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1 \section{ECCO: model-data comparisons using gridded data sets}
2 \label{sec:pkg:ecco}
3 \begin{rawhtml}
4 <!-- CMIREDIR:package_ecco: -->
5 \end{rawhtml}
6
7 \def\mitgcmCheckpointVersion{65x}
8
9 The functionalities implemented in \texttt{pkg/ecco} are: (1) output time-averaged model fields to compare with gridded data sets; (2) compute normalized model-data distances (i.e., cost functions); (3) compute averages and transports (i.e., integrals). The former is achieved as the model runs forwards in time whereas the others occur after time-integration has completed. Following \cite{for-eta:15} the total cost function is formulated generically as
10 \begin{align}
11 \mathcal{J}(\vec{u}) &= \sum_i \alpha_i \left(\vec{d}_i^T R_i^{-1} \vec{d}_i\right) + \sum_j \beta_j \vec{u}^T\vec{u}, \label{eq:Jtotal} \\
12 \vec{d}_i &= \mathcal{P}(\vec{m}_i - \vec{o}_i), \label{eq:Jposproc} \\
13 \vec{m}_i &= \mathcal{S}\mathcal{D}\mathcal{M}(\vec{v}), \label{eq:Jpreproc} \\
14 \vec{v} &= \mathcal{Q}(\vec{u}), \label{eq:Upreproc} \\
15 \vec{u} &= \mathcal{R}(\vec{u}') \label{eq:Uprecond}
16 \end{align}
17 using symbols defined in table~\ref{tbl:gencost_symbols}. Per Eq.~\eqref{eq:Jpreproc} model counterparts ($\vec{m}_i$) to observational data ($\vec{o}_i$) derive from adjustable model parameters ($\vec{v}$) through model dynamics integration ($\mathcal{M}$), diagnostic calculations ($\mathcal{D}$), and averaging in space and time ($\mathcal{S}$). Alternatively $\mathcal{S}$ stands for subsampling in space and time (section~\ref{sec:pkg:profiles}). Plain model-data misfits ($\vec{m}_i-\vec{o}_i$) can be penalized directly in Eq.~\eqref{eq:Jtotal} but penalized misfits ($\vec{d}_i$) more generally derive from $\vec{m}_i-\vec{o}_i$ through the generic $\mathcal{P}$ post-processor (Eq. \eqref{eq:Jposproc}). Eqs.~\eqref{eq:Upreproc}-\eqref{eq:Uprecond} pertain to model control parameter adjustment capabilities described in section~\ref{sec:pkg:ctrl}.
18
19 \begin{table}[!ht]
20 \centering
21 \begin{tabular}{rl}
22 symbol & definition \\ \hline
23 $\vec{u}$ & vector of nondimensional control variables \\
24 $\vec{v}$ & vector of dimensional control variables \\
25 $\alpha_i, \beta_j$ & misfit and control cost function multipliers (1 by default) \\
26 $R_i$ & data error covariance matrix ($R_i^{-1}$ are weights) \\
27 $\vec{d}_i$ & a set of model-data differences \\
28 $\vec{o}_i$ & observational data vector \\
29 $\vec{m}_i$ & model counterpart to $\vec{o}_i$ \\
30 $\mathcal{P}$ & post-processing operator (e.g., a smoother) \\
31 $\mathcal{M}$ & forward model dynamics operator \\
32 $\mathcal{D}$ & diagnostic computation operator \\
33 $\mathcal{S}$ & averaging/subsampling operator \\
34 $\mathcal{Q}$ & Pre-processing operator \\
35 $\mathcal{R}$ & Pre-conditioning operator
36 \end{tabular}
37 \caption{Symbol definitions for pkg/ecco and pkg/ctrl generic cost functions.}
38 \label{tbl:gencost_symbols}
39 \end{table}
40
41 \subsection{Generic Cost Function} \label{costgen}
42
43 The parameters available for configuring generic cost function terms in \texttt{data.ecco} are given in table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_params} and examples of possible specifications are available in:
44 \begin{itemize}
45 \itemsep0em
46 \item MITgcm\_contrib/verification\_other/global\_oce\_cs32/input/data.ecco
47 \item MITgcm\_contrib/verification\_other/global\_oce\_cs32/input\_ad.sens/data.ecco
48 \item MITgcm\_contrib/gael/verification/global\_oce\_llc90/input.ecco\_v4/data.ecco
49 \end{itemize}
50
51 \noindent
52 The gridded observation file name is specified by \texttt{gencost\_datafile}. Observational time series may be provided as on big file or split into yearly files finishing in `\_1992', `\_1993', etc. The corresponding $\vec{m}_i$ physical variable is specified via the \texttt{gencost\_barfile} root (see table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_barfile}). A file named as specified by \texttt{gencost\_barfile} gets created where averaged fields are written progressively as the model steps forward in time. After the final time step this file is re-read by \texttt{cost\_generic.F} to compute the corresponding cost function term. If \texttt{gencost\_outputlevel} = 1 and \texttt{gencost\_name}=`foo' then \texttt{cost\_generic.F} outputs model-data misfit fields (i.e., $\vec{d}_i$) to a file named `misfit\_foo.data' for offline analysis and visualization.
53
54 In the current implementation, model-data error covariance matrices $R_i$ omit non-diagonal terms. Specifying $R_i$ thus boils down to providing uncertainty fields ($\sigma_i$ such that $R_i=\sigma_i^2$) in a file specified via \texttt{gencost\_errfile}. By default $\sigma_i$ is assumed to be time-invariant but a $\sigma_i$ time series of the same length as the $\vec{o}_i$ time series can be provided using the \texttt{variaweight} option (table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_preproc}). By default cost functions are quadratic but $\vec{d}_i^T R_i^{-1} \vec{d}_i$ can be replaced with $R_i^{-1/2} \vec{d}_i$ using the \texttt{nosumsq} option (table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_preproc}).
55
56 In principle, any averaging frequency should be possible, but only {`day'}, {`month'}, {`step'}, and {`const'} are implemented for \texttt{gencost\_avgperiod}. If two different averaging frequencies are needed for a variable used in multiple cost function terms (e.g., daily and monthly) then an extension starting with `\_' should be added to \texttt{gencost\_barfile} (such as `\_day' and `\_mon'). \footnote{ecco\_check may be missing a test for conflicting names...} If two cost function terms use the same variable and frequency, however, then using a common \texttt{gencost\_barfile} saves disk space.
57
58 Climatologies of $\vec{m}_i$ can be formed from the time series of model averages in order to compare with climatologies of $\vec{o}_i$ by activating the `clim' option via \texttt{gencost\_preproc} and setting the corresponding \texttt{gencost\_preproc\_i} integer parameter to the number of records (i.e., a \# of months, days, or time steps) per climatological cycle. The generic post-processor ($\mathcal{P}$ in Eq.~\eqref{eq:Jposproc}) also allows model-data misfits to be, for example, smoothed in space by setting \texttt{gencost\_posproc} to {`smooth'} and specifying the smoother parameters via \texttt{gencost\_posproc\_c} and \texttt{gencost\_posproc\_i} (see table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_preproc}). Other options associated with the computation of Eq.~\eqref{eq:Jtotal} are summarized in table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_preproc} and further discussed below. Multiple \texttt{gencost\_preproc} / \texttt{gencost\_posproc} options may be specified per cost term.
59
60 In general the specification of \texttt{gencost\_name} is optional, has no impact on the end-result, and only serves to distinguish between cost function terms amongst the model output (STDOUT.0000, STDERR.0000, costfunction000, misfit*.data). Exceptions listed in table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_name} however activate alternative cost function codes (in place of \texttt{cost\_generic.F}) described in section~\ref{v4custom}. The specification of \texttt{gencost\_mask}\footnote{This should be renamed \texttt{gencost\_loc} or \texttt{gencost\_point}...} allows the user to specify whether the gridded data input and model counterparts are located at tracer points (`c'; the default) or velocity points (`w' or `s'). However the `c' option (not `w' or `s') should be used when gridded velocity data is provided as zonal/meridional components at tracer points (e.g., for all vector cases listed in table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_barfile}).
61
62 \begin{table}[!ht]
63 \centering
64 \begin{tabular}{lll}
65 parameter & type & function \\ \hline
66 %\texttt{using\_gencost} & logical & Turns specified generic cost term on. \\
67 \texttt{gencost\_name} & character(*) & Name of cost term \\
68 \texttt{gencost\_barfile} & character(*) & File to receive model counterpart $\vec{m}_i$ (see table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_barfile}) \\
69 \texttt{gencost\_datafile} & character(*) & File containing observational data $\vec{o}_i$ \\
70 \texttt{gencost\_avgperiod} & character(5) & Averaging period for $\vec{o}_i$ and $\vec{m}_i$ (see text) \\
71 \texttt{gencost\_outputlevel} & integer & Greater than 0 will output misfit fields\\
72 \texttt{gencost\_errfile} & character(*) & File containing diagonal of error matrix $R_i$\\
73 \texttt{mult\_gencost} & real & Multiplier $\alpha_i$ (default: 1) \\
74 \hline
75 \texttt{gencost\_preproc} & character(*) & Preprocessor names \\
76 \texttt{gencost\_preproc\_c} & character(*) & Preprocessor character arguments \\
77 \texttt{gencost\_preproc\_i} & integer(*) & Preprocessor integer arguments \\
78 \texttt{gencost\_preproc\_r} & real(*) & Preprocessor real arguments \\
79 \texttt{gencost\_posproc} & character(*) & Post-processor names \\
80 \texttt{gencost\_posproc\_c} & character(*) & Post-processor character arguments \\
81 \texttt{gencost\_posproc\_i} & integer(*) & Post-processor integer arguments \\
82 \texttt{gencost\_posproc\_r} & real(*) & Post-processor real arguments \\
83 \hline
84 \texttt{gencost\_mask} & character(1) & Location of $\vec{m}_i$\\
85 \texttt{gencost\_spmin} & real & Data less than this value will be omitted \\
86 \texttt{gencost\_spmax} & real & Data greater than this value will be omitted \\
87 \texttt{gencost\_spzero} & real & Data points equal to this value will be omitted \\
88 \texttt{gencost\_startdate1} & integer & Start date of observations (YYYMMDD) \\
89 \texttt{gencost\_startdate2} & integer & Start date of observations (HHMMSS) \\
90 \texttt{gencost\_is3d} & logical & Needs to be true for 3D fields \\
91 \hline
92 \texttt{gencost\_enddate1} & integer & Not fully implemented (sec.~\ref{v4custom} only)\\
93 \texttt{gencost\_enddate2} & integer & Not fully implemented (sec.~\ref{v4custom} only)\\
94 \end{tabular}
95 \caption{Parameters in \texttt{ecco\_gencost\_nml} namelist in \texttt{data.ecco}. All parameters are vectors of length \texttt{NGENCOST} (the \# of available cost terms) except for \texttt{gencost\_*proc*} are arrays of size \texttt{NGENPPROC}$\times$\texttt{NGENCOST}. Notes: \texttt{gencost\_is3d} will automatically be reset to true in cases listed as 3D in table~\ref{tbl:gencost_ecco_barfile}; the last group of parameters should be disregarded except for the section~\ref{v4custom} special cases.}
96 \label{tbl:gencost_ecco_params}
97 \end{table}
98
99 \begin{table}[!ht]
100 \centering
101 \begin{tabular}{lll}
102 variable name & description & remarks \\ \hline\hline
103 \texttt{m\_eta} & sea surface height & free surface + ice + global steric correction \\
104 \texttt{m\_sst} & sea surface temperature & first level potential temperature \\
105 \texttt{m\_sss} & sea surface salinity & first level salinity \\
106 \texttt{m\_bp} & bottom pressure & phiHydLow\\
107 \texttt{m\_siarea} & sea-ice area & from pkg/seaice \\
108 \texttt{m\_siheff} & sea-ice effective thickness & from pkg/seaice \\
109 \texttt{m\_sihsnow} & snow effective thickness & from pkg/seaice \\ \hline
110 \texttt{m\_theta} & potential temperature & three-dimensional \\
111 \texttt{m\_salt} & salinity & three-dimensional \\
112 \texttt{m\_UE} & zonal velocity & three-dimensional \\
113 \texttt{m\_VN} & meridional velocity & three-dimensional \\ \hline
114 \texttt{m\_ustress} & zonal wind stress & from pkg/exf \\
115 \texttt{m\_vstress} & meridional wind stress & from pkg/exf\\
116 \texttt{m\_uwind} & zonal wind & from pkg/exf\\
117 \texttt{m\_vwind} & meridional wind & from pkg/exf\\
118 \texttt{m\_atemp} & atmospheric temperature & from pkg/exf\\
119 \texttt{m\_aqh} & atmospheric specific humidity & from pkg/exf\\
120 \texttt{m\_precip} & precipitation & from pkg/exf\\
121 \texttt{m\_swdown} & downward shortwave & from pkg/exf\\
122 \texttt{m\_lwdown} & downward longwave & from pkg/exf\\
123 \texttt{m\_wspeed} & wind speed & from pkg/exf\\ \hline
124 \texttt{m\_diffkr} & vertical/diapycnal diffusivity & three-dimensional, constant \\
125 \texttt{m\_kapgm} & GM diffusivity & three-dimensional, constant \\
126 \texttt{m\_kapredi} & isopycnal diffusivity & three-dimensional, constant \\
127 \texttt{m\_geothermalflux} & geothermal heat flux & constant \\
128 \texttt{m\_bottomdrag} & bottom drag & constant \\
129 \end{tabular}
130 \caption{Implemented \texttt{gencost\_barfile} options (as of checkpoint \mitgcmCheckpointVersion) that can be used via \texttt{cost\_generic.F} (section~\ref{costgen}). An extension starting with `\_' can be appended at the end of the variable name to distinguish between separate cost function terms. Notes: here `zonal' / `meridional' are to be taken literally (unlike in other parts of the manual) and these components are centered (i.e., not at the staggered C-grid velocity points); the `m\_eta' formula depends on the \texttt{ATMOSPHERIC\_LOADING} and \texttt{ALLOW\_PSBAR\_STERIC} compile time options and `useRealFreshWaterFlux' run time parameter.}
131 \label{tbl:gencost_ecco_barfile}
132 \end{table}
133
134 \begin{table}[!ht]
135 \centering
136 \begin{tabular}{lll}
137 name & description & specs needed via \texttt{gencost\_preproc\_i}, \texttt{\_r}, or \texttt{\_c} \\ \hline\hline
138 \texttt{gencost\_preproc} \\ \hline
139 \texttt{clim} & Use climatological misfits & integer: no.\ of records per climatological cycle \\
140 \texttt{mean} & Use time mean of misfits & --- \\
141 \texttt{anom} & Use anomalies from time mean & --- \\
142 \texttt{variaweight} & Use time-varying weight $W_i$& --- \\
143 \texttt{nosumsq} & Use linear misfits & --- \\
144 \texttt{factor} & Multiply $\vec{m}_i$ by a scaling factor & real: the scaling factor \\ \hline \hline
145 \texttt{gencost\_posproc} \\ \hline
146 \texttt{smooth} & Smooth misfits & character: smoothing scale file\\
147 & & integer: smoother \# of time steps \\
148 \end{tabular}
149 \caption{\texttt{gencost\_preproc} and \texttt{gencost\_posproc} options implemented as of checkpoint \mitgcmCheckpointVersion. Note: the distinction between \texttt{gencost\_preproc} and \texttt{gencost\_posproc} may be revisited in the future.}
150 \label{tbl:gencost_ecco_preproc}
151 \end{table}
152
153 \clearpage
154
155 \subsection{Generic Integral Function} \label{intgen}
156
157 The functionality described in this section is operated by \texttt{cost\_gencost\_boxmean.F}. It is primarily aimed at obtaining a mechanistic understanding of a chosen physical variable via adjoint sensitivity computations (see Chapter~\ref{chap:autodiff}) as done for example in \cite{maro-eta:99,heim-eta:11,fuku-etal:14}. Thus the quadratic term in Eq.~\ref{eq:Jtotal} ($\vec{d}_i^T R_i^{-1} \vec{d}_i$) is by default replaced with a $d_i$ scalar\footnote{The quadratic option in fact does not yet exist in \texttt{cost\_gencost\_boxmean.F}...} that derives from model fields through a generic integral formula (Eq.~\ref{eq:Jpreproc}). The specification of \texttt{gencost\_barfile} again selects the physical variable type. Current valid options to use \texttt{cost\_gencost\_boxmean.F} are reported in table~\ref{tbl:genint_ecco_barfile}. A suffix starting with \texttt{`\_'} can again be appended to \texttt{gencost\_barfile}.
158 % and the basic averaging frequency is specified via \texttt{gencost\_avgperiod}.
159
160 The integral formula is defined by masks provided via binary files which names are specified via \texttt{gencost\_errfile}. There are two cases: (1) if \texttt{gencost\_errfile = `foo\_mask'} and \texttt{gencost\_barfile} is of the `m\_boxmean*' type then the model will search for horizontal, vertical, and temporal mask files named \texttt{foo\_maskC}, \texttt{foo\_maskK}, and \texttt{foo\_maskT}; (2) if instead \texttt{gencost\_barfile} is of the `m\_horflux\_*' type then the model will search for \texttt{foo\_maskW}, \texttt{foo\_maskS}, \texttt{foo\_maskK}, and \texttt{foo\_maskT}.
161
162 The `C' mask or the `W' / `S' masks are expected to be two-dimensional fields. The `K' and T masks (both optional; all 1 by default) are expected to be one-dimensional vectors. The`K' vector length should match Nr. The `T' vector length should match the \# of records that the specification of \texttt{gencost\_avgperiod} implies but there is no restriction on its values. In case \#1 (`m\_boxmean*') the `C' and `K' masks should consists of +1 and 0 values and a volume average will be computed accordingly. In case \#2 (`m\_horflux*') the `W', `S', and `K' masks should consists of +1, -1, and 0 values and an integrated horizontal transport (or overturn) will be computed accordingly.
163
164 \begin{table}[!ht]
165 \centering
166 \begin{tabular}{lll}
167 variable name & description & remarks \\ \hline\hline
168 \texttt{m\_boxmean\_theta} & mean of theta over box & specify box \\
169 \texttt{m\_boxmean\_salt} & mean of salt over box & specify box \\
170 \texttt{m\_boxmean\_eta} & mean of SSH over box & specify box \\
171 \hline
172 \texttt{m\_horflux\_vol} & volume transport through section & specify transect \\
173 \end{tabular}
174 \caption{Implemented \texttt{gencost\_barfile} options (as of checkpoint \mitgcmCheckpointVersion) that can be used via \texttt{cost\_gencost\_boxmean.F} (section~\ref{intgen}).}
175 \label{tbl:genint_ecco_barfile}
176 \end{table}
177
178 \subsection{Custom Cost Functions} \label{v4custom}
179
180 This section (very much a work in progress...) pertains to the special cases of \texttt{cost\_gencost\_bpv4.F}, \texttt{cost\_gencost\_seaicev4.F}, \texttt{cost\_gencost\_sshv4.F}, \texttt{cost\_gencost\_sstv4.F}, and \texttt{cost\_gencost\_transp.F}. The cost\_gencost\_transp.F function can be used to compute a transport of volume, heat, or salt through a specified section (non quadratic cost function). To this end one sets \texttt{gencost\_name = `transp*'}, where \texttt{*} is an optional suffix starting with \texttt{`\_'}, and set \texttt{gencost\_barfile} to one of \texttt{m\_trVol}, \texttt{m\_trHeat}, and \texttt{m\_trSalt}.
181
182 \begin{table}[!ht]
183 \centering
184 \begin{tabular}{lll}
185 name & description & remarks \\ \hline\hline
186 \texttt{sshv4-mdt} & sea surface height & mean dynamic topography (SSH - geod) \\
187 \texttt{sshv4-tp} & sea surface height & Along-Track Topex/Jason SLA (level 3) \\
188 \texttt{sshv4-ers} & sea surface height & Along-Track ERS/Envisat SLA (level 3)\\
189 \texttt{sshv4-gfo} & sea surface height & Along-Track GFO class SLA (level 3)\\
190 \texttt{sshv4-lsc} & sea surface height & Large-Scale SLA (from the above)\\
191 \texttt{sshv4-gmsl} & sea surface height & Global-Mean SLA (from the above)\\ \hline
192 \texttt{bpv4-grace} & bottom pressure & GRACE maps (level 4) \\ \hline
193 \texttt{sstv4-amsre} & sea surface temperature & Along-Swath SST (level 3)\\
194 \texttt{sstv4-amsre-lsc} & sea surface temperature & Large-Scale SST (from the above)\\ \hline
195 \texttt{si4-cons} & sea ice concentration & needs sea-ice adjoint (level 4)\\
196 \texttt{si4-deconc} & model sea ice deficiency & proxy penalty (from the above)\\
197 \texttt{si4-exconc} & model sea ice excess & proxy penalty (from the above)\\ \hline
198 \texttt{transp\_trVol} & volume transport & specify section as in section~\ref{intgen}\\
199 \texttt{transp\_trHeat} & heat transport & specify section as in section~\ref{intgen} \\
200 \texttt{transp\_trSalt} & salt transport & specify section as in section~\ref{intgen} \\
201 \end{tabular}
202 \caption{Pre-defined \texttt{gencost\_name} special cases (as of checkpoint \mitgcmCheckpointVersion; section~\ref{v4custom}).}
203 \label{tbl:gencost_ecco_name}
204 \end{table}
205
206 \subsection{Key Routines}
207
208 TBA... \texttt{cost\_generic.F}, \texttt{cost\_gencost\_boxmean.F}, \texttt{ecco\_phys.F}, \texttt{cost\_gencost\_customize.F}, \texttt{cost\_averagesfields.F} ... \texttt{ecco\_readparms.F}, \texttt{ecco\_check.F}, \texttt{ecco\_summary.F}, ...
209
210 \subsection{Compile Options}
211
212 TBA... ALLOW\_GENCOST3D, ALLOW\_PSBAR\_STERIC, ECCO\_CTRL\_DEPRECATED, ...

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