| 5 | 
 @string{jgr     = {J.~Geophys.~Res.}} | 
 @string{jgr     = {J.~Geophys.~Res.}} | 
| 6 | 
 @string{ijrs    = {Int.~J.~Remote Sensing}} | 
 @string{ijrs    = {Int.~J.~Remote Sensing}} | 
| 7 | 
 @string{jas     = {J.~Atmos.~Sci.}} | 
 @string{jas     = {J.~Atmos.~Sci.}} | 
| 8 | 
  | 
 @string{jam     = {J.~Appl.~Meteor.}} | 
| 9 | 
 @string{jpo     = {J.~Phys.~Oceanogr.}} | 
 @string{jpo     = {J.~Phys.~Oceanogr.}} | 
| 10 | 
 @string{jclim   = {J.~Clim.}} | 
 @string{jclim   = {J.~Clim.}} | 
| 11 | 
  | 
 @string{jcp     = {J.~Comput.~Phys.}} | 
| 12 | 
 @string{ieee    = {IEEE Trans.~Geosci. Remote Sensing}} | 
 @string{ieee    = {IEEE Trans.~Geosci. Remote Sensing}} | 
| 13 | 
 @string{jfm     = {J.~Fluid Mech.}} | 
 @string{jfm     = {J.~Fluid Mech.}} | 
| 14 | 
 @string{jaot    = {J.~Atmos.~Ocean.~Technol.}} | 
 @string{jaot    = {J.~Atmos.~Ocean.~Technol.}} | 
| 773 | 
   author =       {Marshall, J. and C. Hill and L. Perelman and A. Adcroft}, | 
   author =       {Marshall, J. and C. Hill and L. Perelman and A. Adcroft}, | 
| 774 | 
   title =        {Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic ocean | 
   title =        {Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic ocean | 
| 775 | 
                  modeling}, | 
                  modeling}, | 
| 776 | 
   journal =      {JGR}, | 
   journal =      jgr, | 
| 777 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 778 | 
   volume =       102, | 
   volume =       102, | 
| 779 | 
   number =       {C3}, | 
   number =       {C3}, | 
| 784 | 
   author =       {Marshall, J. and A. Adcroft and C. Hill and L. Perelman and C. Heisey}, | 
   author =       {Marshall, J. and A. Adcroft and C. Hill and L. Perelman and C. Heisey}, | 
| 785 | 
   title =        {A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for | 
   title =        {A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for | 
| 786 | 
                   studies of the ocean on parallel computers}, | 
                   studies of the ocean on parallel computers}, | 
| 787 | 
   journal =      {JGR}, | 
   journal =      jgr, | 
| 788 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 789 | 
   volume =       102, | 
   volume =       102, | 
| 790 | 
   number =       {C3}, | 
   number =       {C3}, | 
| 795 | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A.J. and Hill, C.N. and J. Marshall}, | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A.J. and Hill, C.N. and J. Marshall}, | 
| 796 | 
   title =        {Representation of topography by shaved cells in a height | 
   title =        {Representation of topography by shaved cells in a height | 
| 797 | 
                   coordinate ocean model}, | 
                   coordinate ocean model}, | 
| 798 | 
   journal =      {MWR}, | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 799 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 800 | 
   volume =       125, | 
   volume =       125, | 
| 801 | 
   pages =        {2293-2315} | 
   pages =        {2293-2315} | 
| 802 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 803 | 
  | 
  | 
| 804 | 
 @Article{adcroft:04, | 
 @Article{adcroft:04a, | 
| 805 | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A.J. and J.-M. Campin}, | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A. and J.-M. Campin}, | 
| 806 | 
   title =        {Re-scaled height coordinates for accurate representation | 
   title =        {Re-scaled height coordinates for accurate representation | 
| 807 | 
                   of free-surface flows in ocean circulation models}, | 
                   of free-surface flows in ocean circulation models}, | 
| 808 | 
   journal =      om, | 
   journal =      om, | 
| 809 | 
   year =         2004, | 
   year =         2004, | 
| 810 | 
   note =         {in press} | 
   volume =       7, | 
| 811 | 
  | 
   pages =        {269-284} | 
| 812 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 813 | 
  | 
  | 
| 814 | 
  | 
 @Article{adcroft:04b, | 
| 815 | 
  | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A. and J.-M. Campin and C. Hill and J. Marshall}, | 
| 816 | 
  | 
   title =        {Implementation of an Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model | 
| 817 | 
  | 
                   on the Expanded Spherical Cube}, | 
| 818 | 
  | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 819 | 
  | 
   year =         2004, | 
| 820 | 
  | 
   volume =       132, | 
| 821 | 
  | 
   pages =        {2845-2863} | 
| 822 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 823 | 
  | 
  | 
| 824 | 
  | 
 @Article{marshall:04, | 
| 825 | 
  | 
   author =       {Marshall, J. and A. Adcroft and J.-M. Campin and C. Hill and A. White}, | 
| 826 | 
  | 
   title =        {Atmosphere-Ocean Modeling Exploiting Fluid Isomorphisms}, | 
| 827 | 
  | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 828 | 
  | 
   year =         2004, | 
| 829 | 
  | 
   volume =       132, | 
| 830 | 
  | 
   pages =        {2882-2894} | 
| 831 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 832 | 
  | 
  | 
| 833 | 
 @Article{visbeck:97, | 
 @Article{visbeck:97, | 
| 834 | 
   author =       {Visbeck, M., J. Marshall, T. Haine, and M. Spall}, | 
   author =       {Visbeck, M., J. Marshall, T. Haine, and M. Spall}, | 
| 835 | 
   title =        {Specification of eddy transfer coefficients in | 
   title =        {Specification of eddy transfer coefficients in | 
| 836 | 
                   coarse-resolution ocean circulation models}, | 
                   coarse-resolution ocean circulation models}, | 
| 837 | 
   journal =      {JPO}, | 
   journal =      jpo, | 
| 838 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 839 | 
   volume =       27, | 
   volume =       27, | 
| 840 | 
   number =       3, | 
   number =       3, | 
| 887 | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A., Hill C. and J. Marshall}, | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A., Hill C. and J. Marshall}, | 
| 888 | 
   title =        {A new treatment of the Coriolis terms in C-grid models | 
   title =        {A new treatment of the Coriolis terms in C-grid models | 
| 889 | 
                   at both high and low resolutions}, | 
                   at both high and low resolutions}, | 
| 890 | 
   journal =      {MWR}, | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 891 | 
   year =         1999, | 
   year =         1999, | 
| 892 | 
   volume =       127, | 
   volume =       127, | 
| 893 | 
   pages =        {1928-1936} | 
   pages =        {1928-1936} | 
| 905 | 
 @Article{wardle:00, | 
 @Article{wardle:00, | 
| 906 | 
   author =       {Wardle R. and Marshall J.}, | 
   author =       {Wardle R. and Marshall J.}, | 
| 907 | 
   title =        {Representation of eddies in primitive equation models by a PV flux}, | 
   title =        {Representation of eddies in primitive equation models by a PV flux}, | 
| 908 | 
   journal =      {JPO}, | 
   journal =      jpo, | 
| 909 | 
   year =         2000, | 
   year =         2000, | 
| 910 | 
   volume =       30, | 
   volume =       30, | 
| 911 | 
   number =       10, | 
   number =       10, | 
| 922 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 923 | 
  | 
  | 
| 924 | 
 @Article{adcroft:02, | 
 @Article{adcroft:02, | 
| 925 | 
   author =       {Adcroft et al.}, | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A., et~al.}, | 
| 926 | 
   title =        {Energy conversion in discrete numerical models}, | 
   title =        {Energy conversion in discrete numerical models}, | 
| 927 | 
   journal =      om, | 
   journal =      om, | 
| 928 | 
   year =         2002, | 
   year =         2002, | 
| 940 | 
   volume =       17 | 
   volume =       17 | 
| 941 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 942 | 
  | 
  | 
| 943 | 
  | 
 @Article{miller_white:84, | 
| 944 | 
  | 
   author =       {Miller, M. J. and White, A. A.}, | 
| 945 | 
  | 
   title =        {On the non-hydrostatic equations in pressure | 
| 946 | 
  | 
                   and sigma coordiantes}, | 
| 947 | 
  | 
   journal =      qjrms, | 
| 948 | 
  | 
   year =         1984, | 
| 949 | 
  | 
   volume =       110, | 
| 950 | 
  | 
   pages =        {515-533} | 
| 951 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 952 | 
  | 
  | 
| 953 | 
  | 
 @Article{white:89, | 
| 954 | 
  | 
   author =       {White, A. A.}, | 
| 955 | 
  | 
   title =        {An extended version of a nonhydrostatic, pressure coordiante model}, | 
| 956 | 
  | 
   journal =      qjrms, | 
| 957 | 
  | 
   year =         1989, | 
| 958 | 
  | 
   volume =       115, | 
| 959 | 
  | 
   pages =        {1243-1251} | 
| 960 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 961 | 
  | 
  | 
| 962 | 
 @Article{adcroft:98, | 
 @Article{adcroft:98, | 
| 963 | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A. and Marshall, D.}, | 
   author =       {Adcroft, A. and Marshall, D.}, | 
| 964 | 
   title =        {How slippery are piecewise-constant coastlines in numerical | 
   title =        {How slippery are piecewise-constant coastlines in numerical | 
| 982 | 
   author =       {Griffies, S.,M. and Hallberg, R.,W.}, | 
   author =       {Griffies, S.,M. and Hallberg, R.,W.}, | 
| 983 | 
   title =        {Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for | 
   title =        {Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for | 
| 984 | 
                   use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models}, | 
                   use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models}, | 
| 985 | 
   journal =      {MWR}, | 
   journal =      mwr, | 
| 986 | 
   year =         2000, | 
   year =         2000, | 
| 987 | 
   volume =       128, | 
   volume =       128, | 
| 988 | 
   number =       8, | 
   number =       8, | 
| 993 | 
   author =       {Wajsowicz, R.}, | 
   author =       {Wajsowicz, R.}, | 
| 994 | 
   title =        {A CONSISTENT FORMULATION OF THE ANISOTROPIC STRESS TENSOR | 
   title =        {A CONSISTENT FORMULATION OF THE ANISOTROPIC STRESS TENSOR | 
| 995 | 
                   FOR USE IN MODELS OF THE LARGE-SCALE OCEAN CIRCULATION}, | 
                   FOR USE IN MODELS OF THE LARGE-SCALE OCEAN CIRCULATION}, | 
| 996 | 
   journal =      {JCP}, | 
   journal =      jcp, | 
| 997 | 
   year =         1993, | 
   year =         1993, | 
| 998 | 
   volume =       105, | 
   volume =       105, | 
| 999 | 
   number =       2, | 
   number =       2, | 
| 1012 | 
 @Article{dm:95, | 
 @Article{dm:95, | 
| 1013 | 
   author =       {Danabasoglu, G. and McWilliams J.C.}, | 
   author =       {Danabasoglu, G. and McWilliams J.C.}, | 
| 1014 | 
   title =        {Sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to parameterizations of mesoscale tracer transports}, | 
   title =        {Sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to parameterizations of mesoscale tracer transports}, | 
| 1015 | 
   journal =      {JC}, | 
   journal =      jclim, | 
| 1016 | 
   year =         1995, | 
   year =         1995, | 
| 1017 | 
   volume =       8, | 
   volume =       8, | 
| 1018 | 
   number =       12, | 
   number =       12, | 
| 1022 | 
 @Article{ldd:97, | 
 @Article{ldd:97, | 
| 1023 | 
   author =       {Large, W.G. and Danabasoglu, G. and Doney, S.C. and McWilliams, J.C.}, | 
   author =       {Large, W.G. and Danabasoglu, G. and Doney, S.C. and McWilliams, J.C.}, | 
| 1024 | 
   title =        {Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in a global ocean model: Annual-mean climatology}, | 
   title =        {Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in a global ocean model: Annual-mean climatology}, | 
| 1025 | 
   journal =      {JPO}, | 
   journal =      jpo, | 
| 1026 | 
   year =         1997, | 
   year =         1997, | 
| 1027 | 
   volume =       27, | 
   volume =       27, | 
| 1028 | 
   number =       11, | 
   number =       11, | 
| 1033 | 
   author =       {Gerdes R. and Koberle C. and Beckmann A. and Herrmann P. and Willebrand J.}, | 
   author =       {Gerdes R. and Koberle C. and Beckmann A. and Herrmann P. and Willebrand J.}, | 
| 1034 | 
   title =        {Mechanisms for spreading of Mediterranean water in | 
   title =        {Mechanisms for spreading of Mediterranean water in | 
| 1035 | 
                   coarse-resolution numerical models}, | 
                   coarse-resolution numerical models}, | 
| 1036 | 
   journal =      {JPO}, | 
   journal =      jpo, | 
| 1037 | 
   year =         1999, | 
   year =         1999, | 
| 1038 | 
   volume =       29, | 
   volume =       29, | 
| 1039 | 
   number =       8, | 
   number =       8, | 
| 1075 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 1076 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1077 | 
 @Article{jiang99, | 
 @Article{jiang99, | 
| 1078 | 
   author =       {Shi Jiang and Peter H. Stone and Paola | 
   author =       {S. Jiang and P. H. Stone and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli}, | 
 | 
                   Malanotte-Rizzoli}, | 
  | 
| 1079 | 
   title =        {An Assessment of the {G}eophysical {F}luid | 
   title =        {An Assessment of the {G}eophysical {F}luid | 
| 1080 | 
                   {D}ynamics {L}aboratory Ocean Model with Coarse | 
                   {D}ynamics {L}aboratory Ocean Model with Coarse | 
| 1081 | 
                   Resolution: Annual-Mean Climatology}, | 
                   Resolution: Annual-Mean Climatology}, | 
| 1199 | 
   VOLUME      = 105, | 
   VOLUME      = 105, | 
| 1200 | 
   PAGES       = "3325-3338" | 
   PAGES       = "3325-3338" | 
| 1201 | 
 } | 
 } | 
| 1202 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1203 | 
  | 
 @Article{Shapiro_70, | 
| 1204 | 
  | 
   author =       {Shapiro, R.}, | 
| 1205 | 
  | 
   title =        {Smoothing, filtering, and boundary effects}, | 
| 1206 | 
  | 
   journal =      {Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics}, | 
| 1207 | 
  | 
   year =         {1970}, | 
| 1208 | 
  | 
   volume =       {8}, | 
| 1209 | 
  | 
   number =       {2}, | 
| 1210 | 
  | 
   pages =        {359--387}, | 
| 1211 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1212 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1213 | 
  | 
 @TechReport{Dutkiewicz_etal_05, | 
| 1214 | 
  | 
   author =       {S. Dutkiewicz and A. Sokolov and J. Scott and P. Stone}, | 
| 1215 | 
  | 
   title =        {A Three-Dimensional Ocean-Seaice-Carbon Cycle Model and  | 
| 1216 | 
  | 
                   its Coupling to a Two-Dimensional Atmospheric Model: Uses  | 
| 1217 | 
  | 
                   in Climate Change Studies, Report 122}, | 
| 1218 | 
  | 
   institution =  {MIT Joint Program of the Science and Policy of Global Change}, | 
| 1219 | 
  | 
   year =         {2005}, | 
| 1220 | 
  | 
   OPTnumber =    {122}, | 
| 1221 | 
  | 
   address =      {Cambridge, MA}, | 
| 1222 | 
  | 
   note =         {http://web.mit.edu/globalchange/www/MITJPSPGC\_Rpt122.pdf}, | 
| 1223 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1224 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1225 | 
  | 
 @Article{Follows_etal_05, | 
| 1226 | 
  | 
   author =       {M. Follows and T. Ito and S. Dutkiewicz}, | 
| 1227 | 
  | 
   title =        {A Compact and Accurate Carbonate Chemistry Solver for Ocean | 
| 1228 | 
  | 
                   Biogeochemistry Models}, | 
| 1229 | 
  | 
   journal =      {Ocean Modeling}, | 
| 1230 | 
  | 
   year =         {{in press}}, | 
| 1231 | 
  | 
   OPTkey =       {}, | 
| 1232 | 
  | 
   OPTvolume =    {}, | 
| 1233 | 
  | 
   OPTnumber =    {}, | 
| 1234 | 
  | 
   OPTpages =     {}, | 
| 1235 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1236 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1237 | 
  | 
 @Article{McKinley_etal_04, | 
| 1238 | 
  | 
   author =       {G. McKinley and M. J. Follows and J. C. Marshall}, | 
| 1239 | 
  | 
   title =        {Mechanisms of air-sea CO$_2$ flux variability in the  | 
| 1240 | 
  | 
                   Equatorial Pacific and the North Atlantic}, | 
| 1241 | 
  | 
   journal =      {Global Biogeochemical Cycles}, | 
| 1242 | 
  | 
   year =         {2004}, | 
| 1243 | 
  | 
   OPTkey =       {}, | 
| 1244 | 
  | 
   volume =       {18}, | 
| 1245 | 
  | 
   number =       {doi:10.1029/2003GB002179}, | 
| 1246 | 
  | 
   OPTpages =     {}, | 
| 1247 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1248 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1249 | 
  | 
 @TechReport{Trenberth_etal_89, | 
| 1250 | 
  | 
   author =       {K. Trenberth and J. Olson and W. Large}, | 
| 1251 | 
  | 
   title =        {A global wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analyses}, | 
| 1252 | 
  | 
   institution =  {NCAR}, | 
| 1253 | 
  | 
   year =         {1989}, | 
| 1254 | 
  | 
   OPTkey =       {}, | 
| 1255 | 
  | 
   OPTtype =      {}, | 
| 1256 | 
  | 
   number =       {NCAR/TN-338+STR}, | 
| 1257 | 
  | 
   address =      {Boulder, CO}, | 
| 1258 | 
  | 
   OPTmonth =     {}, | 
| 1259 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1260 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1261 | 
  | 
 @Article{Wanninkhof_92, | 
| 1262 | 
  | 
   author =       {R. Wanninkhof}, | 
| 1263 | 
  | 
   title =        {Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean}, | 
| 1264 | 
  | 
   journal =      jgr, | 
| 1265 | 
  | 
   year =         {1992}, | 
| 1266 | 
  | 
   OPTkey =       {}, | 
| 1267 | 
  | 
   volume =       {97}, | 
| 1268 | 
  | 
   OPTnumber =    {}, | 
| 1269 | 
  | 
   pages =        {7373--7382}, | 
| 1270 | 
  | 
   OPTmonth =     {}, | 
| 1271 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1272 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1273 | 
  | 
 @incollection{black:77, | 
| 1274 | 
  | 
  author       = {A. K. Blackadar}, | 
| 1275 | 
  | 
  year         = {1977}, | 
| 1276 | 
  | 
  title        = {High Resolution Models of the Planetary Boundary Layer.}, | 
| 1277 | 
  | 
  booktitle    = {Advances in Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol 1 } , | 
| 1278 | 
  | 
  editor       = {Pfafflin and Zeigler}, | 
| 1279 | 
  | 
  publisher    = {Gordon and Breach, Scientific Publishers} | 
| 1280 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1281 | 
  | 
   | 
| 1282 | 
  | 
 @Article{chou:92, | 
| 1283 | 
  | 
  author       = {M-D. Chou}, | 
| 1284 | 
  | 
  year         = {1992}, | 
| 1285 | 
  | 
  title        = {A solar radiation model for use in climate studies.}, | 
| 1286 | 
  | 
  journal      = jas,  | 
| 1287 | 
  | 
  volume       = {49}, | 
| 1288 | 
  | 
  pages        = {762-772} | 
| 1289 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1290 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1291 | 
  | 
 @Article{chou:90, | 
| 1292 | 
  | 
  author       = {M-D. Chou}, | 
| 1293 | 
  | 
  year         = {1990}, | 
| 1294 | 
  | 
  title        = {Parameterizations for the absorption of solar radiation | 
| 1295 | 
  | 
                    by O$_2$ and CO$_2$ with applications to climate studies.}, | 
| 1296 | 
  | 
  journal      = jclim, | 
| 1297 | 
  | 
  volume       = {3}, | 
| 1298 | 
  | 
  pages        = {209-217} | 
| 1299 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1300 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1301 | 
  | 
 @techreport{chsz:94, | 
| 1302 | 
  | 
  author       = {M.-D. Chou and M.J.Suarez}, | 
| 1303 | 
  | 
  year         = {1994}, | 
| 1304 | 
  | 
  title        = {An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization | 
| 1305 | 
  | 
 for use in general circulation models}, | 
| 1306 | 
  | 
  institution  = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration},  | 
| 1307 | 
  | 
  type         = {NASA Technical Memorandum},  | 
| 1308 | 
  | 
  number       = {104606-Vol 3},  | 
| 1309 | 
  | 
  address      = {NASA; Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt (MD), 20771; USA}, | 
| 1310 | 
  | 
  note         = {http://www.gmao.nasa.gov/} | 
| 1311 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1312 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1313 | 
  | 
 @Article{clarke:70, | 
| 1314 | 
  | 
  author       = {R. H. Clarke}, | 
| 1315 | 
  | 
  year         = {1970}, | 
| 1316 | 
  | 
  title        = {Observational studies in the atmospheric boundary layer.}, | 
| 1317 | 
  | 
  journal      = qjrms,  | 
| 1318 | 
  | 
  volume       = {96}, | 
| 1319 | 
  | 
  pages        = {91-114} | 
| 1320 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1321 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1322 | 
  | 
 @Article{deftow:94, | 
| 1323 | 
  | 
  author       = { R. S. Defries and J. R. G. Townshend}, | 
| 1324 | 
  | 
  year         = {1994}, | 
| 1325 | 
  | 
  title        = {NDVI-derived Land Cover Classification at Global Scales. }, | 
| 1326 | 
  | 
  journal      = {Int'l J. Rem. Sens.} , | 
| 1327 | 
  | 
  volume       = {15}, | 
| 1328 | 
  | 
  pages        = {3567-3586}  | 
| 1329 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1330 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1331 | 
  | 
 @Article{dorsell:89, | 
| 1332 | 
  | 
  author       = { J. L. Dorman and P. J. Sellers}, | 
| 1333 | 
  | 
  year         = {1989}, | 
| 1334 | 
  | 
  title        = {A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal  | 
| 1335 | 
  | 
 resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the Simple Biosphere model (SiB).}, | 
| 1336 | 
  | 
  journal      = jam,  | 
| 1337 | 
  | 
  volume       = {28}, | 
| 1338 | 
  | 
  pages        = {833-855} | 
| 1339 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1340 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1341 | 
  | 
 @Article{helflab:88, | 
| 1342 | 
  | 
  author       = { H. M. Helfand and J. C. Labraga}, | 
| 1343 | 
  | 
  year         = {1988}, | 
| 1344 | 
  | 
  title        = { Design of a non-singular level 2.5 second-order closure | 
| 1345 | 
  | 
 model for the prediction of atmospheric turbulence. }, | 
| 1346 | 
  | 
  journal      = jas,  | 
| 1347 | 
  | 
  volume       = {45}, | 
| 1348 | 
  | 
  pages        = {113-132} | 
| 1349 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1350 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1351 | 
  | 
 @inproceedings{helfetal:91, | 
| 1352 | 
  | 
  author       = {H. M. Helfand and M. Fox-Rabinovitz and L. Takacs and A. Molod}, | 
| 1353 | 
  | 
  year         = {1991}, | 
| 1354 | 
  | 
  title        = {Simulation of the planetary boundary layer and turbulence in the GLA GCM}, | 
| 1355 | 
  | 
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the AMS Ninth Conference on Numerical Weather Predicition}, | 
| 1356 | 
  | 
  year         = 1991, | 
| 1357 | 
  | 
  pages        = {406-425}, | 
| 1358 | 
  | 
  publisher    = {American Meteorological Society} | 
| 1359 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1360 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1361 | 
  | 
 @Article{helfschu:95, | 
| 1362 | 
  | 
  author       = {H. M. Helfand and S. D. Schubert}, | 
| 1363 | 
  | 
  year         = {1995}, | 
| 1364 | 
  | 
  title        = { Climatology of the | 
| 1365 | 
  | 
 Simulated Great Plains Low-Level Jet and Its contribution to the | 
| 1366 | 
  | 
 Continental Moisture Budget of the United States. }, | 
| 1367 | 
  | 
  journal      = jclim, | 
| 1368 | 
  | 
  volume       = {8}, | 
| 1369 | 
  | 
  pages        = {784-806} | 
| 1370 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1371 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1372 | 
  | 
 @Article{kondo:75, | 
| 1373 | 
  | 
  author       = {J. Kondo}, | 
| 1374 | 
  | 
  year         = {1975}, | 
| 1375 | 
  | 
  title        = {Air-sea bulk transfer coefficients in diabatic conditions.}, | 
| 1376 | 
  | 
  journal      = blm,  | 
| 1377 | 
  | 
  volume       = {9}, | 
| 1378 | 
  | 
  pages        = {91-112} | 
| 1379 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1380 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1381 | 
  | 
 @techreport{ks:91, | 
| 1382 | 
  | 
  author       = { Randal D. Koster and Max J. Suarez}, | 
| 1383 | 
  | 
  year         = {1991}, | 
| 1384 | 
  | 
  title        = { A Simplified Treatment of SiB's Land Surface Albedo Parameterization.}, | 
| 1385 | 
  | 
  institution  = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration},  | 
| 1386 | 
  | 
  type         = {NASA Technical Memorandum},  | 
| 1387 | 
  | 
  number       = {104538},  | 
| 1388 | 
  | 
  address      = {NASA; Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt (MD), 20771; USA}, | 
| 1389 | 
  | 
  note         = {http://www.gmao.nasa.gov/}, | 
| 1390 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1391 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1392 | 
  | 
 @Article{ks:92, | 
| 1393 | 
  | 
  author       = { Randal D. Koster and Max J. Suarez}, | 
| 1394 | 
  | 
  year         = {1992}, | 
| 1395 | 
  | 
  title        = { Modeling the Land Surface Boundary | 
| 1396 | 
  | 
 in Climate Models as a Composite of Independent Vegetation Stands.}, | 
| 1397 | 
  | 
  journal      = jgr, | 
| 1398 | 
  | 
  volume       = {97}, | 
| 1399 | 
  | 
  pages        = {2697-2715} | 
| 1400 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1401 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1402 | 
  | 
 @Article{lhans:74, | 
| 1403 | 
  | 
  author       = {A. A. Lacis and J. E. Hansen}, | 
| 1404 | 
  | 
  year         = {1974}, | 
| 1405 | 
  | 
  title        = { A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation | 
| 1406 | 
  | 
 in the Earth's atmosphere.  }, | 
| 1407 | 
  | 
  journal      = jas,  | 
| 1408 | 
  | 
  volume       = {31}, | 
| 1409 | 
  | 
  pages        = {118-133} | 
| 1410 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1411 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1412 | 
  | 
 @Article{larpond:81, | 
| 1413 | 
  | 
  author       = {W. G. Large and S. Pond}, | 
| 1414 | 
  | 
  year         = {1981}, | 
| 1415 | 
  | 
  title        = {Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds.}, | 
| 1416 | 
  | 
  journal      = jpo,  | 
| 1417 | 
  | 
  volume       = {11}, | 
| 1418 | 
  | 
  pages        = {324-336} | 
| 1419 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1420 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1421 | 
  | 
 @Article{moorsz:92, | 
| 1422 | 
  | 
  author       = {S. Moorthi and M. J. Suarez}, | 
| 1423 | 
  | 
  year         = {1992}, | 
| 1424 | 
  | 
  title        = {  Relaxed Arakawa Schubert: A parameterization of moist | 
| 1425 | 
  | 
 convection for general circulation models.}, | 
| 1426 | 
  | 
  journal      = mwr,  | 
| 1427 | 
  | 
  volume       = {120}, | 
| 1428 | 
  | 
  pages        = {978-1002} | 
| 1429 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1430 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1431 | 
  | 
 @incollection{pano:73, | 
| 1432 | 
  | 
  author       = {H. A. Panofsky}, | 
| 1433 | 
  | 
  year         = {1973}, | 
| 1434 | 
  | 
  title        = {Tower Micrometeorology. }, | 
| 1435 | 
  | 
  booktitle    = {Workshop on Micrometeorology}, | 
| 1436 | 
  | 
  editor       = {D. A. Haugen}, | 
| 1437 | 
  | 
  publisher    = {American Meteorological Society} | 
| 1438 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1439 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1440 | 
  | 
 @Article{reynetal:94, | 
| 1441 | 
  | 
  author       = {R. W. Reynolds and T. M. Smith}, | 
| 1442 | 
  | 
  year         = {1994}, | 
| 1443 | 
  | 
  title        = {Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation.}, | 
| 1444 | 
  | 
  journal      = jclim,  | 
| 1445 | 
  | 
  volume       = {7}, | 
| 1446 | 
  | 
  pages        = {929-948} | 
| 1447 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1448 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1449 | 
  | 
 @Article{rosen:87, | 
| 1450 | 
  | 
  author       = {J. E. Rosenfield and M. R. Schoeberl and M. A. Geller}, | 
| 1451 | 
  | 
  year         = {1987}, | 
| 1452 | 
  | 
  title        = {  A computation of the stratospheric | 
| 1453 | 
  | 
 diabatic circulation using an accurate radiative transfer model}, | 
| 1454 | 
  | 
  journal      = jas,  | 
| 1455 | 
  | 
  volume       = {44}, | 
| 1456 | 
  | 
  pages        = {859-876} | 
| 1457 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1458 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1459 | 
  | 
 @Article{sudm:88, | 
| 1460 | 
  | 
  author       = {Y. C. Sud and A. Molod}, | 
| 1461 | 
  | 
  year         = {1988}, | 
| 1462 | 
  | 
  title        = {  The roles of dry convection, cloud-radiation feedback processes | 
| 1463 | 
  | 
 and the influence of recent improvements in the parameterization of convection in the GLA GCM.  }, | 
| 1464 | 
  | 
  journal      = mwr,  | 
| 1465 | 
  | 
  volume       = {116}, | 
| 1466 | 
  | 
  pages        = {2366-2387} | 
| 1467 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1468 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1469 | 
  | 
 @techreport{taksz:96, | 
| 1470 | 
  | 
  author       = {L. L. Takacs and M.J. Suarez}, | 
| 1471 | 
  | 
  year         = {1996}, | 
| 1472 | 
  | 
  title        = {  Dynamical aspects of climate simulations Using the GEOS | 
| 1473 | 
  | 
 General Circulation Model}, | 
| 1474 | 
  | 
  institution  = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration},  | 
| 1475 | 
  | 
  type         = {NASA Technical Memorandum},  | 
| 1476 | 
  | 
  number       = {104606 Volume 10},  | 
| 1477 | 
  | 
  address      = {NASA; Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt (MD), 20771; USA}, | 
| 1478 | 
  | 
  note         = {http://www.gmao.nasa.gov/}, | 
| 1479 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1480 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1481 | 
  | 
 @Article{yagkad:74, | 
| 1482 | 
  | 
  author       = {A. M. Yaglom and B. A. Kader}, | 
| 1483 | 
  | 
  year         = {1974}, | 
| 1484 | 
  | 
  title        = {Heat and mass transfer between a rough wall and | 
| 1485 | 
  | 
 turbulent fluid flow at high Reynolds and Peclet numbers.  }, | 
| 1486 | 
  | 
  journal      = jfm,  | 
| 1487 | 
  | 
  volume       = {62}, | 
| 1488 | 
  | 
  pages        = {601-623} | 
| 1489 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1490 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1491 | 
  | 
 @Article{yam:77, | 
| 1492 | 
  | 
  author       = {T. Yamada}, | 
| 1493 | 
  | 
  year         = {1977}, | 
| 1494 | 
  | 
  title        = {  A numerical experiment on pollutant dispersion in a horizontally-homogenious | 
| 1495 | 
  | 
 atmospheric boundary layer.}, | 
| 1496 | 
  | 
  journal      = {Atmos. Environ.},  | 
| 1497 | 
  | 
  volume       = {11}, | 
| 1498 | 
  | 
  pages        = {1015-1024} | 
| 1499 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1500 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1501 | 
  | 
 @Article{zhouetal:95, | 
| 1502 | 
  | 
  author       = {J. Zhou and Y.C. Sud and K.-M. Lau}, | 
| 1503 | 
  | 
  year         = {1995}, | 
| 1504 | 
  | 
  title        = {Impact of Orographically Induced Gravity Wave Drag in the GLA GCM}, | 
| 1505 | 
  | 
  journal      = qjrms,  | 
| 1506 | 
  | 
  volume       = {122}, | 
| 1507 | 
  | 
  pages        = {903-927} | 
| 1508 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1509 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1510 | 
  | 
 @Article{breth:99, | 
| 1511 | 
  | 
  author         = {C. S. Bretherton and M.K. MacVean and P. Bechtold and A. Chlond  | 
| 1512 | 
  | 
                    and W.R. Cotton and J. Cuxart and H. Cuijpers and M. Khairoutdinov  | 
| 1513 | 
  | 
                    and B. Kosovic and D. Lewellen and C-H. Moeng and P. Siebesma and  | 
| 1514 | 
  | 
                    B. Stevens and D.E. Stevens and I. Sykes and M.C. Wyant},  | 
| 1515 | 
  | 
  year           = 1999, | 
| 1516 | 
  | 
  title          = {An intercomparison of radiatively driven entrainment and turbulence  | 
| 1517 | 
  | 
                   in a smoke cloud, as simulated by different numerical models.},  | 
| 1518 | 
  | 
  journal        = qjrms, | 
| 1519 | 
  | 
  volume         = {125},  | 
| 1520 | 
  | 
  pages          = {391-423} | 
| 1521 | 
  | 
                   } | 
| 1522 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1523 | 
  | 
 @Article{bm:99, | 
| 1524 | 
  | 
  author         = {A. C. Bushell and G.M. Martin},  | 
| 1525 | 
  | 
  year           = 1999, | 
| 1526 | 
  | 
  title          = {The Impact of Vertical Resolution Upon GCM Simulations of Marine Stratocumulus.},  | 
| 1527 | 
  | 
  journal        = {Climate Dyn.},  | 
| 1528 | 
  | 
  volume         = {15},  | 
| 1529 | 
  | 
  pages          = {293-318} | 
| 1530 | 
  | 
                   } | 
| 1531 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1532 | 
  | 
 @Article{Inn:01, | 
| 1533 | 
  | 
  author         = {P. M. Inness and S.J. Slingo and R.B. Woolnough and B. Neale and V.D. Pope},  | 
| 1534 | 
  | 
  year           = 2001, | 
| 1535 | 
  | 
  title          = {Organization of Tropical Convection in a GCM with Verying Vertical Resolution; | 
| 1536 | 
  | 
                   Implications for the Simulation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation.}, | 
| 1537 | 
  | 
  journal        = {Climate Dyn.},  | 
| 1538 | 
  | 
  volume         = {17},  | 
| 1539 | 
  | 
  pages          = {777-794} | 
| 1540 | 
  | 
                   } | 
| 1541 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1542 | 
  | 
 @Article{kal:89, | 
| 1543 | 
  | 
  author         = {E. Kalnay and M. Kanamitsu and J. Pfaendtner and J. Sela and M. Suarez and  | 
| 1544 | 
  | 
                    J. Stackpole and J. Tucillo and L. Umscheid and and D. Williamson},  | 
| 1545 | 
  | 
  year           = 1989, | 
| 1546 | 
  | 
  title          = {Rules for Interchange of Physical Parameterizations.},  | 
| 1547 | 
  | 
  journal        = bams,  | 
| 1548 | 
  | 
  volume         = {70},  | 
| 1549 | 
  | 
  pages          = {620-622} | 
| 1550 | 
  | 
                   } | 
| 1551 | 
  | 
  | 
| 1552 | 
  | 
 @Article{wo:98, | 
| 1553 | 
  | 
  author         = {D. Williamson and J.G. Olsen},  | 
| 1554 | 
  | 
  year           = 1998, | 
| 1555 | 
  | 
  title          = {A Comparison of Semi-Langrangian and Eulerian Polar Climate Simulations.}, | 
| 1556 | 
  | 
  journal        = mwr,  | 
| 1557 | 
  | 
  volume         = {126},  | 
| 1558 | 
  | 
  pages          = {991-1000} | 
| 1559 | 
  | 
                   } | 
| 1560 | 
  | 
 @TechReport{MPI-std-20, | 
| 1561 | 
  | 
   author =       {{Message Passing Interface Forum}}}, | 
| 1562 | 
  | 
   title =        {{MPI}: A Message-Passing Interface standard (version 2.0)}, | 
| 1563 | 
  | 
   institution =  {mpi-forum.org}, | 
| 1564 | 
  | 
   year =         {1998}, | 
| 1565 | 
  | 
 } | 
| 1566 | 
  | 
  |