PATH/FILENAME}] specifies the optfile that
-   should be used for a particular build.
-   If no "optfile" is specified (either through the command line or the
-   MITGCM\_OPTFILE environment variable), genmake2 will try to make a
-   reasonable guess from the list provided in {\em
-     tools/build\_options}.  The method used for making this guess is
-   to first determine the combination of operating system and hardware
-   (eg. "linux\_ia32") and then find a working FORTRAN compiler within
-   the user's path.  When these three items have been identified,
-   genmake2 will try to find an optfile that has a matching name.
- \item[\texttt{--pdefault='PKG1 PKG2 PKG3 ...'}] specifies the default
-   set of packages to be used.  The normal order of precedence for
-   packages is as follows:
-   \begin{enumerate}
-   \item If available, the command line (\texttt{--pdefault}) settings
-     over-rule any others.
-   \item Next, \texttt{genmake2} will look for a file named
-     ``\texttt{packages.conf}'' in the local directory or in any of the
-     directories specified with the \texttt{--mods} option.
-   \item Finally, if neither of the above are available,
-     \texttt{genmake2} will use the \texttt{/pkg/pkg\_default} file.
-   \end{enumerate}
- \item[\texttt{--pdepend=/PATH/FILENAME}] specifies the dependency file
-   used for packages.
-   If not specified, the default dependency file {\em pkg/pkg\_depend}
-   is used.  The syntax for this file is parsed on a line-by-line basis
-   where each line containes either a comment ("\#") or a simple
-   "PKGNAME1 (+|-)PKGNAME2" pairwise rule where the "+" or "-" symbol
-   specifies a "must be used with" or a "must not be used with"
-   relationship, respectively.  If no rule is specified, then it is
-   assumed that the two packages are compatible and will function
-   either with or without each other.
- \item[\texttt{--adof=/path/to/file}] specifies the "adjoint" or
-   automatic differentiation options file to be used.  The file is
-   analogous to the ``optfile'' defined above but it specifies
-   information for the AD build process.
-   The default file is located in {\em
-     tools/adjoint\_options/adjoint\_default} and it defines the "TAF"
-   and "TAMC" compilers.  An alternate version is also available at
-   {\em tools/adjoint\_options/adjoint\_staf} that selects the newer
-   "STAF" compiler.  As with any compilers, it is helpful to have their
-   directories listed in your {\tt \$PATH} environment variable.
- \item[\texttt{--mods='DIR1 DIR2 DIR3 ...'}] specifies a list of
-   directories containing ``modifications''.  These directories contain
-   files with names that may (or may not) exist in the main MITgcm
-   source tree but will be overridden by any identically-named sources
-   within the ``MODS'' directories.
-   The order of precedence for this "name-hiding" is as follows:
-   \begin{itemize}
-   \item ``MODS'' directories (in the order given)
-   \item Packages either explicitly specified or provided by default
-     (in the order given)
-   \item Packages included due to package dependencies (in the order
-     that that package dependencies are parsed)
-   \item The "standard dirs" (which may have been specified by the
-     ``-standarddirs'' option)
-   \end{itemize}
- \item[\texttt{--mpi}] This option enables certain MPI features (using
-   CPP \texttt{\#define}s) within the code and is necessary for MPI
-   builds (see Section \ref{sect:mpi-build}).
- \item[\texttt{--make=/path/to/gmake}] Due to the poor handling of
-   soft-links and other bugs common with the \texttt{make} versions
-   provided by commercial Unix vendors, GNU \texttt{make} (sometimes
-   called \texttt{gmake}) should be preferred.  This option provides a
-   means for specifying the make executable to be used.
- \item[\texttt{--bash=/path/to/sh}] On some (usually older UNIX)
-   machines, the ``bash'' shell is unavailable.  To run on these
-   systems, \texttt{genmake2} can be invoked using an ``sh'' (that is,
-   a Bourne, POSIX, or compatible) shell.  The syntax in these
-   circumstances is:
-   \begin{center}
-     \texttt{\%  /bin/sh genmake2 -bash=/bin/sh [...options...]}
-   \end{center}
-   where \texttt{/bin/sh} can be replaced with the full path and name
-   of the desired shell.
- \end{description}
- \subsection{Building with MPI}
- \label{sect:mpi-build}
- Building MITgcm to use MPI libraries can be complicated due to the
- variety of different MPI implementations available, their dependencies
- or interactions with different compilers, and their often ad-hoc
- locations within file systems.  For these reasons, its generally a
- good idea to start by finding and reading the documentation for your
- machine(s) and, if necessary, seeking help from your local systems
- administrator.
- The steps for building MITgcm with MPI support are:
- \begin{enumerate}
- \item Determine the locations of your MPI-enabled compiler and/or MPI
-   libraries and put them into an options file as described in Section
-   \ref{sect:genmake}.  One can start with one of the examples in:
-   \begin{rawhtml} <A
-     href="http://mitgcm.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/MITgcm/tools/build_options/">
-   \end{rawhtml}
-   \begin{center}
-     \texttt{MITgcm/tools/build\_options/}
-   \end{center}
-   \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}
-   such as \texttt{linux\_ia32\_g77+mpi\_cg01} or
-   \texttt{linux\_ia64\_efc+mpi} and then edit it to suit the machine at
-   hand.  You may need help from your user guide or local systems
-   administrator to determine the exact location of the MPI libraries.
-   If libraries are not installed, MPI implementations and related
-   tools are available including:
-   \begin{itemize}
-   \item \begin{rawhtml} <A
-       href="http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/mpich/">
-     \end{rawhtml}
-     MPICH
-     \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}
-   \item \begin{rawhtml} <A
-       href="http://www.lam-mpi.org/">
-     \end{rawhtml}
-     LAM/MPI
-     \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}
-   \item \begin{rawhtml} <A
-       href="http://www.osc.edu/~pw/mpiexec/">
-     \end{rawhtml}
-     MPIexec
-     \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}
-   \end{itemize}
- \item Build the code with the \texttt{genmake2} \texttt{-mpi} option
-   (see Section \ref{sect:genmake}) using commands such as:
- {\footnotesize \begin{verbatim}
-   %  ../../../tools/genmake2 -mods=../code -mpi -of=YOUR_OPTFILE
-   %  make depend
-   %  make
- \end{verbatim} }
- \item Run the code with the appropriate MPI ``run'' or ``exec''
-   program provided with your particular implementation of MPI.
-   Typical MPI packages such as MPICH will use something like:
- \begin{verbatim}
-   %  mpirun -np 4 -machinefile mf ./mitgcmuv
- \end{verbatim}
-   Sightly more complicated scripts may be needed for many machines
-   since execution of the code may be controlled by both the MPI
-   library and a job scheduling and queueing system such as PBS,
-   LoadLeveller, Condor, or any of a number of similar tools.  A few
-   example scripts (those used for our \begin{rawhtml} <A
-     href="http://mitgcm.org/testing.html"> \end{rawhtml}regular
-   verification runs\begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}) are available
-   at:
-   \begin{rawhtml} <A
-     href="http://mitgcm.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/MITgcm_contrib/test_scripts/">
-   \end{rawhtml}
-   {\footnotesize \tt
-     http://mitgcm.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/MITgcm\_contrib/test\_scripts/ }
-   \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}
- \end{enumerate}
- \section{Running the model}
  \label{sect:runModel}
+ \begin{rawhtml}
+ <!-- CMIREDIR:runModel: -->
+ \end{rawhtml}
- If compilation finished succesfuully (section \ref{sect:buildingCode})
+ If compilation finished succesfully (section \ref{sect:buildingCode})
  then an executable called \texttt{mitgcmuv} will now exist in the
  local directory.
- To run the model as a single process (ie. not in parallel) simply
+ To run the model as a single process (\textit{ie.} not in parallel)
- type:
+ simply type:
  \begin{verbatim}
  % ./mitgcmuv
  \end{verbatim}
-Line 952 
 do!). The above command will spew out ma
+Line 626 
 do!). The above command will spew out ma
  your screen.  This output contains details such as parameter values as
  well as diagnostics such as mean Kinetic energy, largest CFL number,
  etc. It is worth keeping this text output with the binary output so we
- normally re-direct the {\em stdout} stream as follows:
+ normally re-direct the \texttt{stdout} stream as follows:
  \begin{verbatim}
  % ./mitgcmuv > output.txt
  \end{verbatim}
+ In the event that the model encounters an error and stops, it is very
- For the example experiments in {\em verification}, an example of the
+ helpful to include the last few line of this \texttt{output.txt} file
- output is kept in {\em results/output.txt} for comparison. You can compare
+ along with the (\texttt{stderr}) error message within any bug reports.
- your {\em output.txt} with this one to check that the set-up works.
+ For the example experiments in \texttt{verification}, an example of the
+ output is kept in \texttt{results/output.txt} for comparison. You can
+ compare your \texttt{output.txt} with the corresponding one for that
+ experiment to check that the set-up works.
  \subsection{Output files}
- The model produces various output files. At a minimum, the instantaneous
+ The model produces various output files and, when using \texttt{mnc},
- ``state'' of the model is written out, which is made of the following files:
+ sometimes even directories.  Depending upon the I/O package(s)
+ selected at compile time (either \texttt{mdsio} or \texttt{mnc} or
+ both as determined by \texttt{code/packages.conf}) and the run-time
+ flags set (in \texttt{input/data.pkg}), the following output may
+ appear.
+ \subsubsection{MDSIO output files}
+ The ``traditional'' output files are generated by the \texttt{mdsio}
+ package.  At a minimum, the instantaneous ``state'' of the model is
+ written out, which is made of the following files:
  \begin{itemize}
- \item \textit{U.00000nIter} - zonal component of velocity field (m/s and $>
+ \item \texttt{U.00000nIter} - zonal component of velocity field (m/s and $>
 $ eastward).
- \item \textit{V.00000nIter} - meridional component of velocity field (m/s
+ \item \texttt{V.00000nIter} - meridional component of velocity field (m/s
  and $> 0$ northward).
- \item \textit{W.00000nIter} - vertical component of velocity field (ocean:
+ \item \texttt{W.00000nIter} - vertical component of velocity field (ocean:
  m/s and $> 0$ upward, atmosphere: Pa/s and $> 0$ towards increasing pressure
  i.e. downward).
- \item \textit{T.00000nIter} - potential temperature (ocean: $^{0}$C,
+ \item \texttt{T.00000nIter} - potential temperature (ocean: $^{0}$C,
  atmosphere: $^{0}$K).
- \item \textit{S.00000nIter} - ocean: salinity (psu), atmosphere: water vapor
+ \item \texttt{S.00000nIter} - ocean: salinity (psu), atmosphere: water vapor
  (g/kg).
- \item \textit{Eta.00000nIter} - ocean: surface elevation (m), atmosphere:
+ \item \texttt{Eta.00000nIter} - ocean: surface elevation (m), atmosphere:
  surface pressure anomaly (Pa).
  \end{itemize}
- The chain \textit{00000nIter} consists of ten figures that specify the
+ The chain \texttt{00000nIter} consists of ten figures that specify the
- iteration number at which the output is written out. For example, \textit{%
+ iteration number at which the output is written out. For example, \texttt{%
  U.0000000300} is the zonal velocity at iteration 300.
  In addition, a ``pickup'' or ``checkpoint'' file called:
  \begin{itemize}
- \item \textit{pickup.00000nIter}
+ \item \texttt{pickup.00000nIter}
  \end{itemize}
  is written out. This file represents the state of the model in a condensed
-Line 1004 
 form and is used for restarting the inte
+Line 693 
 form and is used for restarting the inte
  there is an additional ``pickup'' file:
  \begin{itemize}
- \item \textit{pickup\_cd.00000nIter}
+ \item \texttt{pickup\_cd.00000nIter}
  \end{itemize}
  containing the D-grid velocity data and that has to be written out as well
  in order to restart the integration. Rolling checkpoint files are the same
  as the pickup files but are named differently. Their name contain the chain
- \textit{ckptA} or \textit{ckptB} instead of \textit{00000nIter}. They can be
+ \texttt{ckptA} or \texttt{ckptB} instead of \texttt{00000nIter}. They can be
  used to restart the model but are overwritten every other time they are
  output to save disk space during long integrations.
+ \subsubsection{MNC output files}
+ Unlike the \texttt{mdsio} output, the \texttt{mnc}--generated output
+ is usually (though not necessarily) placed within a subdirectory with
+ a name such as \texttt{mnc\_test\_\${DATE}\_\${SEQ}}.  The files
+ within this subdirectory are all in the ``self-describing'' netCDF
+ format and can thus be browsed and/or plotted using tools such as:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{ncdump} is a utility which is typically included
+   with every netCDF install:
+   \begin{rawhtml} <A href="http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/packages/netcdf/"> \end{rawhtml}
+ \begin{verbatim}
+      http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/packages/netcdf/
+ \end{verbatim}
+   \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml} and it converts the netCDF
+   binaries into formatted ASCII text files.
+ \item \texttt{ncview} utility is a very convenient and quick way
+   to plot netCDF data and it runs on most OSes:
+   \begin{rawhtml} <A href="http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~pierce/ncview_home_page.html"> \end{rawhtml}
+ \begin{verbatim}
+      http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~pierce/ncview_home_page.html
+ \end{verbatim}
+   \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}
+ \item MatLAB(c) and other common post-processing environments provide
+   various netCDF interfaces including:
+   \begin{rawhtml} <A href="http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/staffpages/cdenham/public_html/MexCDF/nc4ml5.html"> \end{rawhtml}
+ \begin{verbatim}
+ http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/staffpages/cdenham/public_html/MexCDF/nc4ml5.html
+ \end{verbatim}
+   \begin{rawhtml} </A> \end{rawhtml}
+ \end{itemize}
  \subsection{Looking at the output}
- All the model data are written according to a ``meta/data'' file format.
+ The ``traditional'' or mdsio model data are written according to a
- Each variable is associated with two files with suffix names \textit{.data}
+ ``meta/data'' file format.  Each variable is associated with two files
- and \textit{.meta}. The \textit{.data} file contains the data written in
+ with suffix names \texttt{.data} and \texttt{.meta}. The
- binary form (big\_endian by default). The \textit{.meta} file is a
+ \texttt{.data} file contains the data written in binary form
- ``header'' file that contains information about the size and the structure
+ (big\_endian by default). The \texttt{.meta} file is a ``header'' file
- of the \textit{.data} file. This way of organizing the output is
+ that contains information about the size and the structure of the
- particularly useful when running multi-processors calculations. The base
+ \texttt{.data} file. This way of organizing the output is particularly
- version of the model includes a few matlab utilities to read output files
+ useful when running multi-processors calculations. The base version of
- written in this format. The matlab scripts are located in the directory
+ the model includes a few matlab utilities to read output files written
- \textit{utils/matlab} under the root tree. The script \textit{rdmds.m} reads
+ in this format. The matlab scripts are located in the directory
- the data. Look at the comments inside the script to see how to use it.
+ \texttt{utils/matlab} under the root tree. The script \texttt{rdmds.m}
+ reads the data. Look at the comments inside the script to see how to
+ use it.
  Some examples of reading and visualizing some output in {\em Matlab}:
  \begin{verbatim}
-Line 1043 
 Some examples of reading and visualizing
+Line 771 
 Some examples of reading and visualizing
  >> for n=1:11; imagesc(eta(:,:,n)');axis ij;colorbar;pause(.5);end
  \end{verbatim}
- \section{Doing it yourself: customizing the code}
+ Similar scripts for netCDF output (\texttt{rdmnc.m}) are available and
+ they are described in Section \ref{sec:pkg:mnc}.
- When you are ready to run the model in the configuration you want, the
- easiest thing is to use and adapt the setup of the case studies
- experiment (described previously) that is the closest to your
- configuration. Then, the amount of setup will be minimized. In this
- section, we focus on the setup relative to the ``numerical model''
- part of the code (the setup relative to the ``execution environment''
- part is covered in the parallel implementation section) and on the
- variables and parameters that you are likely to change.
- \subsection{Configuration and setup}
- The CPP keys relative to the ``numerical model'' part of the code are
- all defined and set in the file \textit{CPP\_OPTIONS.h }in the
- directory \textit{ model/inc }or in one of the \textit{code
- }directories of the case study experiments under
- \textit{verification.} The model parameters are defined and declared
- in the file \textit{model/inc/PARAMS.h }and their default values are
- set in the routine \textit{model/src/set\_defaults.F. }The default
- values can be modified in the namelist file \textit{data }which needs
- to be located in the directory where you will run the model. The
- parameters are initialized in the routine
- \textit{model/src/ini\_parms.F}.  Look at this routine to see in what
- part of the namelist the parameters are located.
- In what follows the parameters are grouped into categories related to
- the computational domain, the equations solved in the model, and the
- simulation controls.
- \subsection{Computational domain, geometry and time-discretization}
- \begin{description}
- \item[dimensions] \
-   The number of points in the x, y, and r directions are represented
-   by the variables \textbf{sNx}, \textbf{sNy} and \textbf{Nr}
-   respectively which are declared and set in the file
-   \textit{model/inc/SIZE.h}.  (Again, this assumes a mono-processor
-   calculation. For multiprocessor calculations see the section on
-   parallel implementation.)
- \item[grid] \
-   Three different grids are available: cartesian, spherical polar, and
-   curvilinear (which includes the cubed sphere). The grid is set
-   through the logical variables \textbf{usingCartesianGrid},
-   \textbf{usingSphericalPolarGrid}, and \textbf{usingCurvilinearGrid}.
-   In the case of spherical and curvilinear grids, the southern
-   boundary is defined through the variable \textbf{phiMin} which
-   corresponds to the latitude of the southern most cell face (in
-   degrees). The resolution along the x and y directions is controlled
-   by the 1D arrays \textbf{delx} and \textbf{dely} (in meters in the
-   case of a cartesian grid, in degrees otherwise).  The vertical grid
-   spacing is set through the 1D array \textbf{delz} for the ocean (in
-   meters) or \textbf{delp} for the atmosphere (in Pa).  The variable
-   \textbf{Ro\_SeaLevel} represents the standard position of Sea-Level
-   in ``R'' coordinate. This is typically set to 0m for the ocean
-   (default value) and 10$^{5}$Pa for the atmosphere. For the
-   atmosphere, also set the logical variable \textbf{groundAtK1} to
-   \texttt{'.TRUE.'} which puts the first level (k=1) at the lower
-   boundary (ground).
-   For the cartesian grid case, the Coriolis parameter $f$ is set
-   through the variables \textbf{f0} and \textbf{beta} which correspond
-   to the reference Coriolis parameter (in s$^{-1}$) and
-   $\frac{\partial f}{ \partial y}$(in m$^{-1}$s$^{-1}$) respectively.
-   If \textbf{beta } is set to a nonzero value, \textbf{f0} is the
-   value of $f$ at the southern edge of the domain.
- \item[topography - full and partial cells] \
-   The domain bathymetry is read from a file that contains a 2D (x,y)
-   map of depths (in m) for the ocean or pressures (in Pa) for the
-   atmosphere. The file name is represented by the variable
-   \textbf{bathyFile}. The file is assumed to contain binary numbers
-   giving the depth (pressure) of the model at each grid cell, ordered
-   with the x coordinate varying fastest. The points are ordered from
-   low coordinate to high coordinate for both axes. The model code
-   applies without modification to enclosed, periodic, and double
-   periodic domains. Periodicity is assumed by default and is
-   suppressed by setting the depths to 0m for the cells at the limits
-   of the computational domain (note: not sure this is the case for the
-   atmosphere). The precision with which to read the binary data is
-   controlled by the integer variable \textbf{readBinaryPrec} which can
-   take the value \texttt{32} (single precision) or \texttt{64} (double
-   precision). See the matlab program \textit{gendata.m} in the
-   \textit{input} directories under \textit{verification} to see how
-   the bathymetry files are generated for the case study experiments.
-   To use the partial cell capability, the variable \textbf{hFacMin}
-   needs to be set to a value between 0 and 1 (it is set to 1 by
-   default) corresponding to the minimum fractional size of the cell.
-   For example if the bottom cell is 500m thick and \textbf{hFacMin} is
-   set to 0.1, the actual thickness of the cell (i.e. used in the code)
-   can cover a range of discrete values 50m apart from 50m to 500m
-   depending on the value of the bottom depth (in \textbf{bathyFile})
-   at this point.
-   Note that the bottom depths (or pressures) need not coincide with
-   the models levels as deduced from \textbf{delz} or \textbf{delp}.
-   The model will interpolate the numbers in \textbf{bathyFile} so that
-   they match the levels obtained from \textbf{delz} or \textbf{delp}
-   and \textbf{hFacMin}.
-   (Note: the atmospheric case is a bit more complicated than what is
-   written here I think. To come soon...)
- \item[time-discretization] \
-   The time steps are set through the real variables \textbf{deltaTMom}
-   and \textbf{deltaTtracer} (in s) which represent the time step for
-   the momentum and tracer equations, respectively. For synchronous
-   integrations, simply set the two variables to the same value (or you
-   can prescribe one time step only through the variable
-   \textbf{deltaT}). The Adams-Bashforth stabilizing parameter is set
-   through the variable \textbf{abEps} (dimensionless). The stagger
-   baroclinic time stepping can be activated by setting the logical
-   variable \textbf{staggerTimeStep} to \texttt{'.TRUE.'}.
- \end{description}
- \subsection{Equation of state}
- First, because the model equations are written in terms of
- perturbations, a reference thermodynamic state needs to be specified.
- This is done through the 1D arrays \textbf{tRef} and \textbf{sRef}.
- \textbf{tRef} specifies the reference potential temperature profile
- (in $^{o}$C for the ocean and $^{o}$K for the atmosphere) starting
- from the level k=1. Similarly, \textbf{sRef} specifies the reference
- salinity profile (in ppt) for the ocean or the reference specific
- humidity profile (in g/kg) for the atmosphere.
- The form of the equation of state is controlled by the character
- variables \textbf{buoyancyRelation} and \textbf{eosType}.
- \textbf{buoyancyRelation} is set to \texttt{'OCEANIC'} by default and
- needs to be set to \texttt{'ATMOSPHERIC'} for atmosphere simulations.
- In this case, \textbf{eosType} must be set to \texttt{'IDEALGAS'}.
- For the ocean, two forms of the equation of state are available:
- linear (set \textbf{eosType} to \texttt{'LINEAR'}) and a polynomial
- approximation to the full nonlinear equation ( set \textbf{eosType} to
- \texttt{'POLYNOMIAL'}). In the linear case, you need to specify the
- thermal and haline expansion coefficients represented by the variables
- \textbf{tAlpha} (in K$^{-1}$) and \textbf{sBeta} (in ppt$^{-1}$). For
- the nonlinear case, you need to generate a file of polynomial
- coefficients called \textit{POLY3.COEFFS}. To do this, use the program
- \textit{utils/knudsen2/knudsen2.f} under the model tree (a Makefile is
- available in the same directory and you will need to edit the number
- and the values of the vertical levels in \textit{knudsen2.f} so that
- they match those of your configuration).
- There there are also higher polynomials for the equation of state:
- \begin{description}
- \item[\texttt{'UNESCO'}:] The UNESCO equation of state formula of
-   Fofonoff and Millard \cite{fofonoff83}. This equation of state
-   assumes in-situ temperature, which is not a model variable; {\em its
-     use is therefore discouraged, and it is only listed for
-     completeness}.
- \item[\texttt{'JMD95Z'}:] A modified UNESCO formula by Jackett and
-   McDougall \cite{jackett95}, which uses the model variable potential
-   temperature as input. The \texttt{'Z'} indicates that this equation
-   of state uses a horizontally and temporally constant pressure
-   $p_{0}=-g\rho_{0}z$.
- \item[\texttt{'JMD95P'}:] A modified UNESCO formula by Jackett and
-   McDougall \cite{jackett95}, which uses the model variable potential
-   temperature as input. The \texttt{'P'} indicates that this equation
-   of state uses the actual hydrostatic pressure of the last time
-   step. Lagging the pressure in this way requires an additional pickup
-   file for restarts.
- \item[\texttt{'MDJWF'}:] The new, more accurate and less expensive
-   equation of state by McDougall et~al. \cite{mcdougall03}. It also
-   requires lagging the pressure and therefore an additional pickup
-   file for restarts.
- \end{description}
- For none of these options an reference profile of temperature or
- salinity is required.
- \subsection{Momentum equations}
- In this section, we only focus for now on the parameters that you are
- likely to change, i.e. the ones relative to forcing and dissipation
- for example.  The details relevant to the vector-invariant form of the
- equations and the various advection schemes are not covered for the
- moment. We assume that you use the standard form of the momentum
- equations (i.e. the flux-form) with the default advection scheme.
- Also, there are a few logical variables that allow you to turn on/off
- various terms in the momentum equation. These variables are called
- \textbf{momViscosity, momAdvection, momForcing, useCoriolis,
-   momPressureForcing, momStepping} and \textbf{metricTerms }and are
- assumed to be set to \texttt{'.TRUE.'} here.  Look at the file
- \textit{model/inc/PARAMS.h }for a precise definition of these
- variables.
- \begin{description}
- \item[initialization] \
-   The velocity components are initialized to 0 unless the simulation
-   is starting from a pickup file (see section on simulation control
-   parameters).
- \item[forcing] \
-   This section only applies to the ocean. You need to generate
-   wind-stress data into two files \textbf{zonalWindFile} and
-   \textbf{meridWindFile} corresponding to the zonal and meridional
-   components of the wind stress, respectively (if you want the stress
-   to be along the direction of only one of the model horizontal axes,
-   you only need to generate one file). The format of the files is
-   similar to the bathymetry file. The zonal (meridional) stress data
-   are assumed to be in Pa and located at U-points (V-points). As for
-   the bathymetry, the precision with which to read the binary data is
-   controlled by the variable \textbf{readBinaryPrec}.  See the matlab
-   program \textit{gendata.m} in the \textit{input} directories under
-   \textit{verification} to see how simple analytical wind forcing data
-   are generated for the case study experiments.
-   There is also the possibility of prescribing time-dependent periodic
-   forcing. To do this, concatenate the successive time records into a
-   single file (for each stress component) ordered in a (x,y,t) fashion
-   and set the following variables: \textbf{periodicExternalForcing }to
-   \texttt{'.TRUE.'}, \textbf{externForcingPeriod }to the period (in s)
-   of which the forcing varies (typically 1 month), and
-   \textbf{externForcingCycle} to the repeat time (in s) of the forcing
-   (typically 1 year -- note: \textbf{ externForcingCycle} must be a
-   multiple of \textbf{externForcingPeriod}).  With these variables set
-   up, the model will interpolate the forcing linearly at each
-   iteration.
- \item[dissipation] \
-   The lateral eddy viscosity coefficient is specified through the
-   variable \textbf{viscAh} (in m$^{2}$s$^{-1}$). The vertical eddy
-   viscosity coefficient is specified through the variable
-   \textbf{viscAz} (in m$^{2}$s$^{-1}$) for the ocean and
-   \textbf{viscAp} (in Pa$^{2}$s$^{-1}$) for the atmosphere.  The
-   vertical diffusive fluxes can be computed implicitly by setting the
-   logical variable \textbf{implicitViscosity }to \texttt{'.TRUE.'}.
-   In addition, biharmonic mixing can be added as well through the
-   variable \textbf{viscA4} (in m$^{4}$s$^{-1}$). On a spherical polar
-   grid, you might also need to set the variable \textbf{cosPower}
-   which is set to 0 by default and which represents the power of
-   cosine of latitude to multiply viscosity. Slip or no-slip conditions
-   at lateral and bottom boundaries are specified through the logical
-   variables \textbf{no\_slip\_sides} and \textbf{no\_slip\_bottom}. If
-   set to \texttt{'.FALSE.'}, free-slip boundary conditions are
-   applied. If no-slip boundary conditions are applied at the bottom, a
-   bottom drag can be applied as well. Two forms are available: linear
-   (set the variable \textbf{bottomDragLinear} in s$ ^{-1}$) and
-   quadratic (set the variable \textbf{bottomDragQuadratic} in
-   m$^{-1}$).
-   The Fourier and Shapiro filters are described elsewhere.
- \item[C-D scheme] \
-   If you run at a sufficiently coarse resolution, you will need the
-   C-D scheme for the computation of the Coriolis terms. The
-   variable\textbf{\ tauCD}, which represents the C-D scheme coupling
-   timescale (in s) needs to be set.
- \item[calculation of pressure/geopotential] \
-   First, to run a non-hydrostatic ocean simulation, set the logical
-   variable \textbf{nonHydrostatic} to \texttt{'.TRUE.'}. The pressure
-   field is then inverted through a 3D elliptic equation. (Note: this
-   capability is not available for the atmosphere yet.) By default, a
-   hydrostatic simulation is assumed and a 2D elliptic equation is used
-   to invert the pressure field. The parameters controlling the
-   behaviour of the elliptic solvers are the variables
-   \textbf{cg2dMaxIters} and \textbf{cg2dTargetResidual } for
-   the 2D case and \textbf{cg3dMaxIters} and
-   \textbf{cg3dTargetResidual} for the 3D case. You probably won't need to
-   alter the default values (are we sure of this?).
-   For the calculation of the surface pressure (for the ocean) or
-   surface geopotential (for the atmosphere) you need to set the
-   logical variables \textbf{rigidLid} and \textbf{implicitFreeSurface}
-   (set one to \texttt{'.TRUE.'} and the other to \texttt{'.FALSE.'}
-   depending on how you want to deal with the ocean upper or atmosphere
-   lower boundary).
- \end{description}
- \subsection{Tracer equations}
- This section covers the tracer equations i.e. the potential
- temperature equation and the salinity (for the ocean) or specific
- humidity (for the atmosphere) equation. As for the momentum equations,
- we only describe for now the parameters that you are likely to change.
- The logical variables \textbf{tempDiffusion} \textbf{tempAdvection}
- \textbf{tempForcing}, and \textbf{tempStepping} allow you to turn
- on/off terms in the temperature equation (same thing for salinity or
- specific humidity with variables \textbf{saltDiffusion},
- \textbf{saltAdvection} etc.). These variables are all assumed here to
- be set to \texttt{'.TRUE.'}. Look at file \textit{model/inc/PARAMS.h}
- for a precise definition.
- \begin{description}
- \item[initialization] \
-   The initial tracer data can be contained in the binary files
-   \textbf{hydrogThetaFile} and \textbf{hydrogSaltFile}. These files
-   should contain 3D data ordered in an (x,y,r) fashion with k=1 as the
-   first vertical level.  If no file names are provided, the tracers
-   are then initialized with the values of \textbf{tRef} and
-   \textbf{sRef} mentioned above (in the equation of state section). In
-   this case, the initial tracer data are uniform in x and y for each
-   depth level.
- \item[forcing] \
-   This part is more relevant for the ocean, the procedure for the
-   atmosphere not being completely stabilized at the moment.
-   A combination of fluxes data and relaxation terms can be used for
-   driving the tracer equations.  For potential temperature, heat flux
-   data (in W/m$ ^{2}$) can be stored in the 2D binary file
-   \textbf{surfQfile}.  Alternatively or in addition, the forcing can
-   be specified through a relaxation term. The SST data to which the
-   model surface temperatures are restored to are supposed to be stored
-   in the 2D binary file \textbf{thetaClimFile}. The corresponding
-   relaxation time scale coefficient is set through the variable
-   \textbf{tauThetaClimRelax} (in s). The same procedure applies for
-   salinity with the variable names \textbf{EmPmRfile},
-   \textbf{saltClimFile}, and \textbf{tauSaltClimRelax} for freshwater
-   flux (in m/s) and surface salinity (in ppt) data files and
-   relaxation time scale coefficient (in s), respectively. Also for
-   salinity, if the CPP key \textbf{USE\_NATURAL\_BCS} is turned on,
-   natural boundary conditions are applied i.e. when computing the
-   surface salinity tendency, the freshwater flux is multiplied by the
-   model surface salinity instead of a constant salinity value.
-   As for the other input files, the precision with which to read the
-   data is controlled by the variable \textbf{readBinaryPrec}.
-   Time-dependent, periodic forcing can be applied as well following
-   the same procedure used for the wind forcing data (see above).
- \item[dissipation] \
-   Lateral eddy diffusivities for temperature and salinity/specific
-   humidity are specified through the variables \textbf{diffKhT} and
-   \textbf{diffKhS} (in m$^{2}$/s). Vertical eddy diffusivities are
-   specified through the variables \textbf{diffKzT} and
-   \textbf{diffKzS} (in m$^{2}$/s) for the ocean and \textbf{diffKpT
-   }and \textbf{diffKpS} (in Pa$^{2}$/s) for the atmosphere. The
-   vertical diffusive fluxes can be computed implicitly by setting the
-   logical variable \textbf{implicitDiffusion} to \texttt{'.TRUE.'}.
-   In addition, biharmonic diffusivities can be specified as well
-   through the coefficients \textbf{diffK4T} and \textbf{diffK4S} (in
-   m$^{4}$/s). Note that the cosine power scaling (specified through
-   \textbf{cosPower}---see the momentum equations section) is applied to
-   the tracer diffusivities (Laplacian and biharmonic) as well. The
-   Gent and McWilliams parameterization for oceanic tracers is
-   described in the package section. Finally, note that tracers can be
-   also subject to Fourier and Shapiro filtering (see the corresponding
-   section on these filters).
- \item[ocean convection] \
-   Two options are available to parameterize ocean convection: one is
-   to use the convective adjustment scheme. In this case, you need to
-   set the variable \textbf{cadjFreq}, which represents the frequency
-   (in s) with which the adjustment algorithm is called, to a non-zero
-   value (if set to a negative value by the user, the model will set it
-   to the tracer time step). The other option is to parameterize
-   convection with implicit vertical diffusion. To do this, set the
-   logical variable \textbf{implicitDiffusion} to \texttt{'.TRUE.'}
-   and the real variable \textbf{ivdc\_kappa} to a value (in m$^{2}$/s)
-   you wish the tracer vertical diffusivities to have when mixing
-   tracers vertically due to static instabilities. Note that
-   \textbf{cadjFreq} and \textbf{ivdc\_kappa}can not both have non-zero
-   value.
- \end{description}
- \subsection{Simulation controls}
- The model ''clock'' is defined by the variable \textbf{deltaTClock}
- (in s) which determines the IO frequencies and is used in tagging
- output.  Typically, you will set it to the tracer time step for
- accelerated runs (otherwise it is simply set to the default time step
- \textbf{deltaT}).  Frequency of checkpointing and dumping of the model
- state are referenced to this clock (see below).
- \begin{description}
- \item[run duration] \
-   The beginning of a simulation is set by specifying a start time (in
-   s) through the real variable \textbf{startTime} or by specifying an
-   initial iteration number through the integer variable
-   \textbf{nIter0}. If these variables are set to nonzero values, the
-   model will look for a ''pickup'' file \textit{pickup.0000nIter0} to
-   restart the integration. The end of a simulation is set through the
-   real variable \textbf{endTime} (in s).  Alternatively, you can
-   specify instead the number of time steps to execute through the
-   integer variable \textbf{nTimeSteps}.
- \item[frequency of output] \
-   Real variables defining frequencies (in s) with which output files
-   are written on disk need to be set up. \textbf{dumpFreq} controls
-   the frequency with which the instantaneous state of the model is
-   saved. \textbf{chkPtFreq} and \textbf{pchkPtFreq} control the output
-   frequency of rolling and permanent checkpoint files, respectively.
-   See section 1.5.1 Output files for the definition of model state and
-   checkpoint files. In addition, time-averaged fields can be written
-   out by setting the variable \textbf{taveFreq} (in s).  The precision
-   with which to write the binary data is controlled by the integer
-   variable w\textbf{riteBinaryPrec} (set it to \texttt{32} or
-   \texttt{64}).
- \end{description}
- %%% Local Variables:
- %%% mode: latex
- %%% TeX-master: t
- %%% End:

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