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revision 1.4 by adcroft, Thu Aug 9 19:48:39 2001 UTC revision 1.13 by afe, Tue Mar 23 15:29:40 2004 UTC
# Line 8  method. This amounts to a grid-point met Line 8  method. This amounts to a grid-point met
8  centered finite difference) in the fluid interior but allows  centered finite difference) in the fluid interior but allows
9  boundaries to intersect a regular grid allowing a more accurate  boundaries to intersect a regular grid allowing a more accurate
10  representation of the position of the boundary. We treat the  representation of the position of the boundary. We treat the
11  horizontal and veritical directions as seperable and thus slightly  horizontal and vertical directions as separable and differently.
 differently.  
12    
13  Initialization of grid data is controlled by subroutine {\em  \input{part2/notation}
 INI\_GRID} which in calls {\em INI\_VERTICAL\_GRID} to initialize the  
 vertical grid, and then either of {\em INI\_CARTESIAN\_GRID}, {\em  
 INI\_SPHERICAL\_POLAR\_GRID} or {\em INI\_CURV\-ILINEAR\_GRID} to  
 initialize the horizontal grid for cartesian, spherical-polar or  
 curvilinear coordinates respectively.  
   
 The reciprocals of all grid quantities are pre-calculated and this is  
 done in subroutine {\em INI\_MASKS\_ETC} which is called later by  
 subroutine {\em INITIALIZE\_FIXED}.  
   
 All grid descriptors are global arrays and stored in common blocks in  
 {\em GRID.h} and a generally declared as {\em \_RS}.  
   
 \fbox{ \begin{minipage}{4.75in}  
 {\em S/R INI\_GRID} ({\em model/src/ini\_grid.F})  
14    
 {\em S/R INI\_MASKS\_ETC} ({\em model/src/ini\_masks\_etc.F})  
15    
16  grid data: ({\em model/inc/GRID.h})  \subsection{The finite volume method: finite volumes versus finite difference}
17  \end{minipage} }  \begin{rawhtml}
18    <!-- CMIREDIR:finite_volume -->
19    \end{rawhtml}
20    
21    
 \subsection{The finite volume method: finite volumes versus finite difference}  
22    
23  The finite volume method is used to discretize the equations in  The finite volume method is used to discretize the equations in
24  space. The expression ``finite volume'' actually has two meanings; one  space. The expression ``finite volume'' actually has two meanings; one
25  is the method of cut or instecting boundaries (shaved or lopped cells  is the method of embedded or intersecting boundaries (shaved or lopped
26  in our terminology) and the other is non-linear interpolation methods  cells in our terminology) and the other is non-linear interpolation
27  that can deal with non-smooth solutions such as shocks (i.e. flux  methods that can deal with non-smooth solutions such as shocks
28  limiters for advection). Both make use of the integral form of the  (i.e. flux limiters for advection). Both make use of the integral form
29  conservation laws to which the {\it weak solution} is a solution on  of the conservation laws to which the {\it weak solution} is a
30  each finite volume of (sub-domain). The weak solution can be  solution on each finite volume of (sub-domain). The weak solution can
31  constructed outof piece-wise constant elements or be  be constructed out of piece-wise constant elements or be
32  differentiable. The differentiable equations can not be satisfied by  differentiable. The differentiable equations can not be satisfied by
33  piece-wise constant functions.  piece-wise constant functions.
34    
# Line 58  the lengths $\Delta x_i$: Line 42  the lengths $\Delta x_i$:
42  \begin{displaymath}  \begin{displaymath}
43  \Delta x \partial_t \theta + \delta_i ( F ) = 0  \Delta x \partial_t \theta + \delta_i ( F ) = 0
44  \end{displaymath}  \end{displaymath}
45  is exact if $\theta(x)$ is peice-wise constant over the interval  is exact if $\theta(x)$ is piece-wise constant over the interval
46  $\Delta x_i$ or more generally if $\theta_i$ is defined as the average  $\Delta x_i$ or more generally if $\theta_i$ is defined as the average
47  over the interval $\Delta x_i$.  over the interval $\Delta x_i$.
48    
# Line 78  recovers the same ODE's resulting from f Line 62  recovers the same ODE's resulting from f
62  interior of a fluid. Differences arise at boundaries where a boundary  interior of a fluid. Differences arise at boundaries where a boundary
63  is not positioned on a regular or smoothly varying grid. This method  is not positioned on a regular or smoothly varying grid. This method
64  is used to represent the topography using lopped cell, see  is used to represent the topography using lopped cell, see
65  \cite{Adcroft98}. Subtle difference also appear in more than one  \cite{adcroft:97}. Subtle difference also appear in more than one
66  dimension away from boundaries. This happens because the each  dimension away from boundaries. This happens because the each
67  direction is discretized independantly in the finite difference method  direction is discretized independently in the finite difference method
68  while the integrating over finite volume implicitly treats all  while the integrating over finite volume implicitly treats all
69  directions simultaneously. Illustration of this is given in  directions simultaneously. Illustration of this is given in
70  \cite{Adcroft02}.  \cite{ac:02}.
71    
72  \subsection{C grid staggering of variables}  \subsection{C grid staggering of variables}
73    
74  \begin{figure}  \begin{figure}
75  \centerline{ \resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/cgrid3d.eps}} }  \begin{center}
76    \resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/cgrid3d.eps}}
77    \end{center}
78  \caption{Three dimensional staggering of velocity components. This  \caption{Three dimensional staggering of velocity components. This
79  facilitates the natural discretization of the continuity and tracer  facilitates the natural discretization of the continuity and tracer
80  equations. }  equations. }
# Line 98  equations. } Line 84  equations. }
84  The basic algorithm employed for stepping forward the momentum  The basic algorithm employed for stepping forward the momentum
85  equations is based on retaining non-divergence of the flow at all  equations is based on retaining non-divergence of the flow at all
86  times. This is most naturally done if the components of flow are  times. This is most naturally done if the components of flow are
87  staggered in space in the form of an Arakawa C grid \cite{Arakawa70}.  staggered in space in the form of an Arakawa C grid \cite{arakawa:77}.
88    
89  Fig. \ref{fig:cgrid3d} shows the components of flow ($u$,$v$,$w$)  Fig. \ref{fig:cgrid3d} shows the components of flow ($u$,$v$,$w$)
90  staggered in space such that the zonal component falls on the  staggered in space such that the zonal component falls on the
91  interface between continiuty cells in the zonal direction. Similarly  interface between continuity cells in the zonal direction. Similarly
92  for the meridional and vertical directions.  The continiuty cell is  for the meridional and vertical directions.  The continuity cell is
93  synonymous with tracer cells (they are one and the same).  synonymous with tracer cells (they are one and the same).
94    
95    
96    
97    \subsection{Grid initialization and data}
98    
99    Initialization of grid data is controlled by subroutine {\em
100    INI\_GRID} which in calls {\em INI\_VERTICAL\_GRID} to initialize the
101    vertical grid, and then either of {\em INI\_CARTESIAN\_GRID}, {\em
102    INI\_SPHERICAL\_POLAR\_GRID} or {\em INI\_CURV\-ILINEAR\_GRID} to
103    initialize the horizontal grid for cartesian, spherical-polar or
104    curvilinear coordinates respectively.
105    
106    The reciprocals of all grid quantities are pre-calculated and this is
107    done in subroutine {\em INI\_MASKS\_ETC} which is called later by
108    subroutine {\em INITIALIZE\_FIXED}.
109    
110    All grid descriptors are global arrays and stored in common blocks in
111    {\em GRID.h} and a generally declared as {\em \_RS}.
112    
113    \fbox{ \begin{minipage}{4.75in}
114    {\em S/R INI\_GRID} ({\em model/src/ini\_grid.F})
115    
116    {\em S/R INI\_MASKS\_ETC} ({\em model/src/ini\_masks\_etc.F})
117    
118    grid data: ({\em model/inc/GRID.h})
119    \end{minipage} }
120    
121    
122  \subsection{Horizontal grid}  \subsection{Horizontal grid}
123    \label{sec:spatial_discrete_horizontal_grid}
124    
125  \begin{figure}  \begin{figure}
126  \centerline{ \begin{tabular}{cc}  \begin{center}
127    \begin{tabular}{cc}
128    \raisebox{1.5in}{a)}\resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/hgrid-Ac.eps}}    \raisebox{1.5in}{a)}\resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/hgrid-Ac.eps}}
129  & \raisebox{1.5in}{b)}\resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/hgrid-Az.eps}}  & \raisebox{1.5in}{b)}\resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/hgrid-Az.eps}}
130  \\  \\
131    \raisebox{1.5in}{c)}\resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/hgrid-Au.eps}}    \raisebox{1.5in}{c)}\resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/hgrid-Au.eps}}
132  & \raisebox{1.5in}{d)}\resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/hgrid-Av.eps}}  & \raisebox{1.5in}{d)}\resizebox{!}{2in}{ \includegraphics{part2/hgrid-Av.eps}}
133  \end{tabular} }  \end{tabular}
134    \end{center}
135  \caption{  \caption{
136  Staggering of horizontal grid descriptors (lengths and areas). The  Staggering of horizontal grid descriptors (lengths and areas). The
137  grid lines indicate the tracer cell boundaries and are the reference  grid lines indicate the tracer cell boundaries and are the reference
# Line 133  is bordered by the lengths $\Delta x_f$ Line 146  is bordered by the lengths $\Delta x_f$
146    
147  The model domain is decomposed into tiles and within each tile a  The model domain is decomposed into tiles and within each tile a
148  quasi-regular grid is used. A tile is the basic unit of domain  quasi-regular grid is used. A tile is the basic unit of domain
149  decomposition for parallelization but may be used whether parallized  decomposition for parallelization but may be used whether parallelized
150  or not; see section \ref{sect:tiles} for more details. Although the  or not; see section \ref{sect:tiles} for more details. Although the
151  tiles may be patched together in an unstructured manner  tiles may be patched together in an unstructured manner
152  (i.e. irregular or non-tessilating pattern), the interior of tiles is  (i.e. irregular or non-tessilating pattern), the interior of tiles is
153  a structered grid of quadrilateral cells. The horizontal coordinate  a structured grid of quadrilateral cells. The horizontal coordinate
154  system is orthogonal curvilinear meaning we can not necessarily treat  system is orthogonal curvilinear meaning we can not necessarily treat
155  the two horizontal directions as seperable. Instead, each cell in the  the two horizontal directions as separable. Instead, each cell in the
156  horizontal grid is described by the length of it's sides and it's  horizontal grid is described by the length of it's sides and it's
157  area.  area.
158    
159  The grid information is quite general and describes any of the  The grid information is quite general and describes any of the
160  available coordinates systems, cartesian, spherical-polar or  available coordinates systems, cartesian, spherical-polar or
161  curvilinear. All that is necessary to distinguish between the  curvilinear. All that is necessary to distinguish between the
162  coordinate systems is to initialize the grid data (discriptors)  coordinate systems is to initialize the grid data (descriptors)
163  appropriately.  appropriately.
164    
165  In the following, we refer to the orientation of quantities on the  In the following, we refer to the orientation of quantities on the
# Line 285  using\-Cartes\-ianGrid} in namelist {\em Line 298  using\-Cartes\-ianGrid} in namelist {\em
298  spacing can be set to uniform via scalars {\bf dXspacing} and {\bf  spacing can be set to uniform via scalars {\bf dXspacing} and {\bf
299  dYspacing} in namelist {\em PARM04} or to variable resolution by the  dYspacing} in namelist {\em PARM04} or to variable resolution by the
300  vectors {\bf DELX} and {\bf DELY}. Units are normally  vectors {\bf DELX} and {\bf DELY}. Units are normally
301  meters. Non-dimensional coordinates can be used by interpretting the  meters. Non-dimensional coordinates can be used by interpreting the
302  gravitational constant as the Rayleigh number.  gravitational constant as the Rayleigh number.
303    
304  \subsubsection{Spherical-polar coordinates}  \subsubsection{Spherical-polar coordinates}
# Line 310  other grids, the horizontal grid descrip Line 323  other grids, the horizontal grid descrip
323  \subsection{Vertical grid}  \subsection{Vertical grid}
324    
325  \begin{figure}  \begin{figure}
326  \centerline{ \begin{tabular}{cc}  \begin{center}
327      \begin{tabular}{cc}
328    \raisebox{4in}{a)} \resizebox{!}{4in}{    \raisebox{4in}{a)} \resizebox{!}{4in}{
329    \includegraphics{part2/vgrid-cellcentered.eps}} & \raisebox{4in}{b)}    \includegraphics{part2/vgrid-cellcentered.eps}} & \raisebox{4in}{b)}
330    \resizebox{!}{4in}{ \includegraphics{part2/vgrid-accurate.eps}}    \resizebox{!}{4in}{ \includegraphics{part2/vgrid-accurate.eps}}
331  \end{tabular} }  \end{tabular}
332    \end{center}
333  \caption{Two versions of the vertical grid. a) The cell centered  \caption{Two versions of the vertical grid. a) The cell centered
334  approach where the interface depths are specified and the tracer  approach where the interface depths are specified and the tracer
335  points centered in between the interfaces. b) The interface centered  points centered in between the interfaces. b) The interface centered
# Line 337  The vertical grid is calculated in subro Line 352  The vertical grid is calculated in subro
352  INI\_VERTICAL\_GRID} and specified via the vector {\bf DELR} in  INI\_VERTICAL\_GRID} and specified via the vector {\bf DELR} in
353  namelist {\em PARM04}. The units of ``r'' are either meters or Pascals  namelist {\em PARM04}. The units of ``r'' are either meters or Pascals
354  depending on the isomorphism being used which in turn is dependent  depending on the isomorphism being used which in turn is dependent
355  only on the choise of equation of state.  only on the choice of equation of state.
356    
357  There are alternative namelist vectors {\bf DELZ} and {\bf DELP} which  There are alternative namelist vectors {\bf DELZ} and {\bf DELP} which
358  dictate whether z- or  dictate whether z- or
# Line 379  $\Delta r_c^{-1}$: {\bf RECIP\_DRc} ({\e Line 394  $\Delta r_c^{-1}$: {\bf RECIP\_DRc} ({\e
394  \subsection{Topography: partially filled cells}  \subsection{Topography: partially filled cells}
395    
396  \begin{figure}  \begin{figure}
397  \centerline{  \begin{center}
398  \resizebox{4.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{part2/vgrid-xz.eps}}  \resizebox{4.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{part2/vgrid-xz.eps}}
399  }  \end{center}
400  \caption{  \caption{
401  A schematic of the x-r plane showing the location of the  A schematic of the x-r plane showing the location of the
402  non-dimensional fractions $h_c$ and $h_w$. The physical thickness of a  non-dimensional fractions $h_c$ and $h_w$. The physical thickness of a
# Line 390  thickness of the open side is given by $ Line 405  thickness of the open side is given by $
405  \label{fig:hfacs}  \label{fig:hfacs}
406  \end{figure}  \end{figure}
407    
408  \cite{Adcroft97} presented two alternatives to the step-wise finite  \cite{adcroft:97} presented two alternatives to the step-wise finite
409  difference representation of topography. The method is known to the  difference representation of topography. The method is known to the
410  engineering community as {\em intersecting boundary method}. It  engineering community as {\em intersecting boundary method}. It
411  involves allowing the boundary to intersect a grid of cells thereby  involves allowing the boundary to intersect a grid of cells thereby
412  modifying the shape of those cells intersected. We suggested allowing  modifying the shape of those cells intersected. We suggested allowing
413  the topgoraphy to take on a peice-wise linear representation (shaved  the topography to take on a piece-wise linear representation (shaved
414  cells) or a simpler piecewise constant representaion (partial step).  cells) or a simpler piecewise constant representation (partial step).
415  Both show dramatic improvements in solution compared to the  Both show dramatic improvements in solution compared to the
416  traditional full step representation, the piece-wise linear being the  traditional full step representation, the piece-wise linear being the
417  best. However, the storage requirements are excessive so the simpler  best. However, the storage requirements are excessive so the simpler
# Line 410  the thickness of a level is determined a Line 425  the thickness of a level is determined a
425  \marginpar{$h_s$: {\bf hFacS}}  \marginpar{$h_s$: {\bf hFacS}}
426  The physical thickness of a tracer cell is given by $h_c(i,j,k) \Delta  The physical thickness of a tracer cell is given by $h_c(i,j,k) \Delta
427  r_f(k)$ and the physical thickness of the open side is given by  r_f(k)$ and the physical thickness of the open side is given by
428  $h_w(i,j,k) \Delta r_f(k)$. Three 3-D discriptors $h_c$, $h_w$ and  $h_w(i,j,k) \Delta r_f(k)$. Three 3-D descriptors $h_c$, $h_w$ and
429  $h_s$ are used to describe the geometry: {\bf hFacC}, {\bf hFacW} and  $h_s$ are used to describe the geometry: {\bf hFacC}, {\bf hFacW} and
430  {\bf hFacS} respectively. These are calculated in subroutine {\em  {\bf hFacS} respectively. These are calculated in subroutine {\em
431  INI\_MASKS\_ETC} along with there reciprocals {\bf RECIP\_hFacC}, {\bf  INI\_MASKS\_ETC} along with there reciprocals {\bf RECIP\_hFacC}, {\bf
# Line 446  $h_s^{-1}$: {\bf RECIP\_hFacS} ({\em GRI Line 461  $h_s^{-1}$: {\bf RECIP\_hFacS} ({\em GRI
461  \end{minipage} }  \end{minipage} }
462    
463    
464  \subsection{Continuity and horizontal pressure gradient terms}  \section{Continuity and horizontal pressure gradient terms}
465    
466  The core algorithm is based on the ``C grid'' discretization of the  The core algorithm is based on the ``C grid'' discretization of the
467  continuity equation which can be summarized as:  continuity equation which can be summarized as:
468  \begin{eqnarray}  \begin{eqnarray}
469  \partial_t u + \frac{1}{\Delta x_c} \delta_i \left. \frac{ \partial \Phi}{\partial r}\right|_{s} \eta + \frac{\epsilon_{nh}}{\Delta x_c} \delta_i \Phi_{nh}' & = & G_u - \frac{1}{\Delta x_c} \delta_i \Phi_h' \\  \partial_t u + \frac{1}{\Delta x_c} \delta_i \left. \frac{ \partial \Phi}{\partial r}\right|_{s} \eta + \frac{\epsilon_{nh}}{\Delta x_c} \delta_i \Phi_{nh}' & = & G_u - \frac{1}{\Delta x_c} \delta_i \Phi_h' \label{eq:discrete-momu} \\
470  \partial_t v + \frac{1}{\Delta y_c} \delta_j \left. \frac{ \partial \Phi}{\partial r}\right|_{s} \eta + \frac{\epsilon_{nh}}{\Delta y_c} \delta_j \Phi_{nh}' & = & G_v - \frac{1}{\Delta y_c} \delta_j \Phi_h' \\  \partial_t v + \frac{1}{\Delta y_c} \delta_j \left. \frac{ \partial \Phi}{\partial r}\right|_{s} \eta + \frac{\epsilon_{nh}}{\Delta y_c} \delta_j \Phi_{nh}' & = & G_v - \frac{1}{\Delta y_c} \delta_j \Phi_h' \label{eq:discrete-momv} \\
471  \epsilon_{nh} \left( \partial_t w + \frac{1}{\Delta r_c} \delta_k \Phi_{nh}' \right) & = & \epsilon_{nh} G_w + \overline{b}^k - \frac{1}{\Delta r_c} \delta_k \Phi_{h}' \\  \epsilon_{nh} \left( \partial_t w + \frac{1}{\Delta r_c} \delta_k \Phi_{nh}' \right) & = & \epsilon_{nh} G_w + \overline{b}^k - \frac{1}{\Delta r_c} \delta_k \Phi_{h}' \label{eq:discrete-momw} \\
472  \delta_i \Delta y_g \Delta r_f h_w u +  \delta_i \Delta y_g \Delta r_f h_w u +
473  \delta_j \Delta x_g \Delta r_f h_s v +  \delta_j \Delta x_g \Delta r_f h_s v +
474  \delta_k {\cal A}_c w & = & {\cal A}_c \delta_k (P-E)_{r=0}  \delta_k {\cal A}_c w & = & {\cal A}_c \delta_k (P-E)_{r=0}
# Line 461  continuity equation which can be summari Line 476  continuity equation which can be summari
476  \end{eqnarray}  \end{eqnarray}
477  where the continuity equation has been most naturally discretized by  where the continuity equation has been most naturally discretized by
478  staggering the three components of velocity as shown in  staggering the three components of velocity as shown in
479  Fig.~\ref{fig-cgrid3d}. The grid lengths $\Delta x_c$ and $\Delta y_c$  Fig.~\ref{fig:cgrid3d}. The grid lengths $\Delta x_c$ and $\Delta y_c$
480  are the lengths between tracer points (cell centers). The grid lengths  are the lengths between tracer points (cell centers). The grid lengths
481  $\Delta x_g$, $\Delta y_g$ are the grid lengths between cell  $\Delta x_g$, $\Delta y_g$ are the grid lengths between cell
482  corners. $\Delta r_f$ and $\Delta r_c$ are the distance (in units of  corners. $\Delta r_f$ and $\Delta r_c$ are the distance (in units of
# Line 474  A}_c$.  The factors $h_w$ and $h_s$ are Line 489  A}_c$.  The factors $h_w$ and $h_s$ are
489  \marginpar{$h_s$: {\bf hFacS}}  \marginpar{$h_s$: {\bf hFacS}}
490    
491  The last equation, the discrete continuity equation, can be summed in  The last equation, the discrete continuity equation, can be summed in
492  the vertical to yeild the free-surface equation:  the vertical to yield the free-surface equation:
493  \begin{equation}  \begin{equation}
494  {\cal A}_c \partial_t \eta + \delta_i \sum_k \Delta y_g \Delta r_f h_w u + \delta_j \sum_k \Delta x_g \Delta r_f h_s v =  {\cal A}_c \partial_t \eta + \delta_i \sum_k \Delta y_g \Delta r_f h_w
495  {\cal A}_c(P-E)_{r=0}  u + \delta_j \sum_k \Delta x_g \Delta r_f h_s v = {\cal
496    A}_c(P-E)_{r=0} \label{eq:discrete-freesurface}
497  \end{equation}  \end{equation}
498  The source term $P-E$ on the rhs of continuity accounts for the local  The source term $P-E$ on the rhs of continuity accounts for the local
499  addition of volume due to excess precipitation and run-off over  addition of volume due to excess precipitation and run-off over
500  evaporation and only enters the top-level of the {\em ocean} model.  evaporation and only enters the top-level of the {\em ocean} model.
501    
502  \subsection{Hydrostatic balance}  \section{Hydrostatic balance}
503    
504  The vertical momentum equation has the hydrostatic or  The vertical momentum equation has the hydrostatic or
505  quasi-hydrostatic balance on the right hand side. This discretization  quasi-hydrostatic balance on the right hand side. This discretization
# Line 492  derived from the buoyancy equation exact Line 508  derived from the buoyancy equation exact
508  from the pressure gradient terms when forming the kinetic energy  from the pressure gradient terms when forming the kinetic energy
509  equation.  equation.
510    
511  In the ocean, using z-ccordinates, the hydrostatic balance terms are  In the ocean, using z-coordinates, the hydrostatic balance terms are
512  discretized:  discretized:
513  \begin{equation}  \begin{equation}
514  \epsilon_{nh} \partial_t w  \epsilon_{nh} \partial_t w
515  + g \overline{\rho'}^k + \frac{1}{\Delta z} \delta_k \Phi_h' = \ldots  + g \overline{\rho'}^k + \frac{1}{\Delta z} \delta_k \Phi_h' = \ldots
516    \label{eq:discrete_hydro_ocean}
517  \end{equation}  \end{equation}
518    
519  In the atmosphere, using p-coordinates, hydrostatic balance is  In the atmosphere, using p-coordinates, hydrostatic balance is
520  discretized:  discretized:
521  \begin{equation}  \begin{equation}
522  \overline{\theta'}^k + \frac{1}{\Delta \Pi} \delta_k \Phi_h' = 0  \overline{\theta'}^k + \frac{1}{\Delta \Pi} \delta_k \Phi_h' = 0
523    \label{eq:discrete_hydro_atmos}
524  \end{equation}  \end{equation}
525  where $\Delta \Pi$ is the difference in Exner function between the  where $\Delta \Pi$ is the difference in Exner function between the
526  pressure points. The non-hydrostatic equations are not available in  pressure points. The non-hydrostatic equations are not available in
# Line 510  the atmosphere. Line 528  the atmosphere.
528    
529  The difference in approach between ocean and atmosphere occurs because  The difference in approach between ocean and atmosphere occurs because
530  of the direct use of the ideal gas equation in forming the potential  of the direct use of the ideal gas equation in forming the potential
531  energy conversion term $\alpha \omega$. The form of these consversion  energy conversion term $\alpha \omega$. The form of these conversion
532  terms is discussed at length in \cite{Adcroft01}.  terms is discussed at length in \cite{adcroft:02}.
533    
534  Because of the different representation of hydrostatic balance between  Because of the different representation of hydrostatic balance between
535  ocean and atmosphere there is no elegant way to represent both systems  ocean and atmosphere there is no elegant way to represent both systems
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