| 5 | 
 @string{jgr     = {J.~Geophys.~Res.}} | 
 @string{jgr     = {J.~Geophys.~Res.}} | 
| 6 | 
 @string{ijrs    = {Int.~J.~Remote Sensing}} | 
 @string{ijrs    = {Int.~J.~Remote Sensing}} | 
| 7 | 
 @string{jas     = {J.~Atmos.~Sci.}} | 
 @string{jas     = {J.~Atmos.~Sci.}} | 
| 8 | 
  | 
 @string{jam     = {J.~Appl.~Meteor.}} | 
| 9 | 
 @string{jpo     = {J.~Phys.~Oceanogr.}} | 
 @string{jpo     = {J.~Phys.~Oceanogr.}} | 
| 10 | 
 @string{jclim   = {J.~Clim.}} | 
 @string{jclim   = {J.~Clim.}} | 
| 11 | 
  | 
 @string{jcp     = {J.~Comput.~Phys.}} | 
| 12 | 
 @string{ieee    = {IEEE Trans.~Geosci. Remote Sensing}} | 
 @string{ieee    = {IEEE Trans.~Geosci. Remote Sensing}} | 
| 13 | 
 @string{jfm     = {J.~Fluid Mech.}} | 
 @string{jfm     = {J.~Fluid Mech.}} | 
| 14 | 
 @string{jaot    = {J.~Atmos.~Ocean.~Technol.}} | 
 @string{jaot    = {J.~Atmos.~Ocean.~Technol.}} | 
| 71 | 
                   Argonne (ILL), 90439; USA}, | 
                   Argonne (ILL), 90439; USA}, | 
| 72 | 
  note           = {http://www.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff/}, | 
  note           = {http://www.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff/}, | 
| 73 | 
                   } | 
                   } | 
| 74 | 
  | 
  | 
| 75 | 
  | 
 @ARTICLE{bugi-hill:06, | 
| 76 | 
  | 
   author = {V. Bugnion and C. Hill}, | 
| 77 | 
  | 
   title = {Equilibration mechanisms in an adjoint ocean general | 
| 78 | 
  | 
            circulation model}, | 
| 79 | 
  | 
   journal = {Ocean Dynamics}, | 
| 80 | 
  | 
   year = {2006}, | 
| 81 | 
  | 
   volume = {56}, | 
| 82 | 
  | 
   number = {1}, | 
| 83 | 
  | 
   pages = {51-61}, | 
| 84 | 
  | 
   doi   = {10.1007/s10236-005-0052-z}, | 
| 85 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 86 | 
   | 
   | 
| 87 | 
 @techreport{bis-roh:97, | 
 @techreport{bis-roh:97, | 
| 88 | 
  author         = {C. Bishof and L. Roh}, | 
  author         = {C. Bishof and L. Roh}, | 
| 130 | 
  volume         = {120}, | 
  volume         = {120}, | 
| 131 | 
  pages          = {1367--1387}, | 
  pages          = {1367--1387}, | 
| 132 | 
                   } | 
                   } | 
| 133 | 
  | 
  | 
| 134 | 
  | 
 @ARTICLE{durr:91, | 
| 135 | 
  | 
   author = {Dale R. Durran}, | 
| 136 | 
  | 
   title = {The Third-Order Adams-Bashforth Method: An Attractive Alternative | 
| 137 | 
  | 
            to Leapfrog Time Differencing}, | 
| 138 | 
  | 
   journal = mwr, | 
| 139 | 
  | 
   year = {1991}, | 
| 140 | 
  | 
   volume = {119}, | 
| 141 | 
  | 
   pages  = {702-720}, | 
| 142 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 143 | 
  | 
   | 
| 144 | 
  | 
  | 
| 145 | 
  | 
 @ARTICLE{dutk-etal:06, | 
| 146 | 
  | 
   author = {S. Dutkiewicz and M.J. Follows and P. Heimbach and J. Marshall}, | 
| 147 | 
  | 
   title = {Controls on ocean productivity and air-sea carbon flux: | 
| 148 | 
  | 
            An adjoint model sensitivity study}, | 
| 149 | 
  | 
   journal = grl, | 
| 150 | 
  | 
   year = {2006}, | 
| 151 | 
  | 
   volume = {33}, | 
| 152 | 
  | 
   pages  = {L02603}, | 
| 153 | 
  | 
   doi    = {10.1029/2005GL024987}, | 
| 154 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 155 | 
   | 
   | 
| 156 | 
 @Article{err:97, | 
 @Article{err:97, | 
| 157 | 
  author         = {R.M. Errico}, | 
  author         = {R.M. Errico}, | 
| 392 | 
  pages          = {658-669} | 
  pages          = {658-669} | 
| 393 | 
                   } | 
                   } | 
| 394 | 
  | 
  | 
| 395 | 
  | 
 @Article{jam-oze:86, | 
| 396 | 
  | 
  author         = {B.M. Jamart and J. Ozer},  | 
| 397 | 
  | 
  year           = {1986}, | 
| 398 | 
  | 
  title          = {Numerical boundary layers and spurious residual flows},  | 
| 399 | 
  | 
  journal        = jgr, | 
| 400 | 
  | 
  volume         = {91}, | 
| 401 | 
  | 
  pages          = {10,621-10,631} | 
| 402 | 
  | 
                   } | 
| 403 | 
  | 
  | 
| 404 | 
 @book{kas-eta:00, | 
 @book{kas-eta:00, | 
| 405 | 
  author         = {P. Kasibhatla and M. Heimann and P. Rayner and | 
  author         = {P. Kasibhatla and M. Heimann and P. Rayner and | 
| 406 | 
                   N. Mahowald and R.G. Prinn and D.E. Hartley}, | 
                   N. Mahowald and R.G. Prinn and D.E. Hartley}, | 
| 497 | 
  pages          = {38 pp.}, | 
  pages          = {38 pp.}, | 
| 498 | 
  address        = {Delft (NL)}, | 
  address        = {Delft (NL)}, | 
| 499 | 
                   } | 
                   } | 
| 500 | 
  | 
  | 
| 501 | 
  | 
 @ARTICLE{losc-heim:06, | 
| 502 | 
  | 
   author = {M. Losch and P. Heimbach}, | 
| 503 | 
  | 
   title = {Adjoint sensitivity of an ocean general circulation model | 
| 504 | 
  | 
            to bottom topography}, | 
| 505 | 
  | 
   journal = jpo, | 
| 506 | 
  | 
   year = {2006}, | 
| 507 | 
  | 
   volume = {{in press}}, | 
| 508 | 
  | 
   url    = {http://mitgcm.org/pdfs/Los2006a.pdf}, | 
| 509 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 510 | 
  | 
  | 
| 511 | 
   | 
   | 
| 512 | 
 @Article{maro-wun:93, | 
 @Article{maro-wun:93, | 
| 513 | 
  author         = {J. Marotzke and C. Wunsch}, | 
  author         = {J. Marotzke and C. Wunsch}, | 
| 554 | 
  pages          = {5,753--5,766}, | 
  pages          = {5,753--5,766}, | 
| 555 | 
                   } | 
                   } | 
| 556 | 
   | 
   | 
| 557 | 
 @Article{mars-sha:98, | 
 @Article{mars-eta:98, | 
| 558 | 
  author         = {J. Marshall and H. Jones and C. Hill}, | 
  author         = {J. Marshall and H. Jones and C. Hill}, | 
| 559 | 
  year           = 1998, | 
  year           = 1998, | 
| 560 | 
  title          = {Efficient ocean modeling using | 
  title          = {Efficient ocean modeling using | 
| 562 | 
  journal        = jms, | 
  journal        = jms, | 
| 563 | 
  volume         = {18}, | 
  volume         = {18}, | 
| 564 | 
  pages          = {115--134}, | 
  pages          = {115--134}, | 
| 565 | 
  | 
  url            = {http://mitgcm.org/pdfs/journal_of_marine_systems_1998.pdf}, | 
| 566 | 
  | 
  doi            = {10.1016/S0924-7963\%2898\%2900008-6}, | 
| 567 | 
                   } | 
                   } | 
| 568 | 
   | 
   | 
| 569 | 
 @Article{mcw:96, | 
 @Article{mcw:96, | 
| 584 | 
 %%   Guide for Fortran 90 and NetCDF User's Guide for Fortran 77 are  | 
 %%   Guide for Fortran 90 and NetCDF User's Guide for Fortran 77 are  | 
| 585 | 
 %%   also available. | 
 %%   also available. | 
| 586 | 
  | 
  | 
| 587 | 
  | 
 @incollection{naum-etal:06, | 
| 588 | 
  | 
         Author = {U. Naumann and J. Utke and P. Heimbach and C. Hill and D. Ozyurt and C. Wunsch and M. Fagan and N. Tallent and M. Strout}, | 
| 589 | 
  | 
         Booktitle = {European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics ECCOMAS CFD 2006}, | 
| 590 | 
  | 
         Editor = {{P. Wesseling, E. O~nate and J. Periaux}}, | 
| 591 | 
  | 
         Pages = {~}, | 
| 592 | 
  | 
         Publisher = {TU Delft}, | 
| 593 | 
  | 
         Title = {Adjoint code by source transformation with OpenAD/F}, | 
| 594 | 
  | 
         Year = {2006}} | 
| 595 | 
  | 
  | 
| 596 | 
 @TechReport{rew:97, | 
 @TechReport{rew:97, | 
| 597 | 
   author =       {R. K. Rew and G. P. Davis and S. Emmerson and H. Davies}, | 
   author =       {R. K. Rew and G. P. Davis and S. Emmerson and H. Davies}, | 
| 598 | 
   title =        {{NetCDF User's Guide for C, FORTRAN 77, and FORTRAN 90},  | 
   title =        {{NetCDF User's Guide for C, FORTRAN 77, and FORTRAN 90},  | 
| 639 | 
  address        = {Berlin (Germany)}, | 
  address        = {Berlin (Germany)}, | 
| 640 | 
                   } | 
                   } | 
| 641 | 
  | 
  | 
| 642 | 
  | 
 @article{utke-etal:08, | 
| 643 | 
  | 
         Author = {J. Utke and U. Naumann and M. Fagan and N. Tallent and M. Strout and P. Heimbach and C. Hill and D. Ozyurt and C. Wunsch}, | 
| 644 | 
  | 
         Date-Modified = {2007-11-19 10:15:08 -0500}, | 
| 645 | 
  | 
         Journal = {{ACM} Transactions on Mathematical Software}, | 
| 646 | 
  | 
         Pages = {~}, | 
| 647 | 
  | 
         Title = {OpenAD/F: A modular open source tool for automatic differentiation of Fortran codes}, | 
| 648 | 
  | 
         Volume = {34(4)}, | 
| 649 | 
  | 
         Year = {2008}} | 
| 650 | 
  | 
  | 
| 651 | 
 @Article{DaSilva94, | 
 @Article{DaSilva94, | 
| 652 | 
  author         = {A. da Silva and A. C. Young and S. Levitus}, | 
  author         = {A. da Silva and A. C. Young and S. Levitus}, | 
| 653 | 
  year           = 1994, | 
  year           = 1994, | 
| 657 | 
  publisher      = {U.S. Department of Commerce}, | 
  publisher      = {U.S. Department of Commerce}, | 
| 658 | 
  address        = {Washington, D.C. (USA)}, | 
  address        = {Washington, D.C. (USA)}, | 
| 659 | 
  note           = {http:////ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.DASILVA/.SMD94/}, | 
  note           = {http:////ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.DASILVA/.SMD94/}, | 
| 660 | 
  | 
  url            = {http:////ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.DASILVA/.SMD94/}, | 
| 661 | 
                   } | 
                   } | 
| 662 | 
   | 
   | 
| 663 | 
 @techreport{sta-eta:97, | 
 @techreport{stam-etal:97, | 
| 664 | 
  author         = {D. Stammer and C. Wunsch and R. Giering and | 
  author         = {D. Stammer and C. Wunsch and R. Giering and | 
| 665 | 
                   Q. Zhang and J. Marotzke and J. Marshall and | 
                   Q. Zhang and J. Marotzke and J. Marshall and | 
| 666 | 
                   C. Hill}, | 
                   C. Hill}, | 
| 676 | 
  address        = {Cambridge (MA), USA}, | 
  address        = {Cambridge (MA), USA}, | 
| 677 | 
                   } | 
                   } | 
| 678 | 
   | 
   | 
| 679 | 
 @Article{sta-eta:01, | 
 @ARTICLE{stam-etal:02, | 
| 680 | 
  author         = {D. Stammer and C. Wunsch and R. Giering and | 
   author = {D. Stammer and C. Wunsch and R. Giering and C. Eckert and P. Heimbach and J. Marotzke and A. Adcroft and C.N. Hill and J. Marshall}, | 
| 681 | 
                   C. Eckert and P. Heimbach and J. Marotzke and | 
   title = {The global ocean circulation and transports during 1992 -- 1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model.}, | 
| 682 | 
                   A. Adcroft and C. Hill and J. Marshall}, | 
   journal = jgr, | 
| 683 | 
  year           = 2001, | 
   year = {2002a}, | 
| 684 | 
  title          = {The global ocean circulation during 1992 -- 1997, | 
   volume = {107(C9)}, | 
| 685 | 
                   estimated from ocean observations and a general | 
   pages = {3118}, | 
| 686 | 
                   circulation model}, | 
   doi   = {10.1029/2001JC000888}, | 
| 687 | 
  journal        = jgr, | 
 } | 
| 688 | 
  note           = {in press}, | 
  | 
 | 
                   } | 
  | 
| 689 | 
  | 
  | 
| 690 | 
 @Article{Stommel66, | 
 @Article{Stommel66, | 
| 691 | 
  author         = {H. Stommel}, | 
  author         = {H. Stommel}, | 
| 847 | 
   author =       {Marshall, J. and C. Hill and L. Perelman and A. Adcroft}, | 
   author =       {Marshall, J. and C. Hill and L. Perelman and A. Adcroft}, | 
| 848 | 
   title =        {Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic ocean | 
   title =        {Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic ocean | 
| 849 | 
                  modeling}, | 
                  modeling}, | 
| 850 | 
   journal =      {JGR}, | 
   journal =      jgr, | 
| 851 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 852 | 
   volume =       102, | 
   volume =       102, | 
| 853 | 
   number =       {C3}, | 
   number =       {C3}, | 
| 854 | 
   pages =        {5733-5752} | 
   pages =        {5733-5752}, | 
| 855 | 
  | 
   url      =     {http://mitgcm.org/pdfs/96JC02775.pdf}, | 
| 856 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 857 | 
  | 
  | 
| 858 | 
 @Article{marshall:97b, | 
 @Article{marshall:97b, | 
| 859 | 
   author =       {Marshall, J. and A. Adcroft and C. Hill and L. Perelman and C. Heisey}, | 
   author =       {Marshall, J. and A. Adcroft and C. Hill and L. Perelman and C. Heisey}, | 
| 860 | 
   title =        {A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for | 
   title =        {A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for | 
| 861 | 
                   studies of the ocean on parallel computers}, | 
                   studies of the ocean on parallel computers}, | 
| 862 | 
   journal =      {JGR}, | 
   journal =      jgr, | 
| 863 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 864 | 
   volume =       102, | 
   volume =       102, | 
| 865 | 
   number =       {C3}, | 
   number =       {C3}, | 
| 866 | 
   pages =        {5753-5766} | 
   pages =        {5753-5766}, | 
| 867 | 
  | 
   url      =     {http://mitgcm.org/pdfs/96JC02776.pdf}, | 
| 868 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 869 | 
  | 
  | 
| 870 | 
 @Article{adcroft:97, | 
 @Article{adcroft:97, | 
| 871 | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A.J. and Hill, C.N. and J. Marshall}, | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A.J. and Hill, C.N. and J. Marshall}, | 
| 872 | 
   title =        {Representation of topography by shaved cells in a height | 
   title =        {Representation of topography by shaved cells in a height | 
| 873 | 
                   coordinate ocean model}, | 
                   coordinate ocean model}, | 
| 874 | 
   journal =      {MWR}, | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 875 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 876 | 
   volume =       125, | 
   volume =       125, | 
| 877 | 
   pages =        {2293-2315} | 
   pages =        {2293-2315}, | 
| 878 | 
  | 
   url   =        {http://mitgcm.org/pdfs/mwr_1997.pdf}, | 
| 879 | 
  | 
   doi       =    {10.1175/1520-0493\%281997\%29125<2293:ROTBSC>2.0.CO;2}, | 
| 880 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 881 | 
  | 
  | 
| 882 | 
 @Article{adcroft:04a, | 
 @Article{adcroft:04a, | 
| 886 | 
   journal =      om, | 
   journal =      om, | 
| 887 | 
   year =         2004, | 
   year =         2004, | 
| 888 | 
   volume =       7, | 
   volume =       7, | 
| 889 | 
   pages =        {269-284} | 
   pages =        {269-284}, | 
| 890 | 
  | 
   doi   =        {10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.09.003}, | 
| 891 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 892 | 
  | 
  | 
| 893 | 
 @Article{adcroft:04b, | 
 @Article{adcroft:04b, | 
| 897 | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 898 | 
   year =         2004, | 
   year =         2004, | 
| 899 | 
   volume =       132, | 
   volume =       132, | 
| 900 | 
   pages =        {2845-2863} | 
   pages =        {2845-2863}, | 
| 901 | 
  | 
   url   =        {http://mitgcm.org/pdfs/mwr_2004.pdf}, | 
| 902 | 
  | 
   doi     =      {10.1175/MWR2823.1}, | 
| 903 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 904 | 
  | 
  | 
| 905 | 
  | 
 @inproceedings{adcroft:04c, | 
| 906 | 
  | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A. and C. Hill and J.-M. Campin and J. Marshall  | 
| 907 | 
  | 
                   and P. Heimbach}, | 
| 908 | 
  | 
   title =        {Overview of the Formulation and Numerics of the MIT GCM}, | 
| 909 | 
  | 
   booktitle =   {Proceedings of the ECMWF seminar series on Numerical Methods, | 
| 910 | 
  | 
                  Recent developments in numerical methods for atmosphere and  | 
| 911 | 
  | 
                  ocean modelling}, | 
| 912 | 
  | 
   year =         2004, | 
| 913 | 
  | 
   pages =        {139-149}, | 
| 914 | 
  | 
   url   =        {http://mitgcm.org/pdfs/ECMWF2004-Adcroft.pdf}, | 
| 915 | 
  | 
  publisher =     ecmwf | 
| 916 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 917 | 
  | 
  | 
| 918 | 
 @Article{marshall:04, | 
 @Article{marshall:04, | 
| 921 | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 922 | 
   year =         2004, | 
   year =         2004, | 
| 923 | 
   volume =       132, | 
   volume =       132, | 
| 924 | 
   pages =        {2882-2894} | 
   pages =        {2882-2894}, | 
| 925 | 
  | 
   url   =        {http://mitgcm.org/pdfs/a_o_iso.pdf}, | 
| 926 | 
  | 
   doi    =       {10.1175/MWR2835.1}, | 
| 927 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 928 | 
  | 
  | 
| 929 | 
 @Article{visbeck:97, | 
 @Article{visbeck:97, | 
| 930 | 
   author =       {Visbeck, M., J. Marshall, T. Haine, and M. Spall}, | 
   author =       {Visbeck, M., J. Marshall, T. Haine, and M. Spall}, | 
| 931 | 
   title =        {Specification of eddy transfer coefficients in | 
   title =        {Specification of eddy transfer coefficients in | 
| 932 | 
                   coarse-resolution ocean circulation models}, | 
                   coarse-resolution ocean circulation models}, | 
| 933 | 
   journal =      {JPO}, | 
   journal =      jpo, | 
| 934 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 935 | 
   volume =       27, | 
   volume =       27, | 
| 936 | 
   number =       3, | 
   number =       3, | 
| 950 | 
   pages =        {1-51} | 
   pages =        {1-51} | 
| 951 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 952 | 
  | 
  | 
 | 
 @Article{marshall:98, | 
  | 
 | 
   author =       {J. Marshall and H. Jones and C. Hill}, | 
  | 
 | 
   title =        {Efficient ocean modeling using non-hydrostatic algorithms}, | 
  | 
 | 
   journal =      {JMR}, | 
  | 
 | 
   year =         1998, | 
  | 
 | 
   volume =       18, | 
  | 
 | 
   pages =        {115-134} | 
  | 
 | 
 } | 
  | 
 | 
  | 
  | 
| 953 | 
 @Article{mjn:99, | 
 @Article{mjn:99, | 
| 954 | 
   author =       {Marshall, J., Jamous, D and J. Nilsson}, | 
   author =       {Marshall, J., Jamous, D and J. Nilsson}, | 
| 955 | 
   title =        {Reconciling `thermodynamic' and `dynamic' methods of | 
   title =        {Reconciling `thermodynamic' and `dynamic' methods of | 
| 974 | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A., Hill C. and J. Marshall}, | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A., Hill C. and J. Marshall}, | 
| 975 | 
   title =        {A new treatment of the Coriolis terms in C-grid models | 
   title =        {A new treatment of the Coriolis terms in C-grid models | 
| 976 | 
                   at both high and low resolutions}, | 
                   at both high and low resolutions}, | 
| 977 | 
   journal =      {MWR}, | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 978 | 
   year =         1999, | 
   year =         1999, | 
| 979 | 
   volume =       127, | 
   volume =       127, | 
| 980 | 
   pages =        {1928-1936} | 
   pages =        {1928-1936}, | 
| 981 | 
  | 
   url   =        {http://mitgcm.org/pdfs/mwr_1999.pdf}, | 
| 982 | 
  | 
   doi   =        {10.1175/1520-0493\%281999\%29127<1928:ANTOTC>2.0.CO;2}, | 
| 983 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 984 | 
  | 
  | 
| 985 | 
 @InProceedings{hill:99, | 
 @InProceedings{hill:99, | 
| 994 | 
 @Article{wardle:00, | 
 @Article{wardle:00, | 
| 995 | 
   author =       {Wardle R. and Marshall J.}, | 
   author =       {Wardle R. and Marshall J.}, | 
| 996 | 
   title =        {Representation of eddies in primitive equation models by a PV flux}, | 
   title =        {Representation of eddies in primitive equation models by a PV flux}, | 
| 997 | 
   journal =      {JPO}, | 
   journal =      jpo, | 
| 998 | 
   year =         2000, | 
   year =         2000, | 
| 999 | 
   volume =       30, | 
   volume =       30, | 
| 1000 | 
   number =       10, | 
   number =       10, | 
| 1011 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 1012 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1013 | 
 @Article{adcroft:02, | 
 @Article{adcroft:02, | 
| 1014 | 
   author =       {Adcroft et al.}, | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A., et~al.}, | 
| 1015 | 
   title =        {Energy conversion in discrete numerical models}, | 
   title =        {Energy conversion in discrete numerical models}, | 
| 1016 | 
   journal =      om, | 
   journal =      om, | 
| 1017 | 
   year =         2002, | 
   year =         2002, | 
| 1029 | 
   volume =       17 | 
   volume =       17 | 
| 1030 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 1031 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1032 | 
  | 
 @Article{miller_white:84, | 
| 1033 | 
  | 
   author =       {Miller, M. J. and White, A. A.}, | 
| 1034 | 
  | 
   title =        {On the non-hydrostatic equations in pressure | 
| 1035 | 
  | 
                   and sigma coordiantes}, | 
| 1036 | 
  | 
   journal =      qjrms, | 
| 1037 | 
  | 
   year =         1984, | 
| 1038 | 
  | 
   volume =       110, | 
| 1039 | 
  | 
   pages =        {515-533} | 
| 1040 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1041 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1042 | 
  | 
 @Article{white:89, | 
| 1043 | 
  | 
   author =       {White, A. A.}, | 
| 1044 | 
  | 
   title =        {An extended version of a nonhydrostatic, pressure coordiante model}, | 
| 1045 | 
  | 
   journal =      qjrms, | 
| 1046 | 
  | 
   year =         1989, | 
| 1047 | 
  | 
   volume =       115, | 
| 1048 | 
  | 
   pages =        {1243-1251} | 
| 1049 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1050 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1051 | 
 @Article{adcroft:98, | 
 @Article{adcroft:98, | 
| 1052 | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A. and Marshall, D.}, | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A. and Marshall, D.}, | 
| 1053 | 
   title =        {How slippery are piecewise-constant coastlines in numerical | 
   title =        {How slippery are piecewise-constant coastlines in numerical | 
| 1071 | 
   author =       {Griffies, S.,M. and Hallberg, R.,W.}, | 
   author =       {Griffies, S.,M. and Hallberg, R.,W.}, | 
| 1072 | 
   title =        {Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for | 
   title =        {Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for | 
| 1073 | 
                   use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models}, | 
                   use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models}, | 
| 1074 | 
   journal =      {MWR}, | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 1075 | 
   year =         2000, | 
   year =         2000, | 
| 1076 | 
   volume =       128, | 
   volume =       128, | 
| 1077 | 
   number =       8, | 
   number =       8, | 
| 1082 | 
   author =       {Wajsowicz, R.}, | 
   author =       {Wajsowicz, R.}, | 
| 1083 | 
   title =        {A CONSISTENT FORMULATION OF THE ANISOTROPIC STRESS TENSOR | 
   title =        {A CONSISTENT FORMULATION OF THE ANISOTROPIC STRESS TENSOR | 
| 1084 | 
                   FOR USE IN MODELS OF THE LARGE-SCALE OCEAN CIRCULATION}, | 
                   FOR USE IN MODELS OF THE LARGE-SCALE OCEAN CIRCULATION}, | 
| 1085 | 
   journal =      {JCP}, | 
   journal =      jcp, | 
| 1086 | 
   year =         1993, | 
   year =         1993, | 
| 1087 | 
   volume =       105, | 
   volume =       105, | 
| 1088 | 
   number =       2, | 
   number =       2, | 
| 1101 | 
 @Article{dm:95, | 
 @Article{dm:95, | 
| 1102 | 
   author =       {Danabasoglu, G. and McWilliams J.C.}, | 
   author =       {Danabasoglu, G. and McWilliams J.C.}, | 
| 1103 | 
   title =        {Sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to parameterizations of mesoscale tracer transports}, | 
   title =        {Sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to parameterizations of mesoscale tracer transports}, | 
| 1104 | 
   journal =      {JC}, | 
   journal =      jclim, | 
| 1105 | 
   year =         1995, | 
   year =         1995, | 
| 1106 | 
   volume =       8, | 
   volume =       8, | 
| 1107 | 
   number =       12, | 
   number =       12, | 
| 1111 | 
 @Article{ldd:97, | 
 @Article{ldd:97, | 
| 1112 | 
   author =       {Large, W.G. and Danabasoglu, G. and Doney, S.C. and McWilliams, J.C.}, | 
   author =       {Large, W.G. and Danabasoglu, G. and Doney, S.C. and McWilliams, J.C.}, | 
| 1113 | 
   title =        {Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in a global ocean model: Annual-mean climatology}, | 
   title =        {Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in a global ocean model: Annual-mean climatology}, | 
| 1114 | 
   journal =      {JPO}, | 
   journal =      jpo, | 
| 1115 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 1116 | 
   volume =       27, | 
   volume =       27, | 
| 1117 | 
   number =       11, | 
   number =       11, | 
| 1122 | 
   author =       {Gerdes R. and Koberle C. and Beckmann A. and Herrmann P. and Willebrand J.}, | 
   author =       {Gerdes R. and Koberle C. and Beckmann A. and Herrmann P. and Willebrand J.}, | 
| 1123 | 
   title =        {Mechanisms for spreading of Mediterranean water in | 
   title =        {Mechanisms for spreading of Mediterranean water in | 
| 1124 | 
                   coarse-resolution numerical models}, | 
                   coarse-resolution numerical models}, | 
| 1125 | 
   journal =      {JPO}, | 
   journal =      jpo, | 
| 1126 | 
   year =         1999, | 
   year =         1999, | 
| 1127 | 
   volume =       29, | 
   volume =       29, | 
| 1128 | 
   number =       8, | 
   number =       8, | 
| 1153 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 1154 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1155 | 
 @Article{molteni:03, | 
 @Article{molteni:03, | 
| 1156 | 
   author =       {K. M. Trenberth and J. Olson and W. G. Large}, | 
   author =       {F. Molteni}, | 
| 1157 | 
   title =        {Atmospheric simulations using a GCM with simplified physical | 
   title =        {Atmospheric simulations using a {GCM} with simplified physical | 
| 1158 | 
                   parametrization, I model climatology and variability in  | 
                   parametrization, {I}: Model climatology and variability in  | 
| 1159 | 
                   multidecadal experiments}, | 
                   multidecadal experiments}, | 
| 1160 | 
   journal =      climd, | 
   journal =      climd, | 
| 1161 | 
   year =         2003, | 
   year =         2003, | 
| 1164 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 1165 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1166 | 
 @Article{jiang99, | 
 @Article{jiang99, | 
| 1167 | 
   author =       {Shi Jiang and Peter H. Stone and Paola | 
   author =       {S. Jiang and P. H. Stone and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli}, | 
 | 
                   Malanotte-Rizzoli}, | 
  | 
| 1168 | 
   title =        {An Assessment of the {G}eophysical {F}luid | 
   title =        {An Assessment of the {G}eophysical {F}luid | 
| 1169 | 
                   {D}ynamics {L}aboratory Ocean Model with Coarse | 
                   {D}ynamics {L}aboratory Ocean Model with Coarse | 
| 1170 | 
                   Resolution: Annual-Mean Climatology}, | 
                   Resolution: Annual-Mean Climatology}, | 
| 1299 | 
   pages =        {359--387}, | 
   pages =        {359--387}, | 
| 1300 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 1301 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1302 | 
  | 
 @TechReport{Dutkiewicz_etal_05, | 
| 1303 | 
  | 
   author =       {S. Dutkiewicz and A. Sokolov and J. Scott and P. Stone}, | 
| 1304 | 
  | 
   title =        {A Three-Dimensional Ocean-Seaice-Carbon Cycle Model and  | 
| 1305 | 
  | 
                   its Coupling to a Two-Dimensional Atmospheric Model: Uses  | 
| 1306 | 
  | 
                   in Climate Change Studies, Report 122}, | 
| 1307 | 
  | 
   institution =  {MIT Joint Program of the Science and Policy of Global Change}, | 
| 1308 | 
  | 
   year =         {2005}, | 
| 1309 | 
  | 
   OPTnumber =    {122}, | 
| 1310 | 
  | 
   address =      {Cambridge, MA}, | 
| 1311 | 
  | 
   note =         {http://web.mit.edu/globalchange/www/MITJPSPGC\_Rpt122.pdf}, | 
| 1312 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1313 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1314 | 
  | 
 @Article{Follows_etal_05, | 
| 1315 | 
  | 
   author =       {M. Follows and T. Ito and S. Dutkiewicz}, | 
| 1316 | 
  | 
   title =        {A Compact and Accurate Carbonate Chemistry Solver for Ocean | 
| 1317 | 
  | 
                   Biogeochemistry Models}, | 
| 1318 | 
  | 
   journal =      {Ocean Modeling}, | 
| 1319 | 
  | 
   year =         {{in press}}, | 
| 1320 | 
  | 
   OPTkey =       {}, | 
| 1321 | 
  | 
   OPTvolume =    {}, | 
| 1322 | 
  | 
   OPTnumber =    {}, | 
| 1323 | 
  | 
   OPTpages =     {}, | 
| 1324 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1325 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1326 | 
  | 
 @Article{McKinley_etal_04, | 
| 1327 | 
  | 
   author =       {G. McKinley and M. J. Follows and J. C. Marshall}, | 
| 1328 | 
  | 
   title =        {Mechanisms of air-sea CO$_2$ flux variability in the  | 
| 1329 | 
  | 
                   Equatorial Pacific and the North Atlantic}, | 
| 1330 | 
  | 
   journal =      {Global Biogeochemical Cycles}, | 
| 1331 | 
  | 
   year =         {2004}, | 
| 1332 | 
  | 
   OPTkey =       {}, | 
| 1333 | 
  | 
   volume =       {18}, | 
| 1334 | 
  | 
   number =       {doi:10.1029/2003GB002179}, | 
| 1335 | 
  | 
   OPTpages =     {}, | 
| 1336 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1337 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1338 | 
  | 
 @TechReport{Trenberth_etal_89, | 
| 1339 | 
  | 
   author =       {K. Trenberth and J. Olson and W. Large}, | 
| 1340 | 
  | 
   title =        {A global wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analyses}, | 
| 1341 | 
  | 
   institution =  {NCAR}, | 
| 1342 | 
  | 
   year =         {1989}, | 
| 1343 | 
  | 
   OPTkey =       {}, | 
| 1344 | 
  | 
   OPTtype =      {}, | 
| 1345 | 
  | 
   number =       {NCAR/TN-338+STR}, | 
| 1346 | 
  | 
   address =      {Boulder, CO}, | 
| 1347 | 
  | 
   OPTmonth =     {}, | 
| 1348 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1349 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1350 | 
  | 
 @Article{Wanninkhof_92, | 
| 1351 | 
  | 
   author =       {R. Wanninkhof}, | 
| 1352 | 
  | 
   title =        {Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean}, | 
| 1353 | 
  | 
   journal =      jgr, | 
| 1354 | 
  | 
   year =         {1992}, | 
| 1355 | 
  | 
   OPTkey =       {}, | 
| 1356 | 
  | 
   volume =       {97}, | 
| 1357 | 
  | 
   OPTnumber =    {}, | 
| 1358 | 
  | 
   pages =        {7373--7382}, | 
| 1359 | 
  | 
   OPTmonth =     {}, | 
| 1360 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1361 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1362 | 
  | 
 @incollection{black:77, | 
| 1363 | 
  | 
  author       = {A. K. Blackadar}, | 
| 1364 | 
  | 
  year         = {1977}, | 
| 1365 | 
  | 
  title        = {High Resolution Models of the Planetary Boundary Layer.}, | 
| 1366 | 
  | 
  booktitle    = {Advances in Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol 1 } , | 
| 1367 | 
  | 
  editor       = {Pfafflin and Zeigler}, | 
| 1368 | 
  | 
  publisher    = {Gordon and Breach, Scientific Publishers} | 
| 1369 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1370 | 
  | 
   | 
| 1371 | 
  | 
 @Article{chou:92, | 
| 1372 | 
  | 
  author       = {M-D. Chou}, | 
| 1373 | 
  | 
  year         = {1992}, | 
| 1374 | 
  | 
  title        = {A solar radiation model for use in climate studies.}, | 
| 1375 | 
  | 
  journal      = jas,  | 
| 1376 | 
  | 
  volume       = {49}, | 
| 1377 | 
  | 
  pages        = {762-772} | 
| 1378 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1379 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1380 | 
  | 
 @Article{chou:90, | 
| 1381 | 
  | 
  author       = {M-D. Chou}, | 
| 1382 | 
  | 
  year         = {1990}, | 
| 1383 | 
  | 
  title        = {Parameterizations for the absorption of solar radiation | 
| 1384 | 
  | 
                    by O$_2$ and CO$_2$ with applications to climate studies.}, | 
| 1385 | 
  | 
  journal      = jclim, | 
| 1386 | 
  | 
  volume       = {3}, | 
| 1387 | 
  | 
  pages        = {209-217} | 
| 1388 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1389 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1390 | 
  | 
 @techreport{chsz:94, | 
| 1391 | 
  | 
  author       = {M.-D. Chou and M.J.Suarez}, | 
| 1392 | 
  | 
  year         = {1994}, | 
| 1393 | 
  | 
  title        = {An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization | 
| 1394 | 
  | 
 for use in general circulation models}, | 
| 1395 | 
  | 
  institution  = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration},  | 
| 1396 | 
  | 
  type         = {NASA Technical Memorandum},  | 
| 1397 | 
  | 
  number       = {104606-Vol 3},  | 
| 1398 | 
  | 
  address      = {NASA; Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt (MD), 20771; USA}, | 
| 1399 | 
  | 
  note         = {http://www.gmao.nasa.gov/} | 
| 1400 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1401 | 
  | 
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| 1402 | 
  | 
 @Article{clarke:70, | 
| 1403 | 
  | 
  author       = {R. H. Clarke}, | 
| 1404 | 
  | 
  year         = {1970}, | 
| 1405 | 
  | 
  title        = {Observational studies in the atmospheric boundary layer.}, | 
| 1406 | 
  | 
  journal      = qjrms,  | 
| 1407 | 
  | 
  volume       = {96}, | 
| 1408 | 
  | 
  pages        = {91-114} | 
| 1409 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1410 | 
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| 1411 | 
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 @Article{deftow:94, | 
| 1412 | 
  | 
  author       = { R. S. Defries and J. R. G. Townshend}, | 
| 1413 | 
  | 
  year         = {1994}, | 
| 1414 | 
  | 
  title        = {NDVI-derived Land Cover Classification at Global Scales. }, | 
| 1415 | 
  | 
  journal      = {Int'l J. Rem. Sens.} , | 
| 1416 | 
  | 
  volume       = {15}, | 
| 1417 | 
  | 
  pages        = {3567-3586}  | 
| 1418 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1419 | 
  | 
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| 1420 | 
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 @Article{dorsell:89, | 
| 1421 | 
  | 
  author       = { J. L. Dorman and P. J. Sellers}, | 
| 1422 | 
  | 
  year         = {1989}, | 
| 1423 | 
  | 
  title        = {A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal  | 
| 1424 | 
  | 
 resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the Simple Biosphere model (SiB).}, | 
| 1425 | 
  | 
  journal      = jam,  | 
| 1426 | 
  | 
  volume       = {28}, | 
| 1427 | 
  | 
  pages        = {833-855} | 
| 1428 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1429 | 
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| 1430 | 
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 @Article{helflab:88, | 
| 1431 | 
  | 
  author       = { H. M. Helfand and J. C. Labraga}, | 
| 1432 | 
  | 
  year         = {1988}, | 
| 1433 | 
  | 
  title        = { Design of a non-singular level 2.5 second-order closure | 
| 1434 | 
  | 
 model for the prediction of atmospheric turbulence. }, | 
| 1435 | 
  | 
  journal      = jas,  | 
| 1436 | 
  | 
  volume       = {45}, | 
| 1437 | 
  | 
  pages        = {113-132} | 
| 1438 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1439 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1440 | 
  | 
 @inproceedings{helfetal:91, | 
| 1441 | 
  | 
  author       = {H. M. Helfand and M. Fox-Rabinovitz and L. Takacs and A. Molod}, | 
| 1442 | 
  | 
  year         = {1991}, | 
| 1443 | 
  | 
  title        = {Simulation of the planetary boundary layer and turbulence in the GLA GCM}, | 
| 1444 | 
  | 
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the AMS Ninth Conference on Numerical Weather Predicition}, | 
| 1445 | 
  | 
  year         = 1991, | 
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| 1447 | 
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  publisher    = {American Meteorological Society} | 
| 1448 | 
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  author       = {H. M. Helfand and S. D. Schubert}, | 
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| 1453 | 
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  title        = { Climatology of the | 
| 1454 | 
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 Simulated Great Plains Low-Level Jet and Its contribution to the | 
| 1455 | 
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 Continental Moisture Budget of the United States. }, | 
| 1456 | 
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 @techreport{ks:91, | 
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  author       = { Randal D. Koster and Max J. Suarez}, | 
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  address      = {NASA; Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt (MD), 20771; USA}, | 
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| 1584 | 
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