MITgcm/manual/baylor_biblio.bib

@string{pnas="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"} 
@string{plms="Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society"} 
@string{aas="Advances in Atmospheric Sciences"} 
@string{ajs="American Journal of Science"} 
@string{amsb="American Meteorological Society, Bulletin"} 
@string{ag="Annales Geophysicae"}
@string{arfm="Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics"}
@string{ajus="Antarctic Journal of the United States"}
@string{as="Antarctic Science"}
@string{aprs="Asian-Pacific Remote Sensing and GIS Journal"}
@string{a="Atmosfera"}
@string{ao="Atmosphere-Ocean"}
@string{ar="Atmospheric Research"}
@string{amm="Australian Meteorological Magazine"}
@string{br="Basin Research"}
@string{bgc="Biogeochemistry"}
@string{blm="Boundary-Layer Meteorology"}
@string{bsgf="Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France"}
@string{bms="Bulletin of Marine Science"}
@string{bams="Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"}
@string{cjes="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences"}
@string{cd="Climate Dynamics"}
@string{cc="Climatic Change"}
@string{cras="Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie II. Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes"}
@string{cg="Computers and Geosciences"}
@string{csr="Continental Shelf Research"}
@string{cap="Contributions to Atmospheric Physics"}
@string{dwm="Daily Weather Maps"}
@string{dsr="Deep-Sea Research"}
@string{dsr1="Deep-Sea Research, Part 1"}
@string{dsr2="Deep-Sea Research, Part 2"}
@string{des="Doklady Earth Sciences"}
@string{dao="Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans"}
@string{epsl="Earth and Planetary Science Letters"}
@string{emp="Earth, Moon, and Planets"}
@string{eps="Earth, Planets and Space"}
@string{esr="Earth Science Reviews"}
@string{espl="Earth Surface Processes and Landforms"}
@string{eos="EOS"}
@string{epi="Episodes"}
@string{ecss="Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science"}
@string{gsat="GSA Today"}
@string{gi="Geofisica International"}
@string{gj="Geological Journal"}
@string{gm="Geological Magazine"}
@string{gsab="Geological Society of America, Bulletin"}
@string{gig="Geologiia I Geofizika"}
@string{g="Geology"}
@string{ga="Geomagnetism and Aeronomy"}
@string{gml="Geo-Marine Letters"}
@string{geom="Geomorphology"}
@string{gafd="Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics"}
@string{gji="Geophysical Journal International"}
@string{gp="Geophysical Prospecting"}
@string{grl="Geophysical Research Letters"}
@string{geop="Geophysics"}
@string{gc="Geoscience Canada"}
@string{gj="Geoscience Journal"}
@string{gt="Geotectonics"}
@string{gta="Geotektonika"}
@string{gtc="Geothermics"}
@string{gtm="Geotimes"}
@string{gff="GFF"}
@string{gpc="Global and Planetary Change"}
@string{gbc="Global Biogeochemical Cycles"}
@string{gcn="Global Change Newsletter"}
@string{gsat="GSA Today"}
@string{i="Icarus"}
@string{igr="International Geology Review"}
@string{ijc="International Journal of Climatology"}
@string{ijes="International Journal of Earth Sciences"}
@string{iscb="International Seismological Centre, Bulletin"}
@string{ia="The Island Arc"}
@string{iaop="Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics"}
@string{ipse="Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth"}
@string{jgr="Journal of Geophysical Research"}
@string{jgra="Journal of Geophysical Research, Part A"}
@string{jgrb="Journal of Geophysical Research, Part B"}
@string{jgrc="Journal of Geophysical Research, Part C"}
@string{jgrd="Journal of Geophysical Research, Part D"}
@string{jgre="Journal of Geophysical Research, Part E"}
@string{jag="Journal of Applied Geophysics"}
@string{jam="Journal of Applied Meteorology"}
@string{jaot="Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"}
@string{jastp="Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics"}
@string{jac="Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry"}
@string{jas="Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"}
@string{jc="Journal of Climate"}
@string{jfm="Journal of Fluid Mechanics"}
@string{jfr="Journal of Foraminiferal Research"}
@string{jge="Journal of Geochemical Exploration"}
@string{jg="Journal of Geodesy"}
@string{jgc="Journal of Geodynamics"}
@string{jse="Journal of Geoscience Education"}
@string{jm="Journal of Meteorology"}
@string{jmr="Journal of Marine Research"}
@string{jp="Journal of Paleontology"}
@string{jpo="Journal of Physical Oceanography"}
@string{jpe="Journal of Physics of the Earth"}
@string{jsaes="Journal of South American Earth Sciences"}
@string{lm="La Meteorologie"}
@string{le="The Leading Edge"}
@string{lo="Limnology and Oceanography"}
@string{l="Lithos"}
@string{mg="Marine Geodesy"}
@string{mgr="Marine Geophysical Researches"}
@string{ma="Meteorological Applications"}
@string{mznf="Meteorologische Zeitschrift-Neue Folge"}
@string{map="Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics"}
@string{mitr="MIT Report"}
@string{mwr="Monthly Weather Review"}
@string{n="Nature"}
@string{olr="Oceanographic Literature Review"}
@string{oa="Oceanologica Acta"}
@string{oly="Oceanology"}
@string{o="Oceanus"}
@string{pdm="Palaeoclimates : data and modelling"}
@string{pio="Palaios"}
@string{p="Paleo"}
@string{poy="Paleoceanography"}
@string{prl="Physical Review Letters"}
@string{pcea="Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A"}
@string{pceb="Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B"}
@string{pcec="Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C"}
@string{po="Progress in Oceanography"}
@string{pag="Pure and Applied Geophysics"}
@string{qjrms="Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"}
@string{qr="Quaternary Research"}
@string{qsr="Quaternary Science Reviews"}
@string{r="Radiocarbon"}
@string{rg="Reviews of Geophysics"}
@string{rmsqj="Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal"}
@string{rmh="Russian Meteorology and Hydrology"}
@string{s="Science"}
@string{sm="Senckenbergiana Maritima"}
@string{agfb="Societe geologique de France, Bulletin"}
@string{sd="Storm Data"}
@string{sg="Surveys In Geophysics"}
@string{ta="Tellus, Series A"}
@string{tb="Tellus, Series B"}
@string{t="Tellus"}
@string{tac="Theoretical and Applied Climatology"}
@string{w="Weather"}
@string{wf="Weather and Forecasting"}
@string{ww="Weatherwise"}
@string{whc="Woods Hole Currents"}
@string{wmob="World Meteorological Organization Bulletin (WMO Bulletin)"}
@string{zdgg="Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft"}


@BOOK{thesis,
  AUTHOR = {B. Fox-Kemper},
  TITLE = {{Friction and Eddies: Removal of Vorticity from the Wind-Driven Gyre}},
  YEAR = {{2003}},
  PAGES = 310,
  PUBLISHER = {{Ph.D. Thesis. MIT/WHOI, 2003-06}}
}

@ARTICLE{fope04,
AUTHOR     ="B. {Fox-Kemper} and J. Pedlosky",
TITLE      ="Wind-Driven Barotropic Gyre {I}:  Circulation Control by Eddy Vorticity Fluxes to a Region of Enhanced Removal",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="62",
NUMBER     ="2",
PAGE       ="169-193",
YEAR       ="2004"}

@ARTICLE{fo04sg,
AUTHOR     ="B. {Fox-Kemper}",
TITLE      ="Wind-Driven Barotropic Gyre {II}:  Effects of eddies and low interior viscosity",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="62",
NUMBER     ="2",
PAGE       ="195-232",
YEAR       ="2004"}

@ARTICLE{fo04tg,
AUTHOR     ="B. {Fox-Kemper}",
TITLE      ="Reevaluating the roles of eddies in multiple barotropic wind-driven gyres",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
NOTE       ="submitted",
YEAR       ="2004"}

@ARTICLE{fofepe03,
AUTHOR     ="B. {Fox-Kemper} and R. Ferrari and J. Pedlosky",
TITLE      ="On the Indeterminacy of Rotational and Divergent Eddy Fluxes",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="33",
NUMBER     ="2",
PAGES      ="478-483",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{gemc90,
AUTHOR     ="P. R. Gent and J. C. {McWilliams}",
TITLE      ="Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="20",
PAGES      ="150-155",
YEAR       ="1990"}

@ARTICLE{gemc96,
AUTHOR     ="P. R. Gent and J. C. {McWilliams}",
TITLE      ="Eliassen-Palm Fluxes and the Momentum Equation in Non-Eddy-Resolving Ocean Circulation Models",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="26",
PAGES      ="2539-2546",
YEAR       ="1996"}

@ARTICLE{geetal95,
AUTHOR     ="P. R. Gent and J. Willebrand and T. J. {McDougall} and J. C. {McWilliams}",
TITLE      ="Parameterizing Eddy-Induced Tracer Transports in Ocean Circulation Models",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="25",
PAGES      ="463-474",
YEAR       ="1995"}


@ARTICLE{fepl03,
AUTHOR     ="R. Ferrari and R. A. Plumb",
TITLE      ="Residual Circulation in the Ocean",
JOURNAL    ="Proceedings of the 13th 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop",
VOLUME     ="13",
PAGES      ="219-228",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{PlumbFerrari05,
AUTHOR     ="R. A. Plumb and R. Ferrari",
TITLE      ="Transformed Eulerian-Mean Theory. {Part I: N}onquasigeostrophic Theory for Eddies on a Zonal-Mean Flow",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="35",
PAGES      ="165-174",
YEAR       ="2005"}

@ARTICLE{Kuoetal05,
AUTHOR = "A. Kuo, A. Plumb, and J. Marshall",
TITLE      ="Transformed Eulerian-Mean Theory. {Part I: N}onquasigeostrophic Theory for Eddies on a Zonal-Mean Flow",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="35",
PAGES      ="175-187",
YEAR       ="2005"
}


@UNPUBLISHED{fofe05,
AUTHOR     ="B. {Fox-Kemper} and R. Ferrari",
TITLE      ="A Residual Mean {Parsons-Veronis} Model",
NOTE       ="In preparation",
YEAR       ="2005"}

@UNPUBLISHED{fona05,
AUTHOR     ="B. {Fox-Kemper} and B. Nadiga",
TITLE      ="On the Interpretation of Counter-Rotating Gyres in Alpha Models",
NOTE       ="In preparation",
YEAR       ="2005"}

@UNPUBLISHED{fova05,
AUTHOR     ="B. {Fox-Kemper} and G. K. Vallis",
TITLE      ="Eddying and Non-eddying Models with a Bulk Mixed Layer and Nearly Adiabatic Interior",
NOTE       ="In preparation",
YEAR       ="2005"}

@UNPUBLISHED{hafo05,
AUTHOR     ="R. W. Hallberg and B. {Fox-Kemper}",
TITLE      ="On Bounding Coriolis Errors in Shallow-water Models",
NOTE       ="In preparation",
YEAR       ="2005"}

@UNPUBLISHED{ha03,
AUTHOR     ="R. W. Hallberg",
TITLE      ="The suitability of large-scale ocean models for adapting parameterizations of boundary mixing and a description of a refined bulk mixed layer model",
JOURNAL    ="Proceedings of the 2003 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop",
NOTE       ="In press",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@BOOK{ha76,
  AUTHOR = {Haidvogel, Dale B.},
  TITLE = {{The sensitivity and predictability of mesoscale eddies in an idealized model ocean}},
  PAGES = 245,
  YEAR = 1976,
  PUBLISHER = {{Ph.D. Thesis--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Meteorology}}
}

@ARTICLE{arfl03a,
AUTHOR     ="Brian K. Arbic and Glenn R. Flierl",
TITLE      ="Coherent vortices and kinetic energy ribbons in asymptotic, quasi 
two-dimensional f-plane turbulence",
JOURNAL    ="Physics of Fluids",
NOTE       ="In press",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{vasccadi02,
AUTHOR     ="Paul C. F. {van der Vaart} and Henk M. Schuttelaars and Daniel Calvete and Henk. A Dijkstra",
TITLE      ="Instability of time-dependent wind-driven ocean gyres",
JOURNAL    ="Physics of Fluids",
VOLUME     ="14",
NUMBER     ="10",
PAGE       ="3601-3615",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{dika97,
AUTHOR     ="Henk. A Dijkstra and C. A. Katsman",
TITLE      ="Temporal Variability of the Wind-Driven Quasi-Geostrophic Double Gyre Ocean Circulation{: B}asic Bifurcation Diagrams",
JOURNAL    =gafd,
VOLUME     ="85",
NUMBER     ="3-4",
PAGE       ="195-232",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{mo65,
AUTHOR     ="G. E. Moore",
TITLE      ="Cramming more components onto integrated circuits",
JOURNAL    ="Electronics",
VOLUME     ="38",
NUMBER     ="8",
PAGE       ="114-117",
YEAR       ="1965"}

@ARTICLE{spdigh95,
AUTHOR     ="S. Speich and Henk. A Dijkstra and M. Ghil",
TITLE      ="Successive bifurcations in a shallow-water model applied to the wind-drive ocean circulation",
JOURNAL    ="Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics",
VOLUME     ="2",
PAGE       ="241-268",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{cowi01,
AUTHOR     ="C. Coulliette and S. Wiggins",
TITLE      ="Intergyre Transport in a wind-driven, quasigeostropic double gyre: An application of lobe dynamics",
JOURNAL    ="Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics",
VOLUME     ="8",
PAGE       ="69-94",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{jijigh95,
AUTHOR     ="Shi Jiang and {Fei-Fei} Jin and M. Ghil",
TITLE      ="Multiple Equilibria, Periodic, and Aperiodic Solutions in a Wind-Driven, Double-gyre, Shallow-Water Model",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="25",
PAGE       ="764-786",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{Tretal97,
AUTHOR     ="A. M. Treguier and I. M. Held and V. D. Larichev",
TITLE      ="Parameterization of Quasigeostrophic Eddies in Primitive Equation Ocean Models",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="27",
PAGE       ="567-580",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{na93,
AUTHOR     ="N. Nakamura",
TITLE      ="An Illustrative Model of Instabilities in Meridionally and Vertically Sheared Flows",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="50",
PAGE       ="357-786",
YEAR       ="1993"}

@ARTICLE{hamcge92,
AUTHOR     ="D. B. Haidvogel and J. C. {McWilliams} and P. R. Gent",
TITLE      ="Boundary Current Separation in a Quasigeostrophic, Eddy-resolving Ocean Circulation Model",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="22",
PAGE       ="882-902",
YEAR       ="1992"}

@ARTICLE{chghidla02,
AUTHOR     ="Kyung-Il Chang and Michael Ghil and Kayo Ide and Chung-Chieng Aaron Lai",
TITLE      ="Transition to Aperiodic Variability in a Wind-Driven Double-Gyre Circulation Model",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="31",
PAGE       ="1260-1286",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{ghfesu02,
AUTHOR     ="M. Ghil and Y. Feliks and L. U. Sushama",
TITLE      ="Baroclinic and barotropic aspects of wind-driven ocean circulation",
JOURNAL    ="Physica D",
VOLUME     ="167",
PAGE       ="1-35",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{arfl03b,
AUTHOR     ="Brian K. Arbic and Glenn R. Flierl",
TITLE      ="Baroclinically unstable geostrophic turbulence in the limits of strong and weak Ekman friction:  Application to mid-ocean eddies",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
NOTE       ="Submitted",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{hamc87,
AUTHOR     ="P. Haynes and M. E. {McIntyre}",
TITLE      ="On the Evolution of Vorticity and Potential Vorticity in the Presence of Diabatic Heating and Frictional or other Forces",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="44",
PAGES      ="828-841",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@ARTICLE{el69,
AUTHOR     ="A. Eliassen",
TITLE      ="Theory of planetary wave-zonal flow interaction",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="26",
PAGES      ="73-81",
YEAR       ="1969"}

@ARTICLE{el68,
AUTHOR     ="A. Eliassen",
TITLE      ="On mesoscale mountain waves on the rotating Earth",
JOURNAL    ="Geofys. Publ.",
VOLUME     ="27",
NUMBER     ="6",
PAGES      ="1-15",
YEAR       ="1968"}

@ARTICLE{elpa61,
AUTHOR     ="A. Eliassen and E. Palm",
TITLE      ="On the transfer of energy in stational mountain waves",
JOURNAL    ="Geofys. Publ.",
VOLUME     ="22",
NUMBER     ="3",
PAGES      ="1-23",
YEAR       ="1961"}

@ARTICLE{anmc76a,
AUTHOR     ="D. G. Andrews and M. E. {McIntyre}",
TITLE      ="Planetary Waves in horizontal and vertical shear; the generalized {Eliassen-Palm} relation and the mean zonal acceleration",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="33",
PAGES      ="2031-2048",
YEAR       ="1976"}

@ARTICLE{anmc76b,
AUTHOR     ="D. G. Andrews and M. E. {McIntyre}",
TITLE      ="Planetary waves in horizontal and vertical shear; asymptotic theory for equatorial waves in weak shear",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="33",
PAGES      ="2049-2053",
YEAR       ="1976"}

@ARTICLE{anmc78a,
AUTHOR     ="D. G. Andrews and M. E. {McIntyre}",
TITLE      ="Generalized {Eliassen-Palm} and {Charney-Drazin} theorems for waves on axisymmetric flows in compressible atmospheres",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="35",
PAGES      ="175-185",
YEAR       ="1978"}

@ARTICLE{anmc78b,
AUTHOR     ="D. G. Andrews and M. E. {McIntyre}",
TITLE      ="An exact theory of nonlinear waves on a {Lagrangian-mean} flow",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="89",
PAGES      ="609-646",
YEAR       ="1978"}

@ARTICLE{anmc78c,
AUTHOR     ="D. G. Andrews and M. E. {McIntyre}",
TITLE      ="On wave-action and its relatives",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="89",
PAGES      ="647-664",
YEAR       ="1978"}

@ARTICLE{mcmc96a,
AUTHOR     ="T. J. {McDougall} and P. C. {McIntosh}",
TITLE      ="The Temporal-Residual Mean Velocity. {Part I: Derivation} and the Scalar Conservation Equations",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="26",
PAGES      ="2653-2665",
YEAR       ="1996"}

@ARTICLE{mcmc01,
AUTHOR     ="T. J. {McDougall} and P. C. {McIntosh}",
TITLE      ="The Temporal-Residual-Mean Velocity. {Part II: Isopycnal} Interpretation and the Tracer and Momentum Equations",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="31",
PAGES      ="1222-1246",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{mcmc96b,
AUTHOR     ="P. C. {McIntosh} and T. J. {McDougall}",
TITLE      ="Isopycnal Averaging and the Residual Mean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="26",
PAGES      ="1655-1660",
YEAR       ="1996"}

@ARTICLE{th82,
AUTHOR     ="D. J. Thomson",
TITLE      ="Spectral estimation and harmonic analysis",
JOURNAL    ="Proc. IEEE",
VOLUME     ="70",
PAGES      ="1055-1092",
YEAR       ="1982"}

@ARTICLE{ladamcgebr01,
AUTHOR     ="W. G. Large and G. Danabasoglu and J. C. {McWilliams} and P. R. Gent and F. O. Bryan",
TITLE      ="Equatorial Circulation of a Global Ocean Climate Model with Anisotropic Horizontal Viscosity",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="31",
PAGES      ="518-536",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{wuro85,
AUTHOR     ="C. Wunsch and D. Roemmich",
TITLE      ="Is the {North Atlantic} in {Sverdrup} balance?",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="15",
PAGES      ="1876-1880",
YEAR       ="1985"}

@ARTICLE{grha00,
AUTHOR     ="S. M. Griffies and R. W. Hallberg",
TITLE      ="Biharmonic Friction with a {Smagorinsky-like} Viscosity for Use in Large-Scale Eddy-Permitting Ocean Models",
JOURNAL    =mwr,
VOLUME     ="128",
NUMBER     ="8",
PAGES      ="2935-2946",
YEAR       ="2000"}

@INCOLLECTION{Smagorinsky93,
AUTHOR     ="J. Smagorinsky",
 Title = "Large Eddy Simulation of Complex Engineering and Geophysical Flows",
 Booktitle = "Evolution of Physical Oceanography",
 Editor = "B. Galperin and S. A. Orszag",
 Publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
 Year = "1993",
 Pages = "3-36" }

@ARTICLE{Leith96,
AUTHOR     ="C. E. Leith",
 Title = "Large Eddy Simulation of Complex Engineering and Geophysical Flows",
JOURNAL    ="Physica D.",
 Year = "1996",
 VOLUME ="98",
 Pages = "481-491" }

@ARTICLE{Leith68,
AUTHOR     ="C. E. Leith",
 Title = "Large Eddy Simulation of Complex Engineering and Geophysical Flows",
JOURNAL    ="Physics of Fluids",
 Year = "1968",
 Volume = "10",
 Pages = "1409-1416" }

@ARTICLE{Bryanetal75,
AUTHOR     ="Bryan, K. and S. Manabe and R. C. Pacanowski",
TITLE      ="A global ocean-atmosphere climate model. {Part II. T}he oceanic circulation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="5",
PAGES      ="30-46",
YEAR       ="1975"}

@ARTICLE{re82,
AUTHOR     ="M. H. Redi",
TITLE      ="Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="12",
PAGES      ="1154-1158",
YEAR       ="1982"}

@ARTICLE{gr98,
AUTHOR     ="S. M. Griffies",
TITLE      ="The {Gent-McWilliams} Skew Flux",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="28",
PAGES      ="831-841",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{sa04,
AUTHOR     ="R. Salmon",
TITLE      ="Poisson-Bracket Approach to the Construction of Energy- and Potential-Enstrophy-Conserving Algorithms for the Shallow-Water Equations",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="61",
PAGES      ="2016-2036",
YEAR       ="2004"}

@TECHREPORT{suta95,
AUTHOR     ="Max J. Suarez and Lawrence L. Takacs",
TITLE      ="Documentation of the {ARIES/GEOS} Dynamical Core: Version 2",
TYPE       ="{NASA} Technical Memorandum 104606, {Vol.} 5",
INSTITUTION="NASA Goddard Space Flight Center",
ADDRESS    ="Greenbelt, Maryland",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{arhs90,
AUTHOR     ="A. Arakawa and {Y.-J.} G. Hsu",
TITLE      ="Energy conserving and potential-enstrophy dissipating schemes for the shallow-water equations",
JOURNAL    =mwr,
VOLUME     ="118",
PAGES      ="1960-1969",
YEAR       ="1990"}

@ARTICLE{arla81,
AUTHOR     ="A. Arakawa and V. R. Lamb",
TITLE      ="A Potential Enstrophy and Energy Conserving Scheme for the Shallow Water Equations",
JOURNAL    =mwr,
VOLUME     ="109",
PAGES      ="18-36",
YEAR       ="1981"}

@ARTICLE{sm63,
AUTHOR     ="J. Smagorinsky",
TITLE      ="General Circulation Experiments with the Primitive Equations {I}: The Basic Experiment",
JOURNAL    =mwr,
VOLUME     ="91",
NUMBER     ="3",
PAGES      ="99-164",
YEAR       ="1963"}

@ARTICLE{he63,
AUTHOR     ="J. R. Herring",
TITLE      ="Investigation of problems in thermal convection",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="20",
PAGES      ="325-338",
YEAR       ="1963"}

@ARTICLE{arfl03c,
AUTHOR     ="Brian K. Arbic and Glenn R. Flierl",
TITLE      ="Effects of mean flow direction on energy, isotropy, and coherence of baroclinically unstable beta-plane geostrophic turbulence",
NOTE       ="Submitted",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
YEAR       ="2003"}

@techreport{etopo,
AUTHOR    ="ETOPO5 Topographic Maps",
TITLE     ="Data Announcement 88-MGG-02, Digital relief of the Surface of the {Earth}",
INSTITUTION ="NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center",
YEAR      ="1988",
ADDRESS   ="Boulder, Colorado"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{mcmoya01,
AUTHOR     ="J. C. {McWilliams} and M. J. Molemaker and I. Yavneh",
TITLE      ="From stirring to mixing of momentum:  Cascades from balanced flows to dissipation in the oceanic interior",
BOOKTITLE  ={{'Aha Huliko'a Proceedings}},
EDITOR     ="P. Miller and D. Henderson",
PUBLISHER  ="{SOEST} Special Publication",
ADDRESS    ="Manoa, Hawaii",
PAGES      ="59-66",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{co01,
  AUTHOR = {S. J. Cowley},
  TITLE = {Laminar Boundary-Layer Theory: A 20th Century Paradox?},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of ICTAM 2000},
  YEAR = {2001},
  EDITOR = {H. Aref and J. W. Phillips},
  PAGES = {389-411},
  PUBLISHER = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  ADDRESS = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}
}

@ARTICLE{grna99,
AUTHOR     ="R. J. Greatbatch and B. T. Nadiga",
TITLE      ="Four-Gyre Circulation in a Barotropic Model with Double-Gyre Wind Forcing",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="30",
NUMBER     ="6",
PAGES      ="1461-1471",
YEAR       ="1999"}

@ARTICLE{grmc03,
AUTHOR     ="R. J. Greatbatch and Trevor J. McDougall",
TITLE      ="The Non-Boussinesq Temporal Residual Mean",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="33",
NUMBER     ="6",
PAGES      ="1231-1239",
YEAR       ="2003"}


@ARTICLE{ha03b,
AUTHOR     ="E. Hagen",
TITLE      ="Planetary {Rossby} Waves in the {Northeast Atlantic Ocean}?",
JOURNAL    ="Eos. Trans. AGU",
VOLUME     ="84",
NUMBER     ="52",
PAGES      ="{Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl.}, Abstract OS22L-05",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ha03,
AUTHOR     ="E. Hagen",
TITLE      ="Baroclinic {Rossby} Waves in the {Northeast} {Atlantic} {Ocean}?",
BOOKTITLE  ="Beitr{\"a}ge zur Klima- und Meeresforschung, Aus Anlass des 70. Geburtstages von Peter Hupfer",
EDITOR     ="F. M. Chmielewski and T. Foken",
ADDRESS    ="Berlin, Bayreuth",
PUBLISHER  ="Selbstverlag",
PAGES      ="149-158",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{hona03,
AUTHOR     ="D. D. Holm and B. T. Nadiga",
TITLE      ="Modeling Mesoscale Turbulence in the Barotropic Double Gyre Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="33",
PAGES      ="2355-2365",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{nama01,
AUTHOR     ="B. T. Nadiga and L. G. Margolin",
TITLE      ="Dispersive-Dissipative Eddy Parameterization in a Barotropic Model",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="31",
PAGES      ="2525-2531",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{caho93,
AUTHOR     ="R. Camassa and D. D. Holm",
TITLE      ="An Integrable Shallow Water Equation with Peaked Solitons",
JOURNAL    =prl,
VOLUME     ="71",
NUMBER     ="11",
PAGES      ="1661-1664",
YEAR       ="1993"}

@ARTICLE{lhgi67,
AUTHOR     ="M. S. {Longuet-Higgins} and A. E. Gill",
TITLE      ="A Discussion on Nonlinear Theory of Wave Propation in Dispersive Systems",
JOURNAL    ="Proc. Roy. Soc. A",
VOLUME     ="299",
PAGES      ="120-140",
YEAR       ="1967"}

@ARTICLE{ra1880,
AUTHOR     ="Lord Rayleigh",
TITLE      ="On the stability, or instability, of certain fluid motions",
JOURNAL    ="Proc. London Math. Soc.",
VOLUME     ="11",
PAGES      ="57-70",
YEAR       ="1880"}

@ARTICLE{sq33,
AUTHOR     ="H. M. Squire",
TITLE      ="On the stability of three-dimensional disturbances of viscous flow between parallel walls",
JOURNAL    ="Proc. Roy. Soc. A",
VOLUME     ="142",
PAGES      ="621-628",
YEAR       ="1933"}

@ARTICLE{kuo49,
AUTHOR     ="{Hsiao-Lan} Kuo",
TITLE      ="Dynamic Instability of Two-Dimensional Nondivergent Flow in a Barotropic Atmosphere",
JOURNAL    ="Journal of Meteorology",
VOLUME     ="6",
PAGES      ="105-122",
YEAR       ="1949"}

@ARTICLE{le34,
AUTHOR     ="J. Leray",
TITLE      ="Sur le mouvement d'un fluide visqueux emplissant l'espace",
JOURNAL    ="Acta Math.",
VOLUME     ="63",
PAGES      ="193-248",
YEAR       ="1934"}

@ARTICLE{homara98,
AUTHOR     ="D. D. Holm and J. E. Marsden and T. S. Ratiu",
TITLE      ="Euler-{P}oincar{\'e} equations and semidirect products with applications to continuum theories",
JOURNAL    ="Advances in Mathematics",
VOLUME     ="137",
PAGES      ="1-81",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{mash03,
AUTHOR     ="J. E. Marsden and S. Shkoller",
TITLE      ="The Anisotropic Lagrangian Averaged Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations",
JOURNAL    ="Arch. Rational Mech. Anal.",
VOLUME     ="166",
PAGES      ="27-46",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{ho94,
AUTHOR     ="N. G. Hogg",
TITLE      ="Observations of Gulf Stream Meander-Induced Disturbances",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="24",
PAGES      ="2534-2546",
YEAR       ="1994"}

@ARTICLE{rosppi88,
AUTHOR     ="A. R. Robinson and M. A.  Spall and N. Pinardi",
TITLE      ="Gulf Stream Simulations and the Dynamics of Ring and Meander Processes",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="18",
PAGES      ="1811-1854",
YEAR       ="1988"}

@ARTICLE{spro90,
AUTHOR     ="M. A. Spall and A. R. Robinson",
TITLE      ="Regional Primitive Equation Studies of the Gulf Stream Meander and Ring Formation Region",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="20",
PAGES      ="985-1016",
YEAR       ="1990"}

@ARTICLE{colefa94,
AUTHOR     ="L. Cornillon and T. Lee and G. Fall",
TITLE      ="On the Probability that a Gulf Stream Meander Crest Detaches to Form a Warm Core Ring",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="24",
PAGES      ="159-171",
YEAR       ="1994"}

@ARTICLE{muvawa97,
AUTHOR     ="M. D. Mundt and G. K. Vallis and J. Wang",
TITLE      ="Balanced Models and Dynamics fo the Large- and Mesoscale Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="27",
PAGES      ="1133-1152",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{bapi01,
AUTHOR     ="N. J. Balmforth and C. Piccolo",
TITLE      ="The Onset of Meandering in a Barotropic Jet",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="449",
PAGES      ="85-114",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{paprba01,
AUTHOR     ="C. Pasquero and A. Provenzale and A. Babiano",
TITLE      ="Parameterization of dispersion in two-dimensional turbulence",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="439",
PAGES      ="279-303",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{jodesp02,
AUTHOR     ="Joyce, T.M. and C. Deser and M.A. Spall",
TITLE      ="The relation between decadal variability of subtropical mode water and the {North Atlantic Oscillation}",
JOURNAL    =jc,
VOLUME     ="13",
PAGES      ="2550-2569",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{beholu93,
AUTHOR     ="Gal Berkooz and Philip Holmes and John L. Lumley",
TITLE      ="The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition in the Analysis of Turbulent Flows",
JOURNAL    =arfm,
VOLUME     ="25",
PAGES      ="539-575",
YEAR       ="1993"}

@ARTICLE{vepr91,
AUTHOR     ="J. Verron and C. {le Provost}",
TITLE      ="Response of eddy-resolved general circulation numerical models to asymmetrical wind forcing",
JOURNAL    =dao,
VOLUME     ="15",
PAGES      ="505-533",
YEAR       ="1991"}

@ARTICLE{mo87,
AUTHOR     ="Boris Moro",
TITLE      ="On the inertial motion of a homogeneous ocean",
JOURNAL    =dao,
VOLUME     ="11",
PAGES      ="1-17",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@ARTICLE{mo88,
AUTHOR     ="Boris Moro",
TITLE      ="On the nonlinear {Munk} model. {I. S}teady Flows",
JOURNAL    =dao,
VOLUME     ="12",
PAGES      ="259-287",
YEAR       ="1988"}

@ARTICLE{mo90,
AUTHOR     ="Boris Moro",
TITLE      ="On the nonlinear {Munk} model. {II. S}tability",
JOURNAL    =dao,
VOLUME     ="14",
PAGES      ="203-227",
YEAR       ="1990"}

@ARTICLE{tohuho00,
AUTHOR     ="T. L. Townsend and H. E. Hurlburt and P. J. Hogan",
TITLE      ="Modeled {Sverdrup} flow in the {North Atlantic} from 11 different wind stress climatologies",
JOURNAL    =dao,
VOLUME     ="32",
PAGES      ="373-417",
YEAR       ="2000"}

@ARTICLE{prve87,
AUTHOR     ="C. {Le Provost} and J. Verron",
TITLE      ="Wind-driven Ocean Circulation Transition to Barotropic Instability",
JOURNAL    =dao,
VOLUME     ="11",
PAGES      ="175-201",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@ARTICLE{wu97,
AUTHOR     ="Carl Wunsch",
TITLE      ="The vertical partition of oceanic horizontal kinetic energy",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="27",
PAGES      ="1770-1794",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{ilka64,
AUTHOR     ="A. M. Il'in and V. M. Kamenkovich",
TITLE      ="The structure of the boundary layer in a two-dimensional model of ocean currents",
JOURNAL    ="Okeanologiya",
VOLUME     ="4",
PAGES      ="756-769",
YEAR       ="1964",
NOTE       ="In Russian"}

@ARTICLE{ka66,
AUTHOR     ="V. M. Kamenkovich",
TITLE      ="A contribution to the theory of the inerial-viscous boundary layer in a two-dimensional model of ocean currents",
JOURNAL    ="Isvestiya",
PAGES      ="781-792",
YEAR       ="1966"}

@ARTICLE{ta21,
AUTHOR     ="G. I. Taylor",
TITLE      ="Diffusion by Continuous movements",
JOURNAL    =plms,
VOLUME     ="20",
PAGES      ="196-212",
YEAR       ="1921"}

@BOOK{telu72,
AUTHOR     ="Hendrik Tennekes and John L. Lumley",
TITLE      ="A First Course in Turbulence",
PUBLISHER  ="MIT Press",
ADDRESS    ="Cambridge",
PAGES      ="300",
YEAR       ="1972"}

@BOOK{anhole87,
AUTHOR     ="David G. Andrews and James R. Holton and Conway B. Leovy",
TITLE      ="Middle Atmosphere Dynamics",
PUBLISHER  ="Academic Press",
ADDRESS    ="San Diego",
PAGES      ="489",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@BOOK{jo86,
AUTHOR     ="I. T. Joliffe",
TITLE      ="Principal Component Analysis",
PUBLISHER  ="Springer-Verlag",
ADDRESS    ="New York",
PAGES      ="271",
YEAR       ="1986"}

@BOOK{drre81,
AUTHOR     ="P. G. Drazin and W. H. Reid",
TITLE      ="Hydrodynamic Stability",
PUBLISHER  ="Cambridge University Press",
ADDRESS    ="Cambridge",
PAGES      ="527",
YEAR       ="1981"}

@BOOK{lamb,
AUTHOR     ="Horace Lamb",
TITLE      ="Hydrodynamics",
PUBLISHER  ="Dover Publications",
ADDRESS    ="New York",
PAGES      ="737",
EDITION    ="6th",
YEAR       ="1932"}

@ARTICLE{mast98,
AUTHOR     ="D. P. Marshall and J. C. Stephens",
TITLE      ="On the insensitivity of the wind-driven circulation to bottom topography",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="59",
PAGES      ="1-27",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{grve98,
AUTHOR     ="R. W. Griffiths and George Veronis",
TITLE      ="Linear theory of the effect of a sloping boundary on circulation in a homogeneous laboratory model",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="56",
PAGES      ="75-86",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{grve97,
AUTHOR     ="R. W. Griffiths and George Veronis",
TITLE      ="A laboratory studey of effects of a sloping side boundary on wind-driven circulation in a homogeneous ocean model",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="55",
PAGES      ="1103-1126",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{hudc01,
AUTHOR     ="C. W. Hughes and B. A. {de Cuevas}",
TITLE      ="Why Western Boundary Currents in Realistic Oceans are Inviscid:  A Link between Form Stress and Bottom Pressure Torques",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="31",
PAGES      ="2871-2885",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{hu02,
AUTHOR     ="C. W. Hughes",
TITLE      ="An extra dimension to mixing",
JOURNAL    ="Nature",
VOLUME     ="416",
PAGES      ="136-139",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{pa69,
AUTHOR     ="Parsons, A. T.",
TITLE      ="A two-layer model of Gulf Stream separation",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="39",
PAGES      ="511-528",
YEAR       ="1969"}

@ARTICLE{hufl87,
AUTHOR     ="Huang, R. X. and Flierl, G. R.",
TITLE      ="Two-layer Models for the Thermocline and Current Structure in Subtropical Subpolar Gyres",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="17",
NUMBER     ="7",
PAGES      ="872-884",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@ARTICLE{hu87a,
AUTHOR     ="Huang, R. X.",
TITLE      ="A Three-Layer MODEL FOR WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION IN A SUBTROPICAL-SUBPOLAR BASIN {Part I: M}ODEL FORMULATION AND THE SUBCRITICAL STATE",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="17",
PAGES      ="664-678",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@ARTICLE{hu87b,
AUTHOR     ="Huang, R. X.",
TITLE      ="A Three-LAYER MODEL FOR WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION IN A SUBTROPICAL-SUBPOLAR BASIN {Part II:} the Supercritical and Hypercritical States",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="17",
PAGES      ="679-697",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@ARTICLE{hu88,
AUTHOR     ="Huang, R. X.",
TITLE      ="A Three-LAYER MODEL FOR WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION IN A SUBTROPICAL-SUBPOLAR BASIN {Part III: P}otential Vorticity Analysis",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="18",
PAGES      ="739-752",
YEAR       ="1988"}

@ARTICLE{hu90,
AUTHOR     ="Huang, R. X.",
TITLE      ="On the Structure of western boundary currents with two moving layers",
JOURNAL    ="Tellus",
VOLUME     ="42A",
PAGES      ="594-604",
YEAR       ="1990"}

@ARTICLE{vm27,
AUTHOR     ="R. Von Mises",
TITLE      ="Bemerkungen zur Hydrodynamik",
JOURNAL    ="Z. Angew. Math. Mech.",
VOLUME     ="7",
PAGES      ="425-431",
YEAR       ="1927"}

@ARTICLE{chbl95,
AUTHOR     ="E. P. Chassignet and R. Bleck",
TITLE      ="The Influence of Layer Outcropping on the Separation of Boundary Currents. {Part I}: The Wind-driven Experiments",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="23",
PAGES      ="1485-1507",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{ve73,
AUTHOR     ="G. Veronis",
TITLE      ="Model of World Ocean Circulation. {Part I: W}ind-Driven, Two-Layer",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="31",
PAGES      ="228-288",
YEAR       ="1973"}

@ARTICLE{nadi01,
AUTHOR     ="J. J. Nauw and H. A. Dijkstra",
TITLE      ="The origin of low-frequency variability of double-gyre wind-driven flows",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="59",
PAGES      ="567-597",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{ve76,
AUTHOR     ="G. Veronis",
TITLE      ="Model of World Ocean Circulation. {Part II: T}hermally-Driven, Two-Layer",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="34",
PAGES      ="199-216",
YEAR       ="1976"}

@ARTICLE{ve78,
AUTHOR     ="G. Veronis",
TITLE      ="Model of World Ocean Circulation. {Part III: T}hermally and Wind Driven",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="36",
PAGES      ="1-44",
YEAR       ="1978"}

@incollection{ve81,
 Author = "Veronis, George",
 Title = "Dynamics of large-scale circulation",
 Booktitle = "Evolution of Physical Oceanography",
 Editor = "C. Wunsch and B. Warren",
 Publisher = "MIT Press",
 Year = "1981",
 Pages = "140--183" }

@INCOLLECTION{st64,
AUTHOR     ="R. W. Stewart",
EDITOR     ="Kozo Yoshida",
BOOKTITLE  ="Studies on Oceanography:  A collection of papers dedicated to Koji Hidaka",
TITLE    ="The Influence of Friction on Inertial Models of Oceanic Circulation",
PUBLISHER  ="University of Washington Press",
ADDRESS    ="Seattle, Washington",
PAGES      ="3-9",
YEAR       ="1964"}

@ARTICLE{st89,
AUTHOR     ="R. W. Stewart",
TITLE      ="The no-slip constraint and ocean models",
JOURNAL    =ao,
VOLUME     ="27",
PAGES      ="542-552",
YEAR       ="1989"}

@ARTICLE{ve66a,
AUTHOR     ="George Veronis",
TITLE      ="Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation--{Part I. L}inear Theory and Perturbation Analysis",
JOURNAL    =dsr,
VOLUME     ="13",
PAGES      ="17-29",
YEAR       ="1966"}

@ARTICLE{ve66b,
AUTHOR     ="George Veronis",
TITLE      ="Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation--{Part II.  N}umerical Solution of the Nonlinear Problem",
JOURNAL    =dsr,
VOLUME     ="13",
PAGES      ="30-55",
YEAR       ="1966"}

@ARTICLE{pl82,
AUTHOR     ="R. Alan Plumb",
TITLE      ="A New Look at the Energy Cycle",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="40",
PAGES      ="1669-1688",
YEAR       ="1982"}

@ARTICLE{pl86,
AUTHOR     ="R. Alan Plumb",
TITLE      ="Three-dimensional propagation of transient quasi-geostrophic eddies and its relationship with the eddy forcing of the time-mean flow",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="43",
PAGES      ="1657-1678",
YEAR       ="1986"}

@ARTICLE{chblro95,
AUTHOR     ="E. P. Chassignet and R. Bleck and C. G. H. Rooth",
TITLE      ="The Influence of Layer Outcropping on the Separation of Boundary Currents. Part {II}: The Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Experiments",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="25",
PAGES      ="2404-2422",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{yali97,
AUTHOR     ="Huijin Yang and Zhengyu Liu",
TITLE      ="The Three-Dimensional Chaotic Transport and the Great Ocean Barrier",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="27",
PAGES      ="1258-1273",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{ch95,
AUTHOR     ="E. P. Chassignet",
TITLE      ="Vorticity Dissipation by Western Boundary Currents in the Presence of Outcropping Layers",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="25",
PAGES      ="242-255",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{sa60,
AUTHOR     ="Sangster, W. E.",
TITLE      ="A method for representing the horizontal pressure force without reduction of pressures to sea level",
JOURNAL    =jm,
VOLUME     ="17",
PAGES      ="166-176",
YEAR       ="1960"}

@ARTICLE{shsa74,
AUTHOR     ="Shukla, J. and K. R. Saha",
TITLE      ="Computation of non-divergent stream functions and irrational velocity potential from the observed winds",
JOURNAL    ="Monthly Weather Review",
VOLUME     ="102",
PAGES      ="419-425",
YEAR       ="1974"}

@ARTICLE{crwa96,
AUTHOR     ="Cronin, M. and D. R. Watts",
TITLE      ="Eddy-mean flow interaction in the Gulf Stream at 68 degrees W .1. Eddy energetics",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="26",
NUMBER     ="10",
PAGES      ="2107-2131",
YEAR       ="1996"}

@ARTICLE{brdusm99,
AUTHOR     ="Bryan, K. and J. K. Dukowicz and R. D. Smith",
TITLE      ="On the mixing coefficient in the parameterization of bolus velocity",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="29",
NUMBER     ="9",
PAGES      ="2442-2456",
YEAR       ="1999"}

@ARTICLE{kuhe98,
AUTHOR     ="Kushner, P. J. and I. M. Held",
TITLE      ="A test, using atmospheric data, of a method for estimating oceanic eddy diffusivity",
JOURNAL    =grl,
VOLUME     ="25",
NUMBER     ="22",
PAGES      ="4213-4216",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{hesc99,
AUTHOR     ="I. M. Held and T. Schneider",
TITLE      ="The Surface Branch of the Zonally Averaged Mass Transport Circulation in the Troposphere",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="56",
PAGES      ="1688-1697",
YEAR       ="1999"}

@ARTICLE{Schneider05,
AUTHOR     ="T. Schneider",
TITLE      ="Zonal momentum balance, potential vorticity dynamics, and mass fluxes on near-surface isentropes",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="62",
PAGES      ="1884-1900",
YEAR       ="2005"}

@ARTICLE{wa01,
AUTHOR     ="Watterson, I. G.",
TITLE      ="Decomposition of global ocean currents using a simple iterative method",
JOURNAL    =jaot,
VOLUME     ="18",
PAGES      ="691-703",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{holi75a,
AUTHOR     ="W. R. Holland and L. B. Lin",
TITLE      ="On the origin of mesoscale eddies and their contribution to the general circulation of the ocean. {I. A} preliminary numerical experiment.",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="5",
PAGES      ="642-657",
YEAR       ="1975"}

@ARTICLE{holi75b,
AUTHOR     ="W. R. Holland and L. B. Lin",
TITLE      ="On the origin of mesoscale eddies and their contribution to the general circulation of the ocean. {II. A} parameter study.",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="5",
PAGES      ="658-669",
YEAR       ="1975"}

@ARTICLE{horh80,
AUTHOR     ="W. R. Holland and P. B. Rhines",
TITLE      ="An Example of Eddy-Induced Ocean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="10",
PAGES      ="1010-1031",
YEAR       ="1980"}

@ARTICLE{ho78,
AUTHOR     ="W. R. Holland",
TITLE      ="The Role of Mesoscale Eddies in the General Circulation of the Ocean--Numerical Experiments Using a Wind-Driven Quasi-Geostrophic Model",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="8",
PAGES      ="363-392",
YEAR       ="1978"}

@ARTICLE{sahohe76,
AUTHOR     ="R. Salmon and G. Holloway and M. C. Hendershott",
TITLE      ="The equilibrium statistical mechanics of simple quasi-geostrophic models",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="75",
PAGES      ="691-703",
YEAR       ="1976"}

@ARTICLE{grsa89,
AUTHOR     ="A. Griffa and R. Salmon",
TITLE      ="Wind-driven ocean circulation and equilibrium statistical mechanics",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="47",
PAGES      ="457-492",
YEAR       ="1989"}

@ARTICLE{grca91,
AUTHOR     ="A. Griffa and S. Castellari",
TITLE      ="Nonlinear general circulation of an ocean model driven by wind with a stochastic component",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="49",
PAGES      ="53-73",
YEAR       ="1991"}

@ARTICLE{ozch98,
AUTHOR     ={T.M. {\"O}zg{\"o}kmen and E. P. Chassignet},
TITLE      ="Emergence of Inertial Gyres in a Two-Layer Quasigeostrophic Ocean Model",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="28",
PAGES      ="461-484",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{manu92,
AUTHOR     ="J. C. Marshall and G. Nurser",
TITLE      ="Fluid Dynamics of Oceanic Thermocline Ventilation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="22",
PAGES      ="1315-1329",
YEAR       ="1992"}

@ARTICLE{mama92,
AUTHOR     ="David Marshall and John Marshall",
TITLE      ="Zonal Penetration Scale of Midlatitude Oceanic Jets",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="22",
PAGES      ="1018-1032",
YEAR       ="1992"}

@ARTICLE{hosc85,
AUTHOR     ="W. R. Holland and W. J. Schmitz",
TITLE      ="Zonal Penetration Scale of Model Midlatitude Jets",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="15",
PAGES      ="1859-1875",
YEAR       ="1985"}

@ARTICLE{nuwi90,
AUTHOR     ="A. J. George Nurser and Richard G. Williams",
TITLE      ="Cooling {Parsons'} Model of the Separated {Gulf Stream}",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="20",
PAGES      ="1974-1979",
YEAR       ="1990"}

@ARTICLE{joma93,
AUTHOR     ="H. Jones and J. C. Marshall",
TITLE      ="Convection with Rotation in a Neutral Ocean: A Study of Open-Ocean Deep Convection",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="23",
PAGES      ="1009-1039",
YEAR       ="1993"}

@ARTICLE{kajoma02,
AUTHOR     ="R. Karsten and H. Jones and J. C. Marshall",
TITLE      ="The Role of Eddy Transfer in Setting the Stratification and Transport of a Circumpolar Current",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="32",
PAGES      ="39-54",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{sava97,
AUTHOR     ="R. M. Samelson and G. K. Vallis",
TITLE      ="Large-scale circulation with small diapycnal diffusion: The two Thermocline limit",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="55",
PAGES      ="223-275",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{majokawa02,
AUTHOR     ="J. C. Marshall and H. Jones and R. Karsten and R. Wardle",
TITLE      ="Can Eddies Set Ocean Stratification?",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="32",
PAGES      ="26-38",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{bemcbr02,
AUTHOR     ="P. S. Berloff and J. C. McWilliams and A. Bracco",
TITLE      ="Material Transport in Oceanic Gyres. Part {I}: Phenomenology",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="32",
PAGES      ="764-796",
YEAR       ="2002"}


@ARTICLE{bemc02,
AUTHOR     ="P. S. Berloff and J. C. McWilliams",
TITLE      ="Material Transport in Oceanic Gyres. Part {II}: Hierarchy of Stochastic Models",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="32",
PAGES      ="797-830",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{beme98a,
AUTHOR     ="P. S. Berloff and S. P. Meacham",
TITLE      ="The Dynamics of a Simple Baroclinic Model of the Wind-driven Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="28",
PAGES      ="361-388",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{beme98b,
AUTHOR     ="P. S. Berloff and S. P. Meacham",
TITLE      ="On the stability of the wind-driven circulation",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="59",
PAGES      ="937-993",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{bemc99,
AUTHOR     ="P. S. Berloff and J. C. McWilliams",
TITLE      ="Large-scale, low-frequency Variability in Wind-Driven Ocean Gyres",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="29",
PAGES      ="1925-1949",
YEAR       ="1999"}

@ARTICLE{lori89,
AUTHOR     ="M. S. Lozier and S. C. Riser",
TITLE      ="Potential Vorticity Dynamics of Boundary Currents in a Quasi-geostrophic Ocean",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="19",
PAGES      ="1373-1396",
YEAR       ="1989"}

@ARTICLE{prlobe95,
AUTHOR     ="L. J. Pratt and M. S. Lozier and N. Beliakova",
TITLE      ="Parcel Trajectories in Quasigeostrophic Jets: Neutral Modes",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="25",
PAGES      ="1451-1466",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{romiprjo99,
AUTHOR     ="A. M. Rogerson and P. D. Miller and L. J. Pratt and C. K. R. T. Jones",
TITLE      ="Lagrangian Motion and Fluid Exchange in a Barotropic Meandering Jet",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="29",
PAGES      ="2635-2655",
YEAR       ="1999"}

@ARTICLE{yuprjo04,
AUTHOR     ="G.-C. Yuan and L. J. Pratt and C. K. R. T. Jones",
TITLE      ="Cross-Jet Transport and Mixing in a 2 1/2-Layer Model",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="34",
PAGES      ="1991-2005",
YEAR       ="2004"}

@ARTICLE{lori90,
AUTHOR     ="M. S. Lozier and S. C. Riser",
TITLE      ="Potential Vorticity Sources and Sinks in a Quasi-geostrophic Ocean:  beyond Western Boundary Currents",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="20",
PAGES      ="1608-1627",
YEAR       ="1990"}


@ARTICLE{be04a,
AUTHOR     ="P. Berloff",
TITLE      ="On Dynamically Consistent Eddy Fluxes",
JOURNAL    =dao,
YEAR       ="submitted 2004"}

@ARTICLE{be04b,
AUTHOR     ="P. Berloff",
TITLE      ="Random-force model of the oceanic eddies",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
YEAR       ="submitted 2004"}

@UNPUBLISHED{rama04,
AUTHOR     ="T. Radko and J. C. Marshall",
TITLE      ="Eddy-induced diapycnal fluxes and their role in the maintenance of the thermocline",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
NUMBER     ="34",
PAGES      ="372-383",
YEAR       ="2004"}

@UNPUBLISHED{rama03,
AUTHOR     ="T. Radko and J. C. Marshall",
TITLE      ="Equilibration of a warm pumped lens on a $\beta$-plane",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="33",
PAGES      ="885-889",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{ba69,
AUTHOR     ="G. K. Batchelor",
TITLE      ="Computation of the energy spectrum in homogeneous two-dimensional turbulence",
JOURNAL    ="The Physics of Fluids",
VOLUME     ="Supplement {II}",
PAGES      ="233-239",
YEAR       ="1969"}

@ARTICLE{besa97,
AUTHOR     ="Becker, J. M. and R. Salmon",
TITLE      ="Eddy formation on a continental slope",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="55",
NUMBER     ="2",
PAGES      ="181-200",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{smbohemataheva02,
AUTHOR     ="Smith, K. S. and Boccaletti, G. and Henning, C. C. and Marinov, I. and Tam, C. Y. and Held, I. M. and Vallis, G. K.",
TITLE      ="Turbulent diffusion in the geostrophic inverse cascade",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="469",
PAGES      ="13-48",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{smva02,
AUTHOR     ="Smith, K. S. and  Vallis, G. K.",
TITLE      ="The scales and equilibration of midocean eddies: forced-dissipative flow",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="32",
NUMBER     ="6",
PAGES      ="1699-1720",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{smva01,
AUTHOR     ="Smith, K. S. and  Vallis, G. K.",
TITLE      ="The scales and equilibration of midocean eddies: freely evolving flow",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="31",
NUMBER     ="2",
PAGES      ="554-571",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@INCOLLECTION{he87,
AUTHOR     ="M. C. Henderschott",
EDITOR     ="D. I. Arbarbanel and W. R. Young",
TITLE      ="General Circulation of the Oceans",
CHAPTER    ="Single Layer Models of the General Circulation",
PUBLISHER  ="Springer-Verlag",
ADDRESS    ="Berlin",
PAGES      ="202-282",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@INCOLLECTION{harh00,
AUTHOR     ="R. Hallberg and P. B. Rhines",
EDITOR     ="R. M. Kerr and Y. Kimura",
TITLE      ="Developments in Geophysical Turbulence",
CHAPTER    ="Boundary sources of potential vorticity in geophysical circulations",
PUBLISHER  ="Kluwer",
ADDRESS    ="Dordrecht",
PAGES      ="51-65",
YEAR       ="2000"}

@ARTICLE{rhyo84,
  AUTHOR = {P. B. Rhines and W. R. Young},
  TITLE = {Homogenization of potential vorticity in planetary gyres},
  JOURNAL = jfm,
  YEAR = {1984},
  VOLUME = {122},
  PAGES = {347-367}}

@INCOLLECTION{wu02,
AUTHOR     ="Carl Wunsch",
EDITOR     ="R. Pierce",
TITLE      ="Meteorology at the Millenium",
CHAPTER    ="Ocean Observations and the Climate Forecast Problem",
PUBLISHER  ="Academic Press",
ADDRESS    ="San Diego",
PAGES      ="233-245",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{rhho79,
  AUTHOR = {P. B. Rhines and W. R. Holland},
  TITLE = {A theoretical discussion of eddy-driven mean flows},
  JOURNAL = dao,
  YEAR = {1979},
  VOLUME = {3},
  PAGES = {289-325}}

@INCOLLECTION{yo87,
AUTHOR     ="W. R. Young",
EDITOR     ="D. I. Arbarbanel and W. R. Young",
TITLE      ="General Circulation of the Oceans",
CHAPTER    ="Baroclinic Theories of the Wind Driven Circulation",
PUBLISHER  ="Springer-Verlag",
ADDRESS    ="Berlin",
PAGES      ="134-201",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@BOOK{as,
AUTHOR     ="Isaac Asimov",
TITLE      ="Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery",
PUBLISHER  ="Harper {\&} Row",
ADDRESS    ="New York",
YEAR       ="1989"}

@BOOK{wu96,
AUTHOR     ="Carl Wunsch",
TITLE      ="The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem",
PUBLISHER  ="Cambridge University Press",
ADDRESS    ="Cambridge; New York",
YEAR       ="1996",
PAGES      ="442"}

@BOOK{mofe,
AUTHOR     ="Philip M. Morse and Herman Feshbach",
TITLE      ="Methods of Theoretical Physics",
PUBLISHER  ="McGraw-Hill, Inc.",
ADDRESS    ="New York",
YEAR       ="1953"}

@BOOK{can,
AUTHOR     ="C. Canuto and M. Y. Hussaini and A. Quarteroni and T. A. Zang",
TITLE      ="Spectral Methods in Fluid Dynamics",
PUBLISHER  ="Springer-Verlag",
ADDRESS    ="Berlin",
YEAR       ="1988"}

@BOOK{bo,
AUTHOR     ="J. P. Boyd",
TITLE      ="Chebyshev {\&} Fourier Spectral Methods",
PUBLISHER  ="Springer-Verlag",
ADDRESS    ="Berlin",
YEAR       ="2001",
EDITION    ="Second",
PAGES      ="668"}

@BOOK{go,
AUTHOR     ="David Gottlieb and Steven A. Orszag",
TITLE      ="Numerical Analysis of Spectral Methods: Theory and Applications",
PUBLISHER  ="Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics",
ADDRESS    ="Philadelphia",
YEAR       ="1981",
PAGES      ="170"}

@ARTICLE{oris74,
AUTHOR     ="Steven A. Orszag and Moshe Israeli",
TITLE      ="Numerical Simulations of Viscous Incompressible Flows",
JOURNAL    =arfm,
VOLUME     ="6",
PAGES    ="281-318",
YEAR       ="1974"}

@ARTICLE{ba52,
AUTHOR     ="Batchelor, George K.",
TITLE      ="Diffusion in a Field of Homogeneous Turbulence",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="214",
PAGES    ="535-557",
YEAR       ="1952"}

@BOOK{ba67,
AUTHOR     ="Batchelor, George K.",
TITLE      ="An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics",
PUBLISHER  ="Cambridge University Press",
ADDRESS    ="Cambridge",
PAGES      ="615",
YEAR       ="1967"}

@BOOK{ba60,
AUTHOR     ="Batchelor, George K.",
TITLE      ="The Theory of Homogeneous Turbulence",
PUBLISHER  ="Cambridge University Press",
ADDRESS    ="Cambridge",
PAGES      ="197",
YEAR       ="1960"}

@BOOK{gr90,
AUTHOR     ="Greenspan, Harvey P.",
TITLE      ="The Theory of Rotating Fluids",
PUBLISHER  ="Breukelen Press",
ADDRESS    ="Brookline",
YEAR       ="1990",
PAGES      ="352"}

@ARTICLE{pe65a,
AUTHOR     ="Pedlosky, Joseph",
TITLE      ="A Study of the Time Dependent Ocean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="22",
PAGES      ="267-272",
YEAR       ="1965"}

@ARTICLE{pe65b,
AUTHOR     ="Pedlosky, Joseph",
TITLE      ="A Note on the Western Intensification of the Oceanic Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="23",
PAGES      ="207-209",
YEAR       ="1965"}

@BOOK{grif,
AUTHOR     ="David Griffiths",
TITLE      ="Introduction to Electrodynamics",
PUBLISHER  ="Prentice Hall",
ADDRESS    ="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey",
YEAR       ="1998",
EDITION    ="Third",
PAGES      ="576"}

@BOOK{jack,
AUTHOR     ="David Jackson",
TITLE      ="Classical Electrodynamics",
PUBLISHER  ="John Wiley and Sons",
ADDRESS    ="New York",
YEAR       ="1998",
EDITION    ="Third",
PAGES      ="808"}

@BOOK{pe87,
AUTHOR     ="Joseph Pedlosky",
TITLE      ="Geophysical Fluid Dynamics",
PUBLISHER  ="Springer",
ADDRESS    ="Berlin",
YEAR       ="1987",
EDITION    ="Second",
PAGES      ="710"}

@BOOK{pe96,
AUTHOR     ="Joseph Pedlosky",
TITLE      ="Ocean Circulation Theory",
PUBLISHER  ="Springer",
ADDRESS    ="Berlin",
YEAR       ="1996",
PAGES      ="453"}

@BOOK{piem90,
AUTHOR     ="George L. Pickard and William J. Emery",
TITLE      ="Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction",
PUBLISHER  ="Butterworth Heinemann",
ADDRESS    ="Oxford",
EDITION    ="Fifth",
YEAR       ="1990"}

@COLLECTION{ro63,
TITLE      ="Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation",
EDITOR     ="Allan R. Robinson",
PUBLISHER  ="Blaisdell Publishing Co.",
ADDRESS    ="New York",
YEAR       ="1963"}

@BOOK{st58,
AUTHOR     ="Henry M. Stommel",
TITLE      ="The Gulf Stream",
PUBLISHER  ="University of California Press, Cambridge University Press",
ADDRESS    ="Berkeley, Los Angeles, London",
YEAR       ="1958"}

@ARTICLE{de41,
AUTHOR     ="Andreas Defant",
TITLE      ="{\emph{Meteor}} {Atlantic} expedition 1925-1927",
JOURNAL    ="Wiss. Ergebn.",
VOLUME     ="4",
NUMBER     ="2",
PAGES      ="191-260",
YEAR       ="1941"}

@ARTICLE{sv47,
AUTHOR     ="Harald U. Sverdrup",
TITLE      ="Wind-Driven Currents in a Baroclinic Ocean; with Application to the Equatorial Currents of the Eastern {Pacific}",
JOURNAL    =pnas,
VOLUME     ="33",
NUMBER     ="11",
PAGES      ="318-326",
YEAR       ="1947"}

@ARTICLE{st48,
AUTHOR     ="Henry M. Stommel",
TITLE      ="The Westward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents",
JOURNAL    ="Transactions, American Geophysical Union",
VOLUME     ="29",
NUMBER     ="2",
PAGES      ="202-206",
YEAR       ="1948"}

@ARTICLE{st56,
AUTHOR     ="Henry M. Stommel",
TITLE      ="On the determination of the depth of no meridional motion",
JOURNAL    =dsr,
VOLUME     ="3",
PAGES      ="273-278",
YEAR       ="1956"}

@ARTICLE{mu50,
AUTHOR     ="Walter H. Munk",
TITLE      ="On the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jm,
VOLUME     ="7",
NUMBER     ="2",
PAGES      ="79-93",
YEAR       ="1950"}

@ARTICLE{muca50,
AUTHOR     ="Walter H. Munk and George F. Carrier",
TITLE      ="The Wind-Driven Circulation in Ocean Basins of Various Shapes",
JOURNAL    =t,
VOLUME     ="2",
NUMBER     ="3",
PAGES      ="158-167",
YEAR       ="1950"}

@ARTICLE{fo54,
AUTHOR     ="N. P. Fofonoff",
TITLE      ="Steady Flow in a Frictionless Homogenous Ocean",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="13",
NUMBER     ="3",
PAGES      ="254-262",
YEAR       ="1954"}

@ARTICLE{ch55,
AUTHOR     ="Jule G. Charney",
TITLE      ="The {Gulf Stream} as an Inertial Boundary Layer",
JOURNAL    =pnas,
VOLUME     ="41",
NUMBER     ="10",
PAGES      ="731-740",
YEAR       ="1955"}

@ARTICLE{chst62,
AUTHOR     ="Jule G. Charney and M. E. Stern",
TITLE      ="On the stability of internal baroclinic jets in a rotating atmosphere",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="19",
PAGES      ="159-172",
YEAR       ="1962"}

@ARTICLE{fj50,
AUTHOR     ="Fj{\o}rtoft, R.",
TITLE      ="Application of integral theorems in deriving criteria of stability for laminar flows and for the baroclinic circular vortex",
JOURNAL    ="Geofys. Publ.",
VOLUME     ="17",
NUMBER     ="6",
PAGES      ="1-52",
YEAR       ="1950"}

@ARTICLE{mo56,
AUTHOR     ="G. W. Morgan",
TITLE      ="On the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =t,
VOLUME     ="8",
NUMBER     ="3",
PAGES      ="301-320",
YEAR       ="1956"}

@ARTICLE{star160,
AUTHOR     ="Henry M. Stommel and Arnold B. Arons",
TITLE      ="On the Abyssal Circulation of the World Ocean. I. Stationary Planetary Flow Patterns on a Sphere",
JOURNAL    =dsr,
VOLUME     ="6",
PAGES      ="140-154",
YEAR       ="1960"}

@ARTICLE{star260,
AUTHOR     ="H. M. Stommel and A. B. Arons",
TITLE      ="On the Abyssal Circulation of the World Ocean. II. An Idealised Model of the Circulation Pattern and Amplitude in Oceanic Basins",
JOURNAL    =dsr,
VOLUME     ="6",
PAGES      ="217-233",
YEAR       ="1960"}

@ARTICLE{caro62,
AUTHOR     ="G. F. Carrier and A. R. Robinson",
TITLE      ="On the Theory of the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="12",
NUMBER     ="1",
PAGES      ="49-80",
YEAR       ="1962"}

@ARTICLE{gr62,
AUTHOR     ="Harvey P. Greenspan",
TITLE      ="A Criterion for the Existence of Inertial Boundary Layers in the Oceanic Circulation",
JOURNAL    =pnas,
VOLUME     ="48",
PAGES      ="2034-2039",
YEAR       ="1962"}

@ARTICLE{mo63,
AUTHOR     ="D. W. Moore",
TITLE      ="{Rossby} Waves in Ocean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =dsr,
VOLUME     ="10",
PAGES      ="735-747",
YEAR       ="1963"}

@ARTICLE{mo70,
AUTHOR     ="D. W. Moore",
TITLE      ="The Mass Transport Velocity Induced by Free Oscillations at a Single Frequency",
JOURNAL    ="Geophysical Fluid Dynamics",
VOLUME     ="1",
PAGES      ="237-247",
YEAR       ="1970"}

@ARTICLE{br63,
AUTHOR     ="K. Bryan",
TITLE      ="A Numerical Investigation of a Nonlinear Model of a Wind-Driven OCean",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="20",
PAGES      ="594-606",
YEAR       ="1963"}

@ARTICLE{lawa79,
AUTHOR     ="N. Lau and J. M. Wallace",
TITLE      ="On the distribution of horizontal transports by transient eddies in the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="36",
PAGES      ="1844-1861",
YEAR       ="1979"}

@ARTICLE{ve63,
AUTHOR     ="George Veronis",
TITLE      ="An Analysis of wind-driven ocean circulation with a limited number of Fourier Components",
JOURNAL    =jas,
VOLUME     ="20",
PAGES      ="577-593",
YEAR       ="1963"}

@ARTICLE{ni66,
AUTHOR     ="P. P. Niiler",
TITLE      ="On the Theory of the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =dsr,
VOLUME     ="13",
PAGES      ="597-606",
YEAR       ="1966"}

@ARTICLE{we64,
AUTHOR     ="Welander, P.",
TITLE      ="Note on the Role of Boundary Friction in the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =t,
VOLUME     ="16",
PAGES      ="408-410",
YEAR       ="1964"}

@ARTICLE{bl71,
AUTHOR     ="R. R. Blandford",
TITLE      ="Boundary Conditions in Homogenous Ocean Models",
JOURNAL    =dsr,
VOLUME     ="18",
PAGES      ="739-751",
YEAR       ="1971"}

@ARTICLE{rh75,
AUTHOR     ="Peter B. Rhines",
TITLE      ="Waves and Turbulence on a Beta Plane",
JOURNAL    =jfm,
VOLUME     ="69",
PAGES      ="417-443",
YEAR       ="1975"}

@ARTICLE{huch01,
AUTHOR     ="Rui Xin Huang and Li Chao",
NOTE       ="Personal Communication",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{hash01,
AUTHOR     ="Peter Haynes and Emily Shuckburgh",
TITLE      ="Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport 1. Stratosphere",
JOURNAL    =jgr,
NUMBER     ="105",
VOLUME     ="D18",
PAGES      ="3203-3211",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{pi91,
AUTHOR     ="Pierrehumbert, R. T.",
TITLE      ="Large-scale horizontal mixing in planetary atmospheres",
JOURNAL    ="Phys. Fluids",
NUMBER     ="A3",
PAGES      ="1250-1260",
YEAR       ="1991"}

@ARTICLE{bo86,
AUTHOR     ="C. W. B{\"o}ning",
TITLE      ="On the Influence of Frictional Parameterizations in Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation Models",
JOURNAL    =dao,
VOLUME     ="10",
PAGES      ="63-92",
YEAR       ="1986"}

@ARTICLE{ieru86,
AUTHOR     ="Glenn R. Ierley and O. G. Ruehr",
TITLE      ="Analytic and Numerical Solutions of a Nonlinear Boundary-layer Problem",
JOURNAL    ="Studies in Applied Math",
VOLUME     ="75",
PAGES      ="1-36",
YEAR       ="1986"}

@ARTICLE{ie93,
AUTHOR     ="Glenn R. Ierley",
TITLE      ="Nonlinear disturbances of western boundary currents",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="17",
NUMBER     ="",
PAGES      ="2366-2374",
YEAR       ="1993"}

@ARTICLE{ie87,
AUTHOR     ="Glenn R. Ierley",
TITLE      ="On the Onset of Recirculation in Barotropic General Circulation Models",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="17",
NUMBER     ="12",
PAGES      ="2366-2374",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@ARTICLE{ie91,
AUTHOR     ="Glenn R. Ierley and W. R. Young",
TITLE      ="Viscous instabilities in the western boundary-layer",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="21",
NUMBER     ="9",
PAGES      ="1323-1332",
YEAR       ="1991"}

@ARTICLE{ceieyo87,
AUTHOR     ="Paola Cessi and Glenn R. Ierley and W. R. Young",
TITLE      ="A Model of the Inertial Recirculation Deiven by Potential Vorticity Anomalies",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="17",
NUMBER     ="10",
PAGES      ="1640-1653",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@ARTICLE{ce91,
AUTHOR     ="Paola Cessi",
TITLE      ="Laminar separation of colliding western boundary currents",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="49",
PAGES      ="697-717",
YEAR       ="1991"}

@ARTICLE{cepr01,
AUTHOR     ="Paola Cessi and Francois Primeau",
TITLE      ="Dissipative selection of low-frequency modes in a reduced-gravity basin",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="31",
NUMBER     ="1",
PAGES      ="127-137",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@ARTICLE{pr02,
AUTHOR     ="Francois Primeau",
TITLE      ="Long {Rossby} wave basin-crossing time and the resonance of low-frequency basin modes",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="32",
PAGES      ="2652-2665",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{pr98,
AUTHOR     ="Francois Primeau",
TITLE      ="Multiple Equilibria of a Double-Gyre Ocean Model with Super-Slip Boundary Conditions",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="28",
PAGES      ="2130-2147",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{lape02,
AUTHOR     ="Lacasce, J. H. and Pedlosky, J.",
TITLE      ="Baroclinic {Rossby} waves in irregular basins",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="32",
NUMBER     ="10",
PAGES      ="2828-2847",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{lape04,
AUTHOR     ="Lacasce, J. H. and Pedlosky, J.",
TITLE      ="The Instability of {Rossby} Basin Modes and the Oceanic Eddy Field",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
NOTE       ="submitted",
YEAR       ="2004"}

@ARTICLE{mash81,
AUTHOR     ="John C. Marshall and Glenn Shutts",
TITLE      ="A Note on Rotational and Divergent Eddy Fluxes",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="11",
PAGES      ="1677-1680",
YEAR       ="1981"}

@ARTICLE{ma84,
AUTHOR     ="John C. Marshall",
TITLE      ="Eddy Mean flow interaction in a barotropic ocean model",
JOURNAL    =qjrms,
VOLUME     ="100",
NUMBER     ="465",
PAGES      ="573-590",
YEAR       ="1984"}

@ARTICLE{haho81,
AUTHOR     ="D. E. Harrison and W. R. Holland",
TITLE      ="Regional Eddy Vorticity Transport and the Equilibrium Vorticity Budgets of a Numerical Model Ocean Circulation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="11",
PAGES      ="190-208",
YEAR       ="1981"}

@ARTICLE{labo00,
AUTHOR     ="Joseph LaCasce and Amy S. Bower",
TITLE      ="Relative Dispersion in the Subsurface {North Atlantic}",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="58",
PAGES      ="863-894",
YEAR       ="2000"}

@ARTICLE{bolo94,
TITLE      ="A Closer Look at Particle Exchange in the Gulf Stream",
AUTHOR     ="Amy S. Bower and M. Susan Lozier",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="24",
PAGES      ="1399-1418",
YEAR       ="1994"}

@ARTICLE{boro89,
TITLE      ="Evidence of cross-frontal exchange processes in the {Gulf Stream} based on isopycnal {RAFOS} float data",
AUTHOR     ="Amy S. Bower and T. Rossby",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="19",
PAGES      ="1177-1190",
YEAR       ="1989"}

@ARTICLE{roma00,
AUTHOR     ="Malcom J. Roberts and David P. Marshall",
TITLE      ="On the Validity of Downgradient Eddy Closures in Ocean Models",
JOURNAL    =jgr,
VOLUME     ="105",
NUMBER     ="C12",
PAGES      ="28,613-28,627",
YEAR       ="2000"}

@ARTICLE{ma01,
AUTHOR     ="David P. Marshall",
TITLE      ="An implicit formula for boundary current separation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="31",
NUMBER     ="6",
PAGES      ="1633-1638",
YEAR       ="2001"}

@UNPUBLISHED{ieyo94,
AUTHOR     ="G. R. Ierley and W. R. Young",
TITLE      ="A Discussion of Boundary Conditions and Potential Vorticity Balances in Quasigeostrophic General Circulation Models",
NOTE       ="{\emph{unpublished manuscript}}",
YEAR       ="1994"}

@ARTICLE{cecoyo90,
AUTHOR     ="Paola Cessi and R. Vance Condi and William R. Young",
TITLE      ="Dissipative Dynamics of Western Boundary Currents",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="48",
PAGES      ="677-700",
YEAR       ="1990"}

@ARTICLE{ceie95,
AUTHOR    ="Cessi, P. and Ierley, G. R.",
TITLE     ="Symmetry-Breaking Multiple Equilibria in Quasi-geostrophic, Wind-Driven Flows",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="25",
ISSUE      ="6",
PAGES      ="1196-1205",
YEAR       ="1990"}

@ARTICLE{ieyo88,
AUTHOR     ="G. R. Ierley and W. R. Young",
TITLE      ="Inertial Recirculation in a Beta-Plane Corner",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="18",
NUMBER     ="4",
PAGES      ="683-689",
YEAR       ="1991"}

@ARTICLE{ieyo91,
AUTHOR     ="G. R. Ierley and W. R. Young",
TITLE      ="Viscous Instabilities in the Western Boundary-Layer",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="21",
NUMBER     ="9",
PAGES      ="1323-1332",
YEAR       ="1991"}

@ARTICLE{iesh95,
AUTHOR     ="Glenn R. Ierley and Vitalii A. Sheremet",
TITLE      ="Multiple Solutions and Advection-Dominated Flows in the Wind-Driven Circulation. {Part I:  S}lip",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="53",
NUMBER     ="5",
PAGES      ="703-737",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{sh02,
AUTHOR     ="Vitalii A. Sheremet",
TITLE      ="Inertial Gyre Driven by a Zonal Jet Emerging from the Western Boundary",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="32",
NUMBER     ="8",
PAGES      ="2361-2378",
YEAR       ="2002"}

@ARTICLE{mcweya94,
AUTHOR     ="J. C. {McWilliams} and J. B. Weiss and I. Yavneh",
TITLE      ="Anisotropy and Coherent Structures in Planetary Turbulence",
JOURNAL    ="Science",
VOLUME     ="264",
PAGES      ="410-413",
YEAR       ="1994"}

@ARTICLE{wu77,
AUTHOR     ="Carl Wunsch",
TITLE      ="Determining the General Circulation of the Oceans: A Preliminary Discussion",
JOURNAL    ="Science",
VOLUME     ="196",
PAGES      ="871-875",
YEAR       ="1977"}

@ARTICLE{chsc96,
AUTHOR     ="D. B. Chelton and M. G. Schlax",
TITLE      ="Global observations of oceanic {Rossby} waves",
JOURNAL    ="Science",
VOLUME     ="272",
PAGES      ="234-238",
YEAR       ="1996"}


@ARTICLE{pe86,
TITLE      ="The Buoyancy and Wind-Driven Ventilated Thermocline",
AUTHOR     ="J. Pedlosky",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="16",
PAGES      ="1077-1087",
YEAR       ="1986"}

@ARTICLE{pe87b,
AUTHOR     ="J. Pedlosky",
TITLE      ="On {Parsons'} Model of the Ventilated Thermocline",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="17",
PAGES      ="1571-1582",
YEAR       ="1987"}

@ARTICLE{pl72,
AUTHOR     ="G. W. Platzman",
TITLE      ="Two-Dimensional Free Oscillations in Natural Basins",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="2",
PAGES      ="117-137",
YEAR       ="1972"}

@ARTICLE{kichds97,
AUTHOR     ="Killworth, Peter D. and Dudley B. Chelton and Roland A. {de Szoeke}",
TITLE      ="The Speed of Observed and Theoretical Long Extratropical Planetary Waves",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="27",
PAGES      ="1946-1966",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{wedc03,
AUTHOR     ="D. J. Webb and B. A. {de Cuevas}",
TITLE      ="The Region of Large Sea Surface Height Variability in the {Southeast Pacific Ocean}",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="33",
PAGES      ="1044-1056",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{fuvape91,
AUTHOR     ="L. L. Fu and J. Vazquez and C. Perigaud",
TITLE      ="Fitting Dynamic Models to the {GEOSAT} Sea Level Observations in the Tropical Pacific Ocean, {Part I: A} Free Wave Model",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="21",
PAGES      ="798-809",
YEAR       ="1991"}

@ARTICLE{me00,
AUTHOR     ="S. P. Meacham",
TITLE      ="Low-frequency variability in the wind-driven circulation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="30",
PAGES      ="269-293",
YEAR       ="2000"}

@ARTICLE{bjhu03,
AUTHOR     ="M. {Ben Jelloul} and T. Huck",
TITLE      ="Basin-mode interactions and selection by the mean flow in a reduced-gravity quasigeostrophic model",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="33",
PAGES      ="2320-2332",
YEAR       ="2003"}

@ARTICLE{fusm96,
AUTHOR     ="L. L. Fu and R. D. Smith",
TITLE      ="Global ocean circulation from satellite altimetry and high-resolution computer simulation",
JOURNAL    =bams,
VOLUME     ="77",
PAGES      ="2625-2636",
YEAR       ="1996"}

@INCOLLECTION{fu01,
AUTHOR     ={L. L. Fu},
TITLE      ={Ocean Circulation and Variability from Satellite Altimetry},
BOOKTITLE  ={Ocean Circulation and Climate},
EDITOR     ="G. Siedler and J. Church and J. Gould",
PAGES      ="141-172",
YEAR       ="2001",
PUBLISHER  ="Academic Press"}

@INCOLLECTION{lanu01,
AUTHOR     ={W. G. Large and A. J. Nurser},
TITLE      ={Ocean Surface Water Mass Transformation},
BOOKTITLE  ={Ocean Circulation and Climate},
EDITOR     ="G. Siedler and J. Church and J. Gould",
PAGES      ="317-336",
YEAR       ="2001",
PUBLISHER  ="Academic Press"}

@ARTICLE{ko41,
AUTHOR     ="Kolmogorov, A. N.",
TITLE      ="The local structure of turbulence in incrompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds number",
JOURNAL    ="Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR",
VOLUME     ="30",
PAGES      ="9-13",
YEAR       ="1941"}

@ARTICLE{kashpabe95,
AUTHOR     ="Victor M. Kamenkovich and Vitalii A. Sheremet and A. R. Pashtushkov and S.O. Belotserkovsky",
TITLE      ="Analysis of the Barotropic Model of the Subtropical Gyre in the Ocean for Finite {Reynolds} Numbers, {Part I}",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="53",
PAGES      ="959-994",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{shkapa95,
AUTHOR     ="Vitalii A. Sheremet and Victor M. Kamenkovich and A. R. Pashtushkov",
TITLE      ="Analysis for the Barotropic Model of the Subtropical Gyre in the OCean for Finite {Reynolds} Numbers, {Part II}",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="53",
PAGES      ="995-1024",
YEAR       ="1995"}

@ARTICLE{shieka97,
AUTHOR     ="Vitalii A. Sheremet and Glenn R. Ierley and Vladimir M. Kamenkovich",
TITLE      ="Eigenanalysis of the Two-Dimensional Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation Problem",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="55",
PAGES      ="57-92",
YEAR       ="1997"}

@ARTICLE{ba98,
AUTHOR     ="Victor Barcilon",
TITLE      ="On the Barotropic Ocean with Bottom Friction",
JOURNAL    =jmr,
VOLUME     ="56",
NUMBER     ="4",
PAGES      ="731-771",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{lps,
AUTHOR     ="Luyten, J. R. and Pedlosky, J. and Stommel, H. M.",
TITLE      ="The ventilated thermocline",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="13",
PAGES      ="292-309",
YEAR       ="1983"}

@ARTICLE{edpe98,
AUTHOR     ="Christopher A. Edwards and Joseph Pedlosky",
TITLE      ="Dynamics of Nonlinear Cross-Equatorial Flow. {Part I: P}otential Vorticity Transformation",
JOURNAL    =jpo,
VOLUME     ="28",
PAGES      ="2382-2406",
YEAR       ="1998"}

@ARTICLE{Abramopoulos1988,
  AUTHOR = {F. Abramopoulos},
  TITLE = {{Generalized energy and potential enstrophy conserving finite difference schemes for the shallow water equations}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 116,
  PAGES = {650-662},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@BOOK{Abramowitz:Stegun1965,
  AUTHOR = {M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun},
  TITLE = {{Handbook of mathematical functions}},
  PAGES = 1046,
  YEAR = 1965,
  PUBLISHER = {{Dover, New York}}
}

@ARTICLE{Agustsdottir:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {A. M. Agustsdottir and R. B. Alley and D. Pollard and
                  W. H. Peterson},
  TITLE = {{Ekman transport and upwelling during Younger Dryas
                  estimated from wind stress from GENESIS climate
                  model experiments with variable {North Atlantic} heat
                  convergence}},
  JOURNAL = {},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = 1998
}

@ARTICLE{Albrecht:etal1979,
  AUTHOR = {B. A. Albrecht and A. K. Betts and W. H. Schubert and S. K. Cox},
  TITLE = {{A model of the thermodynamic structure of the trade wind boundary layer. Part {I}: Theoretical formulation and sensitivity tests}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 36,
  PAGES = {73-89},
  YEAR = 1979
}

@ARTICLE{Albrecht1979,
  AUTHOR = {B. A. Albrecht},
  TITLE = {{A model of the thermodynamic structure of the trade wind boundary layer. Part {II}: Applications}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 36,
  PAGES = {90-98},
  YEAR = 1979
}

@ARTICLE{Albrecht1993,
  AUTHOR = {B. A. Albrecht},
  TITLE = {{Effects of precipitation on the thermodynamic structure of
                  the trade wind boundary layer}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 98,
  PAGES = {7327-7337},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@ARTICLE{Albrecht:etal1985,
  AUTHOR = {B. A. Albrecht and R. Penc and W. H. Schubert},
  TITLE = {{An observational study of cloud-topped mixed layers}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 42,
  PAGES = {800-822},
  YEAR = 1985
}

@ARTICLE{Albrecht:etal1995a,
  AUTHOR = {B. A. Albrecht and M. P. Jensen and W. J. Syrett},
  TITLE = {{Marine boundary structure and fractional cloudiness}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {100},
  PAGES = {14209-14222},
  YEAR = 1995,
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Albrecht:etal1995b,
  AUTHOR = {B. A. Albrecht and C. S. Bretherton and D. Johnson and
                  W. H. Schubert and A. S. Frisch},
  TITLE = {{The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment - ASTEX}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {76},
  PAGES = {889-904},
  YEAR = 1995,
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Alexander1992a,
  AUTHOR = {M. A. Alexander},
  TITLE = {{Midlatitude atmosphere-ocean interaction during {El Ni\~no}.
                  Part {I}:  The {North Pacific Ocean}}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 5,
  PAGES = {944-958},
  YEAR = 1992
}

@ARTICLE{Alexander1992b,
  AUTHOR = {M. A. Alexander},
  TITLE = {{Midlatitude atmosphere-ocean interaction during {El Ni\~no}.
                  Part {I}:  The northern hemisphere}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 5,
  PAGES = {959-972},
  YEAR = 1992
}

@INCOLLECTION{Alley:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {R. B. Alley and P. U. Clark and L. D. Keigwin
   and R. S. Webb},
  TITLE = {{Making sense of millennial-scale climate change}},
  EDITOR = {{P. U. Clark and R. S. Webb and L.D. Keigwin}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Mechanisms of millenial scale global
   climate change}},
  PAGES = {385-394},
  YEAR = 1999,
  PUBLISHER = {American Geophysical Union, Washington}
}

@ARTICLE{Anderson:McCreary1985,
  AUTHOR = {Anderson, D.L.T. and J.P. McCreary},
  TITLE = {Slowly propagating disturbances in a coupled
                 ocean-atmosphere model.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = 1985,
  VOLUME = 42,
  PAGES = {615-629}
}

@ARTICLE{Andreas:etal1984,
  AUTHOR = {E. L. Andreas and W. B. Tucker and S. F. Ackley},
  TITLE = {{Atmospheric boundary layer modification, drag
                  coefficient, and surface flux in the Antarctic
                  marginal ice zone.}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = 1984,
  VOLUME = 89,
  PAGES = {649-661}
}

@BOOK{Andrich1989,
  AUTHOR = {P. Andrich},
  TITLE = {{D\`evelopment de mod\`eles num\`eriques oc\`eaniques pour l'\`etude du couplage oc\`ean-atmospher\`e en zone tropicale. }},
  YEAR = 1989,
  PUBLISHER = {{Th\`ese de doctorat.  Universit\`e Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris}}
}

@ARTICLE{Arakawa1966,
  AUTHOR = {Arakawa, A.},
  TITLE = {{Computational design for long-term numerical integration of the equations of fluid motion: Two-dimensional incompressible flow}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Comput. Phys.},
  VOLUME = 1,
  PAGES = {119-143},
  YEAR = 1966
}

@INCOLLECTION{Arakawa1993,
  AUTHOR = {Arakawa, A.},
  TITLE = {{Closure assumptions in the cumulus parameterization problem}},
  EDITOR = {{K. A. Emanuel and D. J. Raymond}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models}},
  PAGES = {1-17},
  YEAR = 1993,
  PUBLISHER = {American Meteorological Society, Boston}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Arakawa:Cheng1993,
  AUTHOR = {Arakawa, A. and M.-D. Cheng},
  TITLE = {{The Arakawa-Schubert Cumulus Parameterization}},
  EDITOR = {{K. A. Emanuel and D. J. Raymond}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models}},
  PAGES = {123-136},
  YEAR = 1993,
  PUBLISHER = {American Meteorological Society, Boston}
}

@ARTICLE{Arakawa:Schubert1974,
  AUTHOR = {Arakawa, A. and W. H. Schubert},
  TITLE = {{Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part {I}}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {31},
  PAGES = {674-701},
  YEAR = 1974
}

@ARTICLE{Arkin:Janowiak1991,
  AUTHOR = {Arkin, A. and J. Janowiak},
  TITLE = {{Analyses of the global distribution of precipitation}},
  JOURNAL = {Dyn. Atmos. Oceans},
  VOLUME = {16},
  PAGES = {5-16},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@ARTICLE{Atlas:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {Atlas, R. and. S. C. Bloom and R. N. Hoffman and
                  J. Ardizzone and G. Brin},
  TITLE = {{Space-based surface wind vectors to aid understanding of
                  air-sea interactions}},
  JOURNAL = {Eos. Trans. AGU.},
  VOLUME = {72},
  PAGES = {201-208},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@INCOLLECTION{Augstein1978,
  AUTHOR = {Augstein, E.},
  TITLE = {{The atmospheric boundary layer over the tropical oceans}},
  EDITOR = {{D. B. Shaw}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Meteorology over the Tropical Oceans}},
  PAGES = {73-104},
  YEAR = 1978,
  PUBLISHER = {Roy. Meteor. Soc.}
}

@BOOK{Babuska:etal1983,
  AUTHOR = {I. Babuska and J. Chandra and J.E. Flaherty},
  TITLE = {{Adaptive computation methods for partial differential equations}},
  YEAR = 1983,
  PUBLISHER = {{SIAM}}
}

@ARTICLE{Baik:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Baik, J.-J. and M. DeMaria and S. Raman},
  TITLE = {{Tropical cyclone simulations with the Betts convective
                  adjustment scheme.  Part I: Model description and
                  control simulation}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 119,
  PAGES = {513-528},
  YEAR = 1990
}

@ARTICLE{Bard:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {E. Bard and F. Rostek and C. Sonzongni},
  TITLE = {{Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation
                  inferred from alkenone paleothermometry}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = 385,
  PAGES = {707-710},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Barnett1983,
  AUTHOR = {Barnett, T. P.},
  TITLE = {{Interaction of the monsoon and Pacific trade wind systems at interannual time scales.  Part I: The equatorial zone}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 111,
  PAGES = {756-773},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Barnett:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Barnett, T. P. and N. Graham and M. A. Cane and S. E. Zebiak and S. Dolan and J. J. O'Brien and D. Legler},
  TITLE = {{On the prediction of the El Ni\~no of 1986-1987}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = 241,
  PAGES = {192-196},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@ARTICLE{Barnett:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {Barnett, T. P. and M. Latif and E. Kirk and E. Roeckner},
  TITLE = {{On ENSO physics}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 4,
  PAGES = {487-515},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@ARTICLE{Barnett:etal1993,
  AUTHOR = {{Barnett, T.P., M. Latif, N. Graham, M. Fl\"{u}gel,
                  S. Pazan and W. White}},
  TITLE = {{ENSO and ENSO-related predictability. Part I: Prediction of
equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature with a hybrid coupled
ocean-atmosphere model}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1993,
  VOLUME = 6,
  PAGES = {1545-1566}
}

@ARTICLE{Barnett:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {{Barnett, T.P., D. W. Pierce, R. Saravanan, N. Schneider, D. Dommenget, M. Latif}},
  TITLE = {{Origins of the midlatitude Pacific decadal variability}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  YEAR = 1999,
  VOLUME = 26,
  PAGES = {1453-1456}
}

@ARTICLE{Barnston:Livezey1987,
  AUTHOR = {A. Barnston and R. E. Livezey},
  TITLE = {{Classification, seasonality and persistence of
                  low-frequency circulation patterns}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 115,
  PAGES = {1083-1126},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Barsugli:Battisti1998,
  AUTHOR = {J. J. Barsugli and D. S. Battisti},
  TITLE = {{The basic effects of atmosphere
ocean thermal coupling on midlatitude variability.}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {55},
  PAGES = {477-493},
  YEAR = 1998,
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Bates1999,
  AUTHOR = {J. R. Bates},
  TITLE = {{A dynamical stabilizer in the climate system: a mechanism
                  suggested by a simple model}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  VOLUME = {51A},
  PAGES = {349-372},
  YEAR = 1999,
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{we61,
  AUTHOR = {Ferris Webster},
  TITLE = {{The Effect of Meanders on the Kinetic Energy Balance of the Gulf Stream}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {392-401},
  YEAR = {1961},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{scst98,
  AUTHOR = {Scott, R. B. and Straub, D. N.},
  TITLE = {Small Viscosity Behavior of a Homogeneous, Quasigeostrophic, Ocean Circulation Model},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = {56},
  PAGES = {1225-1258},
  YEAR = {1998},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Battisti1988,
  AUTHOR = {Battisti, D.S.},
  TITLE = {The dynamics and thermodynamics of a warming event in
                 a coupled tropical atmosphere/ocean model.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = 1988,
  VOLUME = 45,
  PAGES = {2889-2919}
}

@BOOK{Battisti1988th,
  AUTHOR = {Battisti, D. S.},
  TITLE = {{Dynamics and thermodynamics of a warming event in a tropical atmosphere/ocean model}},
  PAGES = 153,
  YEAR = 1988,
  PUBLISHER = {{Ph.D. Thesis}}
}

@ARTICLE{Battisti:Hirst1989,
  AUTHOR = {Battisti, D. S. and A. C. Hirst},
  TITLE = {{Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphere/ocean system: influence of the basic state and ocean geometry}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 46,
  PAGES = {1687-1712},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Battisti:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {Battisti, D. S. and U. S. Bhatt and M. A. Alexander},
  TITLE = {{A modeling study of the interannual variability in the
                  wintertime North Atlantic Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 8,
  PAGES = {3067-3083},
  YEAR = 1995
}

@BOOK{Baumgartner:Reichel1975,
  AUTHOR = {A. Baumgartner and E. Reichel},
  TITLE = {{The world water balance: Mean annual global, continental and maritime precipitation, evaporation and run-off}},
  PAGES = 179,
  FIGS = {maps, 31},
  YEAR = 1975,
  PUBLISHER = {{Elsevier, Amsterdam}}
}

@ARTICLE{Beljaars:Holtslag1984,
  AUTHOR = {Beljaars, A. C. M. and A. A. M. Holtslag},
  TITLE = {{Flux parameterization over land surfaces for
                  atmospheric models}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Appl. Meteor.},
  YEAR = 1984,
  VOLUME = 30,
  PAGES = {327-341}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Bengston1986,
  AUTHOR = {L. Begnston},
  TITLE = {{Four dimensional data assimilation.  }},
  EDITOR = {{}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{International Conference on the results of the Global Weather Experiment and Their Implications for the World Weather Watch May 1985,}},
  PAGES = {27-31},
  YEAR = 1986,
  PUBLISHER = {Geneva, Switzerland. WMO/TD No. 107, GARP Pub.No.26, I: 187-216.}
}

@ARTICLE{Bennett:Budgell1987,
  AUTHOR = {A.F. Bennett and W.P. Budgell},
  TITLE = {{Ocean Data Assimilation and the Kalman Filter:
                 Spatial Regularity}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1987,
  VOLUME = 17,
  PAGES = {1584-1601}
}

@TECHREPORT{Berliand:Berliand1952,
  AUTHOR = {M. E. Berliand and T. G. Berliand},
  TITLE = {{Determining the net longwave radiation of the Earth
                 with consideration of the effect of cloudiness (in Russian)}},
  INSTITUTION = {Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Ser. Geofiz.},
  YEAR = 1952,
  NUMBER = 1,
  PAGES = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Betts1973,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{Non-precipitating cumulus convection and its
                 parameterization}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = 99,
  PAGES = {178-196},
  YEAR = 1973
}

@ARTICLE{Betts1975,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{Parametric interpretation of trade-wind cumulus budget studies}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 32,
  PAGES = {1934-1945},
  YEAR = 1975
}

@ARTICLE{Betts1976,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{Modeling subcloud layer structure and interaction with a
                 shallow cumulus layer}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 33,
  PAGES = {2363-2382},
  YEAR = 1976
}

@ARTICLE{Betts1982a,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{Saturation point analysis of moist convective overturning}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 39,
  PAGES = {1484-1505},
  YEAR = 1982
}

@ARTICLE{Betts1982b,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{Cloud thermodynamic models in saturation point coordinates}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 39,
  PAGES = {2182-2191},
  YEAR = 1982
}

@ARTICLE{Betts1986,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis}},
  JOURNAL = {Q.J.Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = 112,
  PAGES = {677-691},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Betts1990,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{Greenhouse warming and the tropical water vapor budget}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = 71,
  PAGES = {1465-1467},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Betts1995,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{A lagged mixing parameterization for the dry convective
                  boundary layer}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 123,
  PAGES = {1912-1915},
  YEAR = 1995
}

@ARTICLE{Betts:Albrecht1987,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts and B. A. Albrecht},
  TITLE = {{Conserved variable analysis of boundary layer thermodynamic
                  structure over the tropical oceans}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 44,
  PAGES = {83-99},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Betts:Boers1990,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts and R. Boers},
  TITLE = {{A cloudiness transition in a marine boundary layer}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 46,
  PAGES = {2621-2641},
  YEAR = 1990
}

@ARTICLE{Betts:Miller1986,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts and M. J. Miller},
  TITLE = {{A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column
                 tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic
                 air-mass data sets}},
  JOURNAL = {Q.J.Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = 112,
  PAGES = {693-709},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@INCOLLECTION{Betts:Miller1993,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts and M. J. Miller},
  TITLE = {{The Betts-Miller scheme}},
  EDITOR = {{K. A. Emanuel and D. J. Raymond}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models}},
  PAGES = {107-121},
  YEAR = 1993,
  PUBLISHER = {American Meteorological Society, Boston}
}

@ARTICLE{Betts:Ridgway1988,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts and W. Ridgway},
  TITLE = {{Coupling of radiative, convective, and surface fluxes over
                 the equatorial Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 45,
  PAGES = {522-536},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@ARTICLE{Betts:Ridgway1989,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts and W. Ridgway},
  TITLE = {{Climatic equilibrium of the atmospheric convective boundary
                 layer over a tropical ocean}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 46,
  PAGES = {2621-2641},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Betts:Ridgway1992,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts and W. Ridgway},
  TITLE = {{Tropical boundary layer equilibrium in the last ice age}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 97,
  PAGES = {2529-2534},
  YEAR = 1992
}

@ARTICLE{Betts:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {A. K. Betts and C. S. Bretherton and E. Klinker},
  TITLE = {{Relation between mean boundary-layer structure and
                  cloudiness at the R/V {\em Valdivia} during ASTEX}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 52,
  PAGES = {2752-2762},
  YEAR = 1995
}

@ARTICLE{Bhatt:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {U. S. Bhatt and M. A. Alexander and D. S. Battisti and
                  D. D. Houghton and L. M. Keller},
  TITLE = {{Atmosphere-ocean interaction in the North Atlantic:
                  Near-surface variability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 11,
  PAGES = {1615-1632},
  YEAR = 1998
}

@BOOK{Bigg1996,
  AUTHOR = {G. R. Bigg},
  TITLE = {{The Oceans and Climate}},
  PAGES = 266,
  YEAR = 1996,
  PUBLISHER = {{Cambridge University Press, England, 266pp}}
}

@ARTICLE{Bishop:Rossow1991,
  AUTHOR = {J. K. B. Bishop and W. B. Rossow},
  TITLE = {{Spatial and temporal variability of global surface solar irradiance}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 96,
  PAGES = {16 839-16 858},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@ARTICLE{Bjerknes1964,
  AUTHOR = {J. Bjerknes},
  TITLE = {{Atlantic air-sea interaction}},
  JOURNAL = {Adv. in Geophys.},
  VOLUME = 10,
  PAGES = {1-82},
  YEAR = 1964
}

@ARTICLE{Bjerknes1966,
  AUTHOR = {J. Bjerknes},
  TITLE = {{A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anormalies of ocean temperature.}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  VOLUME = 18,
  PAGES = {820-29},
  YEAR = 1966
}

@ARTICLE{Bjerknes1969,
  AUTHOR = {J. Bjerknes},
  TITLE = {{Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 97,
  PAGES = {163-72},
  YEAR = 1969
}

@ARTICLE{Bjerknes1972,
  AUTHOR = {J. Bjerknes},
  TITLE = {{Large-scale atmospheric response to the 1964-65 Pacific equatorial warming}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 15,
  PAGES = {1255-73},
  YEAR = 1972
}

@ARTICLE{Blade:Hartmann1993,
  AUTHOR = {I. Blad\'{e} and D. L. Hartmann},
  TITLE = {{Tropical intraseasonal oscillations in a simple nonlinear model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 50,
  PAGES = {2922-2939},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@ARTICLE{Blade1999,
  AUTHOR = {I. Blad\'{e}},
  TITLE = {{The influence of mid-latitude ocean-atmosphere coupling on
                  the low-frequency variability of a GCM. Part II:
                  Interannual variability induced by tropical SST forcing}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 12,
  PAGES = {21-45},
  YEAR = 1999
}

@ARTICLE{Blanc1987,
  AUTHOR = {T. V. Blanc},
  TITLE = {{Accuracy of bulk method determined flux, stability, and sea surface roughness}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 80,
  PAGES = {3867-3876},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Blandford1966,
  AUTHOR = {Blandford, R.},
  TITLE = {{Mixed gravity-{Rossby} waves in the ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {Deep Sea Res.},
  YEAR = {1966},
  VOLUME = {13},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {941-961},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Bleck1979,
  AUTHOR = {R. Bleck},
  TITLE = {{Finite-difference equations in generalized vertical coordinates. Part II:  Potential vorticity conservation}},
  JOURNAL = {Contrib. Atmos. Phys.},
  VOLUME = 51,
  PAGES = {360-372},
  YEAR = 1979
}

@ARTICLE{Bleck:Boudra1981,
  AUTHOR = {R. Bleck and D. B. Boudra},
  TITLE = {{Initial testing of a numerical ocean circulation model using a hybird (quasi-isopycinc) vertical coordinate}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 11,
  PAGES = {755-770},
  YEAR = 1981
}

@ARTICLE{Bleck:Boudra1986,
  AUTHOR = {R. Bleck and D. B. Boudra},
  TITLE = {{Wind-driven spin-up in eddy-resolving ocean models formulated in isopycnic and isobaric coordinates}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 91,
  PAGES = {7611-7621},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@BOOK{Blumenthal1987,
  AUTHOR = {M. Benno Blumenthal},
  TITLE = {{Interpretation of equatorial current meter data as internal waves}},
  PAGES = 381,
  YEAR = 1987,
  PUBLISHER = {{Ph.D. Thesis, MIT/WHOI, WHOI-87-7}}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Blumenthal1990,
  AUTHOR = {M. Benno Blumenthal},
  TITLE = {Effects of{ West African} air humidity on Atlantic sea surface temperature.},
  BOOKTITLE = {Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought},
  YEAR = 1990,
  EDITOR = {Prof. R. Paepe and Rhodes W. Fairbridge and Saskia Jelgersma},
  PAGES = {21-40},
  SERIES = {NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
                 Geohydrological Management of Sea Level and
                 Mitigation of Drought},
  PUBLISHER = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  ADDRESS = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}
}

@ARTICLE{Blumenthal1991,
  AUTHOR = {M. Benno Blumenthal},
  TITLE = {Predictability of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = {4},
  NUMBER = 8,
  PAGES = {766-784}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Blumenthal1992,
  AUTHOR = {M. Benno Blumenthal},
  TITLE = {{An advective air-humidity model}},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Blumenthal:Cane1989,
  AUTHOR = {M. Benno Blumenthal and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Accounting for parameter uncertainties in model verification: an illustration with tropical sea surface temperature}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 19,
  PAGES = {815-830},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Blumenthal:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {M. Benno Blumenthal and R. Seager and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Two dynamical improvements of a model for tropical Pacific
                 sea surface temperature}},
  JOURNAL = {to be submitted to J. Geophys. Res.},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = 1994
}

@ARTICLE{Boers:Betts1988,
  AUTHOR = {R. Boers and A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{Saturation point structure of marine stratocumulus clouds}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 45,
  PAGES = {1156-1175},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@BOOK{Boerstel1988,
  AUTHOR = {J. W. Boerstel},
  TITLE = {{Numerical grid generation in 3-D  Euler flow simulation, numerical methods of fluid dynamics 111}},
  PAGES = {187-214},
  YEAR = 1988,
  PUBLISHER = {{Oxford, England}}
}

@ARTICLE{Bourke:McGregor1983,
  AUTHOR = {W. Bourke and J. L. McGregor},
  TITLE = {{A nonlinear vertical mode initialization scheme for a
                 limited area prediction model}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 111,
  PAGES = {2285-2297},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Boyle:Keigwin1987,
  AUTHOR = {Boyle, E. A. and L. Keigwin},
  TITLE = {{North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past
                  20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface
                  temperature}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {315},
  PAGES = {35-40},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Branscome:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {L. E. Branscome and W. J. Gutowski and D. A. Stewart},
  TITLE = {{Effect of surface fluxes on the nonlinear development of
                  baroclinic waves}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 46,
  PAGES = {460-475},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Bretherton1982,
  AUTHOR = {F. Bretherton},
  TITLE = {{Ocean climate modeling}},
  JOURNAL = {Progr. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 46,
  PAGES = {2621-2641},
  YEAR = 1982
}

@ARTICLE{Bretherton1993,
  AUTHOR = {C. S. Bretherton},
  TITLE = {{Understanding Albrecht's model of trade cumulus cloud fields}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 50,
  PAGES = {2264-2283},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@ARTICLE{Bretherton:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {C. S. Bretherton and C. Smith and J. M. Wallace},
  TITLE = {{An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns
                  in climate data}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 5,
  PAGES = {541-560},
  YEAR = 1992
}

@ARTICLE{Bretherton:Battisti2000,
  AUTHOR = {C. S. Bretherton and D. S. Battisti},
  TITLE = {{An interpretation of the results from atmospheric general
                  circulation models forced by the time history of the
                  observed sea surface temperature distribution}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  VOLUME = {27},
  PAGES = {767-770},
  YEAR = 2000,
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Bretherton:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {C. S. Bretherton and E. Klinker and A. K Betts and
                  J. A. Coakley},
  TITLE = {{Comparison of ceilometer, satellite and synoptic
                  measurements of boundary layer cloudiness and the
                  ECMWF diagnostic cloud parameterization scheme
                  during ASTEX}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 52,
  PAGES = {2736-2751},
  YEAR = 1995
}

@ARTICLE{Briscoe1977,
  AUTHOR = {M. Briscoe},
  TITLE = {{Gaussianity of internal waves}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 82,
  PAGES = {2117-2126},
  YEAR = 1977
}

@ARTICLE{Broccoli:Manabe1987,
  AUTHOR = {Broccoli, A. J. and S. Manabe},
  TITLE = {{The influence of continental ice, atmospheric $CO_2$, and
                  land albedo on the climate of the last glacial maximum}},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  VOLUME = 1,
  PAGES = {87-99},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Broecker1987,
  AUTHOR = {W.S. Broecker},
  TITLE = {{The biggest chill}},
  JOURNAL = {Natural History},
  VOLUME = 96,
  PAGES = {74-82},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Broecker1991,
  AUTHOR = {W.S. Broecker},
  TITLE = {{The great ocean conveyor}},
  JOURNAL = {Oceanography},
  VOLUME = 4,
  PAGES = {79-89},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@ARTICLE{Broecker1994,
  AUTHOR = {W.S. Broecker},
  TITLE = {{Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global
climate change}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = 372,
  PAGES = {412--424},
  YEAR = 1994
}

@ARTICLE{Broecker1997a,
  AUTHOR = {W.S. Broecker},
  TITLE = {{Mountain Glaciers: Recorders of atmospheric water vapor content?}},
  JOURNAL = {Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles},
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {589-597},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Broecker1997b,
  AUTHOR = {W.S. Broecker},
  TITLE = {{Thermohaline circulation, the Achilles heel of our climate
                  system: Will man-made $CO_2$ upset the climate balance?}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {278},
  PAGES = {1582-1588},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Broecker:Denton1989,
  AUTHOR = {W.S. Broecker and G. H. Denton},
  TITLE = {{The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles}},
  JOURNAL = {Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta},
  VOLUME = {53},
  PAGES = {2465-2501},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Broecker:Denton1990,
  AUTHOR = {W.S. Broecker and G. H. Denton},
  TITLE = {{What drives glacial cycles?}},
  JOURNAL = {Sci. Am.},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {49-56},
  YEAR = 1990
}

@ARTICLE{Bryan1969,
  AUTHOR = {K. Bryan},
  TITLE = {{A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Comput. Phys.},
  VOLUME = 4,
  PAGES = {347-376},
  YEAR = 1969
}

@ARTICLE{Bryan1986F,
  AUTHOR = {F. Bryan},
  TITLE = {{High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulations}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = 323,
  PAGES = {301-304},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Bryan1986K,
  AUTHOR = {K. Bryan},
  TITLE = {{Poleward bouyancy transport in the ocean and mesoscale eddies}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 16,
  PAGES = {927-933},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Bryan1987,
  AUTHOR = {F. Bryan},
  TITLE = {{Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 17,
  PAGES = {970-985},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Bunker:etal1949,
  AUTHOR = {A. Bunker and B. Haurwitz and J.S. Malkus and H. M. Stommel},
  TITLE = {{Vertical distribution of temperature and humidity over the Caribbean sea}},
  JOURNAL = {Papers in Phys. Oceanogr. and Met. {\rm published by Mass. Inst. Tech. and Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst.}},
  VOLUME = 11,
  PAGES = {1-82},
  YEAR = 1949
}

@ARTICLE{Busalacchi:Cane1983,
  AUTHOR = {A. J. Busalacchi and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Hindcast of 1982-1983 Pacific sea level}},
  JOURNAL = {Papers from 1982-1983 ENSO Data Display Workshop},
  PAGES = {147-158},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Busalacchi:Cane1985,
  AUTHOR = {A. J. Busalacchi and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Hindcasts of sea level variations during 1982/83 El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 15,
  PAGES = {213-221},
  YEAR = 1985
}

@ARTICLE{Busalacchi:Cane1988,
  AUTHOR = {A. J. Busalacchi and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{The effect of varying stratification on low-frequency equatorial motions}},
  JOURNAL = { J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 18,
  PAGES = {213-221},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@ARTICLE{Busalacchi:OBrien1981,
  AUTHOR = {A. J. Busalacchi and J.J. O'Brien},
  TITLE = {{Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific in the 1960s}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 86,
  PAGES = {10901-10907},
  YEAR = 1981
}

@ARTICLE{Busalacchi:etal1983,
  AUTHOR = {A. J. Busalacchi and K. Takeuchi and J.J. O'Brien},
  TITLE = {{Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific - revisited}},
  JOURNAL = {J. of Geophys. Res.},
  VOLUME = 88,
  PAGES = {7551-7562},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Bush:Philander1998,
  AUTHOR = {Bush, A. B. G. and S. G. H. Philander},
  TITLE = {{The role of ocean-atmosphere interactions in tropical
                  cooling during the last glacial maximum}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = 279,
  PAGES = {1341-1344},
  YEAR = 1998
}

@ARTICLE{Businger:etal1971,
  AUTHOR = {Businger, J. A. and J. C. Wyngaard and Y. Izumi and E. F. Bradley},
  TITLE = {{Flux-Profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 28,
  PAGES = {181-189},
  YEAR = 1971
}

@ARTICLE{Canby1984,
  AUTHOR = {Canby, T.Y.},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no's} Ill Wind},
  JOURNAL = {Natl. Geogr.},
  YEAR = 1984,
  VOLUME = 165,
  PAGES = {144-183}
}

@BOOK{Cane1975,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{A study of the wind-driven ocean circulation in an equatorial basin}},
  PAGES = 372,
  YEAR = 1975,
  PUBLISHER = {{Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}
}

@BOOK{numrec,
  AUTHOR = {William H. Press and Saul A. Teukolsky and William T. Vetterling and Brian P. Flannery},
  TITLE = {{Numerical Recipes in C}},
  PAGES = 993,
  YEAR = 1992,
  Edition = 2,
  PUBLISHER = {{Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom}}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane1979I,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{The response of an equatorial ocean to simple wind stress patterns I:  numerical results}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = 37,
  PAGES = {  233-252},
  YEAR = { 1979}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane1979II,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{The response of an equatorial ocean to simple wind stress patterns II: numerical results}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = 37,
  PAGES = {355-398},
  YEAR = 1979
}

@ARTICLE{Cane1980,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{On the dynamics of equatorial currents with application to the Indian ocean}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = {27A},
  PAGES = {  525-544},
  YEAR = 1980
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cane1982,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{The variability of equatorial currents.}},
  EDITOR = {McCreary, J. P. and D. W. Moore and J. Witte},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Recent Progress in Equatorial Oceanography}},
  PAGES = {197-206},
  YEAR = 1982,
  PUBLISHER = { Nova/NYIT Press, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane1983,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Oceanographic events during El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = 222,
  PAGES = {  1189-1194},
  YEAR = {  1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane1984,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Modeling sea level during El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 14,
  PAGES = {586-606},
  YEAR = 1984
}

@ARTICLE{Cane1986,
  AUTHOR = {Cane, M.A.},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = {Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci.},
  YEAR = 1986,
  VOLUME = 14,
  PAGES = {43-70}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane1986ElNino,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = {Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.},
  VOLUME = 14,
  PAGES = {43-70},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cane1986Introduction,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Introduction to ocean modeling.}},
  EDITOR = {J.J. O'Brien},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Advanced Physical Oceanographic Numerical Modeling}},
  PAGES = {5-21},
  YEAR = 1986,
  PUBLISHER = {Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane1989,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{A mathematical note on Kawase's study of the deep-ocean 
           circulation}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 19,
  PAGES = {548-550},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cane1991,
  AUTHOR = {Cane, M. A.},
  TITLE = {{Forecasting El Ni\~no with a Geophysical Model}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate
                 Anomalies.}},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge U. Press},
  YEAR = 1991,
  EDITOR = {Glantz, M.H. and R.W. Katz and N. Nicholls},
  CHAPTER = 11,
  PAGES = {345-369},
  ADDRESS = {Cambridge, England}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cane:Busalacchi1987,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and A.J. Busalacchi},
  TITLE = {{Atlantic seasonality:  conclusions.}},
  EDITOR = {E. Katz and J. Witte},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Further Progress in Equatorial Oceanography}},
  PAGES = {255-258},
  YEAR = { 1987},
  PUBLISHER = { Nova University Press, Ft. Lauderdale}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cane:Cardone1981,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and V. Cardone},
  TITLE = {{The potential impact of scatterometry on oceanography: a wave forecasting case.}},
  EDITOR = {J.F. Gower},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Oceanography from Spac}},
  PAGES = {587-596},
  YEAR = 1981,
  PUBLISHER = {  Plenum Press, New York}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Gent1984,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and P. Gent},
  TITLE = {{Reflections of low-frequency equatorial waves at western
          boundaries}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = 42,
  PAGES = {487-502},
  YEAR = 1984
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Moore1981,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and D.W. Moore},
  TITLE = {{A note on low frequency equatorial basin modes}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 11,
  PAGES = {1578-1584},
  YEAR = 1981
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Patton1984,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and R.J. Patton},
  TITLE = {{A numerical model for low-frequency equatorial dynamics}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 14,
  PAGES = {1853-1863},
  YEAR = 1984
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Sarachik1976,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and E.S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {{Forced baroclinic ocean motions I:  The linear equatorial unbounded case}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = 34,
  PAGES = {629-664},
  YEAR = 1976
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Sarachik1977,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and E.S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {{Forced baroclinic ocean motions II:  The linear equatorial bounded case}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = 35,
  PAGES = {395-432},
  YEAR = 1977
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Sarachik1979,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and E.S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {{Forced baroclinic ocean motion III:  an enclosed ocean}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = 37,
  PAGES = { 355-398},
  YEAR = 1979
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Sarachik1981,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and E.S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {{The response of a linear baroclinic equatorial ocean to periodic forcing}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = 39,
  PAGES = {651-693},
  YEAR = 1981
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cane:Sarachik1982,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and E.S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {{Linear baroclinic response of equatorial oceans to periodic forcing.}},
  EDITOR = {McCreary, J. P. and D. W. Moore and J. Witte},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Recent Progress in Equatorial Oceanography}},
  PAGES = {365 -372},
  YEAR = 1982,
  PUBLISHER = {  NOVA/NYIT Press, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Sarachik1983:Equatorial,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and E.S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {{Equatorial oceanography}},
  JOURNAL = {Rev. Geophys. and Space Physics},
  VOLUME = 21,
  PAGES = {  1137-1148},
  YEAR = {  1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Sarachik1983:Seasonal,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and E.S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {{Seasonal heat transports in a forced equatorial baroclinic model}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 13,
  PAGES = {1744-1746},
  YEAR = {  1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Zebiak1985,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and S.E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{A theory for El Ni\~no and the Southern Oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = 228,
  PAGES = {1085-1087},
  YEAR = 1985
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cane:Zebiak1987,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and S.E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Deterministic prediction of El Ni\~no events.}},
  BOOKTITLE = {Atmospheric and Oceanic Variability},
  YEAR = 1987,
  EDITOR = {H. Cattle},
  PAGES = {153-182},
  PUBLISHER = {Royal Meteorological Society/American Meteorological Society}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Zebiak1988,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and S.E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Dynamical forecasts of the 1986-1987 ENSO with a coupled model}},
  JOURNAL = {Proceedings of the 13th Climate diagnostics Workshop, Oct. 3l - Nov. 4, 1988},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@BOOK{Cane:Zebiak1988:On,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and S.E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{On the Mechanisms of the El Ni\~no/Southern Oscillation Cycle, in Study Week on: Persistent Meteo-oceanographic anomalies and Teleconnections}},
  PAGES = {59-96},
  YEAR = {1988},
  PUBLISHER = {{C. Chagas and G. Puppi, Eds. (Pontifical Academy of Science), Vatican City}}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:duPenhoat1982,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and Y. du Penhoat},
  TITLE = {{On the effect of islands on low frequency equatorial motions}},
  JOURNAL = {J . Mar. Res.},
  VOLUME = 40,
  PAGES = {  937-962},
  YEAR = { 1982}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:duPenhoat1989,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and Y. du Penhoat},
  TITLE = {{Effects of low latitude western boundary gaps on the reflection of equatorial motions}},
  JOURNAL = {},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:etal1981,
  AUTHOR = {Mark A. Cane and V. Cardone and M. Halem and I. Halberstam},
  TITLE = {{A simulation study of the impact of SEASAT-A on weather prediction}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {86},
  PAGES = {  8093-8106},
  YEAR = { 1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Cane, M. A. and S. E. Zebiak and S. C. Dolan},
  TITLE = {Experimental forecasts of {El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = 321,
  PAGES = {827-832},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Cane, M. A. and M. M{\"u}nnich and S. E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{A Study of Self-Excited Oscillations of the Tropical
                 Ocean-Atmosphere System.  Part I: Linear Analysis}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {47},
  OPTNUMBER = {13},
  PAGES = {1562-1577},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Zhao1995a,
  AUTHOR = {Cane, M. A. and Y. Zhao},
  TITLE = {{A note on use of monthly mean data in ocean mixed
                  layer mdoels}},
  JOURNAL = {To be submitted},
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:Zhao1995b,
  AUTHOR = {Cane, M. A. and Y. Zhao},
  TITLE = {{On the connection of turbulence closure and bulk
                  mixed layer models}},
  JOURNAL = {To be submitted},
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Cane, M. A. and N. H. Naik and S. E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{On the treatment of the wave operator in
                  semi-Lagrangian schemes}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1996},
  VOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  NOTE = {submitted}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {Cane, M. A. and A. C. Clement and A. Kaplan and
                  Y. Kushnir and D. Pozdnyakov and R. Seager and
                  S. E. Zebiak and R. Murtugudde},
  TITLE = {{Twentieth Century sea surface temperature trends}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  YEAR = {1997},
  VOLUME = {275},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {957-960},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Cane1998,
  AUTHOR = {Cane, M. A.},
  TITLE = {{A role for the tropical Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  YEAR = {1998},
  VOLUME = {282},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {59-60},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  NOTE = {}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cane:Clement1999,
  AUTHOR = {M. A. Cane and A. C. Clement},
  TITLE = {{A role for the tropical Pacific coupled ocean-atmosphere
                  system on Milankovitch and millenial timescales:
                  Part II: Global impacts }},
  EDITOR = {{Peter U. Clark and Robert S. Webb and Lloyd D. Keigwin}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Mechanisms of global climate change at millenial
                  timescales, Geophysical Monograph 112}},
  PAGES = {373-383},
  YEAR = 1999,
  PUBLISHER = {American Geophysocal Union, Washington, DC}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cardone1969,
  AUTHOR = {V. J. Cardone},
  TITLE = {{Specification of the wind field distribution in the marine boundary layer for wave forecasting.}},
  EDITOR = {{New York University, New York, NY}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Report TR-69-1, Geophys. Sci. Lab}},
  YEAR = 1969,
  PUBLISHER = {Available from NTIS AD\#702-490.}
}

@ARTICLE{Cardone:etal1980,
  AUTHOR = {V. J. Cardone and A. J. Broccoli and  C. V. Greenwood and J. A. Greenwood},
  TITLE = {{Error characteristics of extratropical storm wind fields specified from historical data}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Petrol. Tech.},
  VOLUME = 32,
  PAGES = {873-880},
  YEAR = 1980
}

@ARTICLE{Cardone:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {V. J. Cardone and J. G. Greenwood and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{On trends in historical marine wind data}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 3,
  PAGES = {113-127},
  YEAR = 1990
}

@ARTICLE{Carton:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {J. A. Carton and X. Cao and B. S. Giese and A. M. Da Silva},
  TITLE = {{Decadal and interannual SST variability in the tropical
                  Atlantic Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 26,
  PAGES = {1165-1175},
  YEAR = 1996
}

@ARTICLE{Cayan1992a,
  AUTHOR = {D. Cayan},
  TITLE = {{Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern
                  oceans: The connection to monthly atmospheric circulation}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 5,
  PAGES = {354-369},
  YEAR = 1992
}

@ARTICLE{Cayan1992b,
  AUTHOR = {D. Cayan},
  TITLE = {{Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern
                  oceans: Driving the sea surface temperature}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 22,
  PAGES = {859-881},
  YEAR = 1992
}

@ARTICLE{Cess:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {Cess, R.D. and G.L. Potter and J.P. Blanchet and G.J.
                 Boer and S.J. Ghan and J.T. Kihel and H. LeTreut and
                 Z-X Li and X-Z Liang and J.F.B. Mitchell and J-J
                 Morcrette and D.A. Randall and M.R. Riches and E.
                 Roeckner and U.Schlese and A. Slingo and K.E, Taylor
                 and W.M. Washington and R.T. Wetherald and I. Yagai},
  TITLE = {Interpretation of cloud-climate feedback as produced
                 by 14 atmospheric general circulation models},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  YEAR = 1989,
  VOLUME = 245,
  PAGES = {513-516}
}

@ARTICLE{Cess1974,
  AUTHOR = {Cess, R.D.},
  TITLE = {Radiative transfer due to atmospheric water vapor:
                  Global considerations of the Earth's energy balance},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = 1974,
  VOLUME = 33,
  PAGES = {861-871}
}

@ARTICLE{Chang1994,
  AUTHOR = {P. Chang},
  TITLE = {{A study of the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature in
                  the tropical Pacific Ocean using reduced gravity models}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = 1994
}

@ARTICLE{Chang:etal1997a,
  AUTHOR = {P. Chang and  L. Ji and H. Li},
  TITLE = {{A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean
                  from thermodynamic air-sea interations}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = 385,
  PAGES = {516--518},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Chang:etal1997b,
  AUTHOR = {P. Chang  and C. Penland and L. Ji and L. Matrosova},
  TITLE = {{Prediction of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {submitted},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Chang:etal2000a,
  AUTHOR = {P. Chang  and R. Saravanan and L. Ji and G.C. Hegerl},
  TITLE = {{The effect of local sea surface temperatures on the
                  atmospheric circulation over the tropical Atlantic sector}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {In press},
  YEAR = 2000
}

@ARTICLE{Chang:etal2000b,
  AUTHOR = {P. Chang  and L. Ji and R. Saravanan},
  TITLE = {{A hybrid coupled model study of tropical Atlantic variability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {In press},
  YEAR = 2000
}

@ARTICLE{Chao:Philander1993,
  AUTHOR = {Y. Chao and S.G.H. Philander},
  TITLE = {{On the structure of the Southern Oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {6},
  PAGES = {450-469},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@ARTICLE{Charney:etal1975,
  AUTHOR = {J. G. Charney and P.H. Stone and W.J. Quirk},
  TITLE = {{Drought in the Sahara:  A biogeophysical feedback mechanism}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = 187,
  PAGES = {434-435},
  YEAR = 1975
}

@ARTICLE{Charney:Eliassen1964,
  AUTHOR = {J. G. Charney and A. Eliassen},
  TITLE = {{On the growth of the hurricane depression}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 21,
  PAGES = {68-75},
  YEAR = 1964
}

@INCOLLECTION{Charney1971,
  AUTHOR = {J. G. Charney},
  TITLE = {{Tropical cyclogenesis and the formation of the
                 Intertropical Convergence Zone}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Lectures in Applied Mathematics}},
  VOLUME = 13,
  PAGES = {355-369},
  EDITOR = {W.H. Reid},
  PUBLISHER = {{American Mathematics Society}},
  YEAR = {1971}
}

@ARTICLE{Charnock1955,
  AUTHOR = {Charnock, H.},
  TITLE = {{Wind stress on a water surface}},
  JOURNAL = {Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.},
  VOLUME = 81,
  PAGES = 639,
  YEAR = {1955 }
}

@ARTICLE{Chassignet:Gent1991,
  AUTHOR = {Eric P. Chassignet and Peter R. Gent},
  TITLE = {The Influence of Boundary Conditions on Midlatitude
                 Jet Separation in Ocean Numerical Models},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = 21,
  NUMBER = 9,
  PAGES = {1290-1299}
}

@ARTICLE{Chen:etal1994a,
  AUTHOR = {D. Chen and L. M. Rothstein and A. J. Busalacchi},
  TITLE = {A hybrid vertical mixing scheme and its application
                  to tropical ocean models},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1994,
  VOLUME = 24,
  OPTNUMBER = 10,
  PAGES = {2156-2179}
}

@ARTICLE{Chen:etal1994b,
  AUTHOR = {D. Chen and A. J. Busalacchi and L. M. Rothstein},
  TITLE = {The roles of vertical mixing, solar radiation, and wind
                  stress in a model simulation of the sea surface
                  temperature seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = 1994,
  VOLUME = 99,
  OPTNUMBER = C10,
  PAGES = {20345-20359}
}

@ARTICLE{Chou1991,
  AUTHOR = {M.-D. Chou},
  TITLE = {The derivation of cloud parameters from
                 satellite-measured radiances for use in surface
                 radiation calculations},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = 48,
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1549-1559}
}

@ARTICLE{Chou1994,
  AUTHOR = {M.-D. Chou},
  TITLE = {Coolness in the tropical Pacific during an El Ni\~no episode},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1994,
  VOLUME = 7,
  NUMBER = {11},
  PAGES = {1684-1692}
}

@ARTICLE{Chou:Zimmerman1989,
  AUTHOR = {S.-H. Chou and J. Zimmerman},
  TITLE = {Bivariate conditional sampling of buoyancy flux
                  during an intense cold air outbreak},
  JOURNAL = {Bound.-Layer Meteor.},
  YEAR = 1989,
  VOLUME = 46,
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {93-112}
}

@ARTICLE{Clement:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Clement, A. C. and R. Seager and M. A. Cane and S. E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {An ocean dynamical thermostat},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1996,
  NOTE = {},
  VOLUME = {9},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2190-2196}
}

@ARTICLE{Clement:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {Clement, A. C. and M. A. Cane and R. Seager},
  TITLE = {{Patterns and mechanisms of Twentieth Century climate
                  change}},
  JOURNAL = {World Resource Rev.},
  YEAR = 1998,
  NOTE = {},
  VOLUME = {10},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {161-185}
}

@ARTICLE{Clement:Seager1999,
  AUTHOR = {Clement, A. C. and R. Seager},
  TITLE = {Climate and the tropical oceans},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1999,
  NOTE = {},
  VOLUME = {12},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {3383-3401}
}

@ARTICLE{Clement:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {Clement, A. C. and R. Seager and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Orbital controls on the El Ni\~no/Southern Oscillation and the tropical climate}},
  JOURNAL = {Paleoceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1999,
  NOTE = {},
  VOLUME = {14},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {441-456}
}

@ARTICLE{Clement:etal2000b,
  AUTHOR = {Clement, A. C. and R. Seager and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Suppression of El Ni\~no during the mid-Holocene by
                  changes in the Earth's orbit}},
  JOURNAL = {Paleoceanogr.},
  YEAR = 2000,
  NOTE = {In press},
  VOLUME = {},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Clement:etal2000a,
  AUTHOR = {Clement, A. C. and M. A. Cane and R. Seager},
  TITLE = {{An orbitally driven trigger for abrupt climate changes}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 2000,
  NOTE = {Submitted},
  VOLUME = {},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Clement:Cane1999,
  AUTHOR = {A. C. Clement and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{A role for the tropical Pacific coupled ocean-atmosphere
                  system on Milankovitch and millenial timescales:
                  Part I: A modeling study of tropical Pacific variability}},
  EDITOR = {{Peter U. Clark and Robert S. Webb and Lloyd D. Keigwin}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Mechanisms of global climate change at millenial
                  timescales, Geophysical Monograph 112}},
  PAGES = {363-371},
  YEAR = 1999,
  PUBLISHER = {American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC}
}

@BOOK{Clewett:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {Clewett, J. F. and N. M. Clarkson and D. I. Owens and
                  D. G. Albrecht},
  TITLE = {{Australian Rainman:  Rainfall Information for Better Management}},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = 1994,
  PUBLISHER = {{Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia}}
}

@ARTICLE{CLIMAP1976,
  AUTHOR = {{CLIMAP Project Members}},
  TITLE = {{The surface of the ice-age Earth}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  PAGES = {1131-1137},
  YEAR = 1976,
  VOLUME = 191
}

@ARTICLE{Clinet:Martin1992,
  AUTHOR = {S. Clinet and S. Martin},
  TITLE = {{700-hpa geopotential height anomalies from a statistical
                  analysis of the French hemispheric data set.}},
  JOURNAL = {Int. J. Climatology},
  PAGES = {229-256},
  YEAR = 1992,
  VOLUME = 12
}

@ARTICLE{Colin:Garzoli1987,
  AUTHOR = {Colin, C. and S. Garzoli},
  TITLE = {{In situ wind measurements and ocean response in the equatorial Atlantic during FOCAL/SEQUAL experiment}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  PAGES = {3741-3750},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Colin:Garzoli1988,
  AUTHOR = {Colin, C. and S. Garzoli},
  TITLE = {{High frequency variability of in situ wind temperature and current measurements in the equatorial Atlantic during the FOCAL/SEQUAL experiment}},
  JOURNAL = {Oceanologica Acta},
  VOLUME = 11,
  PAGES = {139-148},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@BOOK{Collet:Eckmann1980,
  AUTHOR = {Collet, P. and J.P. Eckmann},
  TITLE = {{Iterated maps of the interval as an dynamical systems}},
  PAGES = 248,
  YEAR = 1982,
  PUBLISHER = {{Birkh\"user, Boston, Basel. Stuttgart}}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Corby:etal1977,
  AUTHOR = {Corby, G. A. and A. Gilchrist and P. R. Rowntree},
  TITLE = {{United Kingdom Meteorological Office five-level gebneral
                 circulation model}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Methods in Computational Physics}},
  VOLUME = 17,
  PAGES = {67-109},
  EDITOR = {J. Chang},
  PUBLISHER = {{Academic Press, New York}},
  YEAR = {1977}
}

@ARTICLE{Cornejo-Garrido:Stone1977,
  AUTHOR = {Cornejo-Garrido and A.G. Stone, P.H.},
  TITLE = {{On the heat balance of the Walker Circulation}.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Atmos. Sci},
  YEAR = 1977,
  VOLUME = 34,
  PAGES = {1155-1162}
}

@ARTICLE{Covey:Hastenrath1978,
  AUTHOR = {D.L. Covey and S. Hastenrath},
  TITLE = {{The Pacific  {El Ni\~no} phenomenon and the Atlantic 
                 circulation.}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1978},
  VOLUME = {106},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {1280-1287},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Cox:Munk1956,
  AUTHOR = {C. Cox and W. Munk},
  TITLE = {{Slopes of the sea surface deduced from photographs of the
                 sun glitter}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 6,
  PAGES = {401-488},
  YEAR = 1956
}

@ARTICLE{Cox1985,
  AUTHOR = {Cox, D.C.},
  TITLE = {{An eddy resolving numerical model of the ventilated thermocline}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 15,
  PAGES = {1312-1324},
  YEAR = 1985
}

@ARTICLE{Cox:Bryan1984,
  AUTHOR = {Cox, M.D. and K. Bryan},
  TITLE = {{A numerical study of the ventilated thermocline}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 14,
  PAGES = {674-687},
  YEAR = 1984
}

@BOOK{Critchfield1983,
  AUTHOR = {Critchfield, H. J.},
  TITLE = {{General Climatology}},
  PAGES = 453,
  YEAR = 1983,
  PUBLISHER = {{Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 453pp}}
}

@ARTICLE{Cullen:deMenocal1999,
  AUTHOR = {Cullen, H. M. and P. B. deMenocal},
  TITLE = {{North Atlantic Influence on Turkish Climate and Water Supply}},
  JOURNAL = {Int. J. Climatology},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = 1999,
  NOTE = {In press}
}

@ARTICLE{Curry1986,
  AUTHOR = {J. A. Curry},
  TITLE = {{Interactions among turbulence, radiation and microphysics
                  in Arctic stratus clouds}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 43,
  PAGES = {90-106},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Curry:Herman1985,
  AUTHOR = {J. A. Curry and G. F. Herman},
  TITLE = {{Relationships between large-scale heat and moisture budgets
                  and the occurence of Arctic stratus clouds}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 113,
  PAGES = {1441-1457},
  YEAR = 1985
}

@ARTICLE{Curtis:Hastenrath1995,
  AUTHOR = {Curtis, S. and Hastenrath, S.},
  TITLE = {Forcing of anomalous sea surface temperature evolution in the tropical {A}tlantic during {P}acific warm events},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {100},
  PAGES = {15835--15847},
  YEAR = {1995},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Czaja:Marshall2001,
  AUTHOR = {A. Czaja and John C. Marshall},
  TITLE = {{Observations of atmosphere-ocean coupling in the North Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {submitted},
  YEAR = 2001
}

@ARTICLE{Daley1979,
  AUTHOR = {Daley, R.},
  TITLE = {{The application of non-linear normal mode initialization to
                 an operational forecast model}},
  JOURNAL = {Atmosphere-Ocean},
  VOLUME = 17,
  PAGES = {97-124},
  YEAR = 1979
}

@ARTICLE{Daley1980,
  AUTHOR = {Daley, R.},
  TITLE = {{The development of efficient time integration schemes using
                 model normal modes}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 108,
  PAGES = {100-110},
  YEAR = 1980
}

@ARTICLE{Daly1978,
  AUTHOR = {Daly, A.W.},
  TITLE = {{The response of North Atlantic sea surface temperature to atmospheric forcing processes}},
  JOURNAL = {Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.},
  VOLUME = 104,
  PAGES = {363-382},
  YEAR = 1978
}

@TECHREPORT{daSilva:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {A. daSilva and A. C. Young and S. Levitus},
  TITLE = {{Atlas of surface marine data 1994. Volume
                  1. Algorithims and Procedures.}},
  INSTITUTION = {National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration},
  YEAR = 1994,
  NUMBER = {NOAA SMD94},
  PAGES = {},
  ADDRESS = {Washington, DC, 83pp}
}

@ARTICLE{Davis:Emanuel1988,
  AUTHOR = {C. A. Davis and K. A. Emanuel},
  TITLE = {{Observational evidence for the influence of surface heat
                  fluxes on rapid maritime cyclogenesis}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 116,
  PAGES = {2649-2659},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@ARTICLE{Deardorff1972,
  AUTHOR = {Deardorff, J.W.},
  TITLE = {{Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer for use in
                 general circulation models}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 100,
  PAGES = {93-106},
  YEAR = 1972
}

@ARTICLE{Dee:etal1985,
  AUTHOR = {Dee, D.P. and S.E. Cohn and M. Ghil},
  TITLE = {{An efficient algorithm for estimating noise covariance in distributed systems}},
  JOURNAL = {IEEE  Trans. Autom. Control},
  VOLUME = {AC-30},
  YEAR = 1985
}

@ARTICLE{Delcroix1987,
  AUTHOR = {Delcroix, T.},
  TITLE = {{Net heat gain of the tropical Pacific Ocean computed from subsurface ocean data and wind stress data}},
  JOURNAL = {Deep Sea Res.},
  VOLUME = 34,
  PAGES = {33-43},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{DelGenio:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Del Genio, A. D. and M.-Y. Yao and W. Kovari and K. K.-W. Lo},
  TITLE = {{A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global
                  climate models}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 9,
  PAGES = {270-304},
  YEAR = 1996
}

@ARTICLE{Delworth:etal1993,
  AUTHOR = {T. Delworth and S. Manabe and R.J. Stouffer},
  TITLE = {{Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in
                  a coupled ocean-atmosphere model}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 6,
  PAGES = {1993-2011},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@ARTICLE{Delworth:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {T. Delworth and S. Manabe and R. J. Stouffer},
  TITLE = {{Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in
                  a coupled ocean-atmosphere model}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 6,
  PAGES = {1993-2011},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@ARTICLE{Delworth:Mehta1998,
  AUTHOR = {T. Delworth and V. Mehta},
  TITLE = {{Simulated interannual to decadal variability in the
                  tropical and sub-tropical North Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  VOLUME = 25,
  PAGES = {2825-2828},
  YEAR = 1998
}

@ARTICLE{deMenocal:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {P. deMenocal and J. Ortiz and T. Guilderson and M. Sarnthein},
  TITLE = {{Millenial-scale linkages between high- and low-latitude
                  climate during the Holocene warm period}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {288},
  PAGES = {2198-2202},
  YEAR = 2000,
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Denton:Hendy1994,
  AUTHOR = {G. H. Denton and C. H. Hendy},
  TITLE = {{Younger Dryas age advance of Franz-Josef glacier in the
                  Southern Alps of New Zealand}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = 264,
  PAGES = {1434-1437},
  YEAR = 1994
}

@ARTICLE{Deque:Servain1989,
  AUTHOR = {M. Deque and J. Servain},
  TITLE = {Teleconnections between tropical Atlantic sea surface
                 temperatures and midlatitude 50kPa heights during 1964-1986.},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1989},
  VOLUME = {2},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {929-944},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Derber:Rosati1989,
  AUTHOR = {Derber, J. and A. Rosati},
  TITLE = {A global oceanic data assimilation system.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1989,
  VOLUME = 19,
  PAGES = {1333-1347}
}

@ARTICLE{Deser1993,
  AUTHOR = {Deser, C.},
  TITLE = {Diagnosis of the surface momentum balance over the
                 tropical Pacific Ocean},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1993,
  VOLUME = 6,
  PAGES = {64-74}
}

@ARTICLE{Deser:Blackmon1993,
  AUTHOR = {Deser, C. and M. L. Blackmon},
  TITLE = {{Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic
                  ocean during winter: 1900-1989}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1993,
  VOLUME = 6,
  PAGES = {1743-1753}
}

@ARTICLE{Deser:Blackmon1995,
  AUTHOR = {Deser, C. and M. L. Blackmon},
  TITLE = {{On the relationship betweeen tropical and North
                  Pacific sea surface temperature variations}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1995,
  VOLUME = 8,
  PAGES = {1677-1680}
}

@ARTICLE{Deser:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {Deser, C. and M. A. Alexander and M. S. Timlin},
  TITLE = {{Evidence for a wind-driven intensification of the
                  Kuroshio Current extension from the 1970s to the 1980s}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1999,
  VOLUME = 12,
  PAGES = {1697-1706}
}

@ARTICLE{Dessier:Donguy1990,
  AUTHOR = {Dessier, A. and J.R. Donguy},
  TITLE = {{Sea surface salinity in the tropical Atlantic ocean (10�S-30�N).  Seasonal and inter-annual variability (1977-1986)}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = {submitted},
  YEAR = 1990
}

@ARTICLE{Dewitt:Schneider2000,
  AUTHOR = {Dewitt, D. G. and E. K. Schneider},
  TITLE = {{The tropical ocean response to a change in solar forcing}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {1133-1149},
  YEAR = 2000
}

@ARTICLE{Dickson:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Dickson, R.R. and J. Meincke and S. Malmberg and A. Lee},
  TITLE = {{The great salinity anomaly in the northern North Atlantic 1968-82}},
  JOURNAL = {Prog. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 20,
  PAGES = {103-151},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@ARTICLE{Dijkstra:Neelin1995,
  AUTHOR = {H. A. Dijkstra and J. D. Neelin},
  TITLE = {{Ocean-atmosphere interaction and the tropical climatology.
                  Part II: Why the Pacific cold tongue is in the east}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 8,
  PAGES = {1343-1359},
  YEAR = 1995
}

@BOOK{Dooley:Martin1984,
  AUTHOR = {Dooley, H.D. and J.H.A. Martin and D.J. Ellett},
  TITLE = {{Abnormal hydrographic conditions in the northeast Atlantic
                 during the 1970's}},
  VOLUME = 185,
  PAGES = {174-187. n},
  YEAR = {},
  PUBLISHER = {{Rapp. et Procs-Verb. des r\`eunions Int. Council Exp. of the Sea.}}
}

@ARTICLE{Dommenget:Latif2000,
  AUTHOR = {D. Dommenget and M. Latif},
  TITLE = {{Interannual to decadal variability in the tropical Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 13,
  PAGES = {777-792},
  YEAR = 2000
}

@ARTICLE{Duchene:Frankignoul1990,
  AUTHOR = {Christine Duch{\^e}ne and Claude Frankignoul},
  TITLE = {Sensitivity and realism of wind-driven tropical ocean models},
  JOURNAL = {J. Mar. Syst.},
  YEAR = 1990,
  VOLUME = 1,
  PAGES = {97-117}
}

@ARTICLE{Duchene:Frankignoul1991,
  AUTHOR = {Christine Duch{\^e}ne and Claude Frankignoul},
  TITLE = {Seasonal variations of surface dynamic topography in
                 the tropical {Atlantic}:  observational uncertainties
                 and model testing.},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = {(submitted May 90)}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Earle1985,
  AUTHOR = {Earle, M.D.},
  TITLE = {{Statistical comparisons of ship and buoy marine observations.}},
  EDITOR = {{NOAA}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Report MEC-85-8, prepared for Ocean Sciences Branch, Satellite Research Laboratory, National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service}},
  YEAR = 1985
}

@ARTICLE{Eckmann1981,
  AUTHOR = {Eckmann, J.P.},
  TITLE = {{Roads to turbulence in dissipative dynamical systems}},
  JOURNAL = {Rev. Mod. Phys.},
  VOLUME = 53,
  PAGES = {643-653},
  YEAR = 1981
}

@ARTICLE{Eiseman1985,
  AUTHOR = {Eiseman, P.R.},
  TITLE = {{Grid generation for fluid mechanics computations}},
  JOURNAL = {Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.},
  VOLUME = 17,
  PAGES = {487-522},
  YEAR = 1985
}

@ARTICLE{Eiseman1987,
  AUTHOR = {Eiseman, P.R},
  TITLE = {{Adaptive grid generation}},
  JOURNAL = {Comp. Meth. in Appl. Mech. and Eng.},
  VOLUME = 64,
  PAGES = {321-376},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Emanuel1987,
  AUTHOR = {Emanuel, K. A.},
  TITLE = {{An air-sea interaction model of intraseasonal oscillations
                 in the tropics}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 44,
  PAGES = {2324-2340},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Emanuel1988,
  AUTHOR = {Emanuel, K. A.},
  TITLE = {{Reply}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 45,
  PAGES = {3528-3530},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@ARTICLE{Emanuel1991,
  AUTHOR = {Emanuel, K. A.},
  TITLE = {{A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 48,
  PAGES = {2313-2335},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@ARTICLE{Emanuel1993,
  AUTHOR = {Emanuel, K. A.},
  TITLE = {{The effect of convective response time on WISHE modes}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 50,
  PAGES = {1763-1775},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@BOOK{Emanuel1994,
  AUTHOR = {Emanuel, K. A.},
  TITLE = {{Atmospheric Convection}},
  PAGES = {580},
  YEAR = {1994},
  PUBLISHER = {{Oxford University Press, New York, 580pp}}
}

@ARTICLE{Emile-Geay:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {Emile-Geay, J. and M. A. Cane and N. Naik and R. Seager and A. C. Clement and A. VanGeen},
  TITLE = {{Warren revisited: a tropical explanation for Why is no
                  deep water formed in the North Pacific?}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = 2000,
  NOTE = {To be submitted}
}

@ARTICLE{Enfield:Mayer1997,
  AUTHOR = {Enfield, D. B. and D. A. Mayer},
  TITLE = {Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability
                  and its relation to the El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1997},
  VOLUME = {102},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {929-945}
}

@ARTICLE{Enfield:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {Enfield, D. B. and A. M. Mestas-Nu\~nez and
                  D. A. Mayer and L. Cid-Serrano},
  TITLE = {{How ubiquitous is the dipole relationship in tropical
                  Atlantic sea surface temperatures?}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1999},
  VOLUME = {104},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {7841-7848}
}

@ARTICLE{Eriksen1988,
  AUTHOR = {Charles C. Eriksen},
  TITLE = {Variability in the Upper-Ocean Internal Wave Field at
                 a {Sargasso} Sea Site},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1988,
  VOLUME = 18,
  NUMBER = 11,
  PAGES = {1495-1513}
}

@TECHREPORT{Errico1991,
  AUTHOR = {R. M. Errico},
  TITLE = {Theory and application of nonlinear normal mode initialization},
  INSTITUTION = {National Center for Atmospheric Research},
  YEAR = 1991,
  NUMBER = {NCAR/TN-344+IA},
  PAGES = 137,
  ADDRESS = {Boulder, Colorado, 137pp}
}

@ARTICLE{Esbensen1984,
  AUTHOR = {Esbensen, S.K.},
  TITLE = {{A comparison of intermonthly and interannual teleconnections in the 700 mb geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 112,
  PAGES = {2016-2030},
  YEAR = 1984
}

@ARTICLE{Esbensen:Reynolds1981,
  AUTHOR = {Esbensen, S.K. and R. W. Reynolds},
  TITLE = {{Estimating monthly averaged air-sea transfers of heat and
                  momentum using the bulk aerodynamic method}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 11,
  PAGES = {457-465},
  YEAR = 1981
}

@TECHREPORT{Esbensen:Kushnir1981,
  AUTHOR = {Esbensen, S.K. and Y. Kushnir},
  TITLE = {The heat budget of the global ocean: An atlas based
                 on estimates from surface marine observations.},
  INSTITUTION = {Clim. Res. Inst.},
  YEAR = 1981,
  NUMBER = {29},
  PAGES = {27},
  ADDRESS = {Oregon State University, Corvallis, 27pp.}
}

@ARTICLE{Eshel:Naik1996,
  AUTHOR = {Eshel, G. and N. Naik},
  TITLE = {{Coupling of deep water formation and the general
                  circulation in the Red Sea}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {27},
  NUMBER = {7},
  PAGES = {1233--1257},
  YEAR = 1996
}

@ARTICLE{Fairbanks1989,
  AUTHOR = {R. G. Fairbanks},
  TITLE = {{A 17,000 year glacio-eustatic sea-level record:
  Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas and deep ocean
  circulation}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  YEAR = 1989,
  VOLUME = 342,
  PAGES = {637-642}
}

@ARTICLE{Farrell1988,
  AUTHOR = {Brian Farrell},
  TITLE = {Optimal excitation of neutral {Rossby} waves},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = 1988,
  VOLUME = 45,
  PAGES = {163-172}
}

@ARTICLE{Farrell1989,
  AUTHOR = {Brian Farrell},
  TITLE = {Optimal excitation of baroclinic waves},
  JOURNAL = {J. Atm. Sci.},
  YEAR = 1989,
  VOLUME = 46,
  PAGES = {1193-1206}
}

@ARTICLE{Farrell1990,
  AUTHOR = {Brian Farrell},
  TITLE = {Small error dynamics and the predictability of
        atmospheric flows},
  JOURNAL = {J. Atm. Sci.},
  YEAR = 1990,
  VOLUME = 47,
  NUMBER = 20,
  PAGES = {2409-2416},
  MONTH = {Nov}
}

@ARTICLE{Fels:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {S. B. Fels and J. T. Kiehl and A. A. Lacis and M. D. Schwarzkopf},
  TITLE = {Infrared cooling rate calculations in operational
                  general circulation models: Comparisons with
                  benchmark computations},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = 96,
  NUMBER = {D5},
  PAGES = {9105-9120},
  MONTH = {May}
}

@ARTICLE{Ferranti:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {Ferranti, L. and F. Molteni and T. N. Palmer},
  TITLE = {{Impact of localized tropical and extratropical SST
                  anomalies in ensembles of seasonal GCM integrations}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  YEAR = 1994,
  VOLUME = 120,
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1613-1645},
  MONTH = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Firestone:Albrecht1986,
  AUTHOR = {J. K. Firestone and B. A. Albrecht},
  TITLE = {{The structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in
                 the central Pacific during January and February of FGGE}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = 1986,
  VOLUME = 114,
  PAGES = {2219-2231}
}

@ARTICLE{Fissel:etal1977,
  AUTHOR = {D. B. Fissel and S. Pond and M. Miyake},
  TITLE = {Computation of surface fluxes from climatological and
                 synoptic data},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = 1977,
  VOLUME = 105,
  PAGES = {26-36}
}

@ARTICLE{Folland:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Folland, C.K. and T.N. Palmer and D.E. Parker},
  TITLE = {{Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures:  1901-85}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = 320,
  PAGES = {602-606},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@BOOK{Folland:etal1986manuscript,
  AUTHOR = {Folland, C.K. and D.E. Parker And M.N. Ward and A.W. Colman},
  TITLE = {{Sahel rainfall, Northern Hemisphere circulation anomalies and worldwide sea temperature changes}},
  YEAR = 1986,
  PUBLISHER = {{(unpublished)}}
}

@ARTICLE{Fowler:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Fowler, L. D. and D. A. Randall and S. A. Rutledge},
  TITLE = {{Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general
                  circulation model.  Part I: Model description and
                  simulated microphysical processe.}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 9,
  PAGES = {489-529},
  YEAR = 1996
}

@ARTICLE{Fowler:Randall1996,
  AUTHOR = {Fowler, L. D. and D. A. Randall},
  TITLE = {{Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general
                  circulation model.  Part II: Impact on cloudiness,
                  the Earth's radiation budget and the general
                  circulation of the atmosphere.}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 9,
  PAGES = {530-560},
  YEAR = 1996
}

@ARTICLE{Frankignoul:Hasselmann1977,
  AUTHOR = {Frankignoul, C. and K. Hasselmann},
  TITLE = {{Stochastic climate models. II: Application to sea surface
                  temperature variability and thermocline variability}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  VOLUME = 29,
  PAGES = {284-305},
  YEAR = 1977
}

@ARTICLE{Frankignoul:Reynolds1983,
  AUTHOR = {Frankignoul, C. and R. W. Reynolds},
  TITLE = {{Testing a dynamical model for midlatitude sea surface
                  temperature anomalies}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 13,
  PAGES = {289-305},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Frankignoul:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {Frankignoul, C. and D. Duchene and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{A statistical approach to testing equatorial ocean models with observed data}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 19,
  PAGES = {1191-1207},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Fu:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Fu, R.  and  A. D. DelGenio and W. B. Rossow},
  TITLE = {{Behavior of deep convective clouds in the tropical
                 Pacific deduced from ISCCP radiances}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {3},
  PAGES = {1129-1152}
}

@ARTICLE{Fu:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {Fu, R.  and  R. E. Dickinson and B. Newkirk},
  TITLE = {{Response of the upper tropospheric humidity and
                  moisture transport to changes of tropical
                  convection.  A comparison between observations and a
                  GCM over an ENSO cycle}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  YEAR = {1998},
  VOLUME = {24},
  PAGES = {2371-2374}
}

@ARTICLE{Fung:etal1984,
  AUTHOR = {Fung, I.Y. and D.E. Harrison and A.A. Lacis},
  TITLE = {On the variability of the net longwave radiation at
                 the ocean surface},
  JOURNAL = {Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.},
  YEAR = 1984,
  VOLUME = 22,
  PAGES = {177-193}
}

@ARTICLE{Gaffen:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {Gaffen, D. J. and T. P. Barnett and W. P. Elliott},
  TITLE = {Space and time scales of global atmospheric moisture},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = 4,
  PAGES = {989-1008}
}

@ARTICLE{Galperin:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Galperin, B. and L.H. Kantha and S. Hassid and A. Rosati},
  TITLE = {A quasi-equilibrium turbulent energy model for
                 geophysical flows.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = 1988,
  VOLUME = 45,
  PAGES = {55-62}
}

@ARTICLE{Gangopadhyay:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {A. Gangopadhyay and P. Cornillon and R. D. Watts},
  TITLE = {{A test of the Parsons-Veronis hypothesis on the
                  separation of the Gulf Stream}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1992,
  VOLUME = 22,
  PAGES = {1286-1301}
}

@ARTICLE{Garratt1993,
  AUTHOR = {Garratt, J. R.},
  TITLE = {{Sensitivity of climate simulations to land-surface and
                  atmospheric boundary-layer treatments - A Review}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 6,
  PAGES = {419-449},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@ARTICLE{Garratt1994,
  AUTHOR = {Garratt, J. R.},
  TITLE = {{Incoming shortwave fluxes at the surface - A comparison of
                  GCM results with observations}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 7,
  PAGES = {72-80},
  YEAR = 1994
}

@ARTICLE{Garratt:Ryan1989,
  AUTHOR = {Garratt, J. R. and B. F. Ryan},
  TITLE = {{The structure of the stably stratified internal boundary
                  layer in offshore flow over the sea.}},
  JOURNAL = {Bound. Layer Meteor.},
  VOLUME = {47},
  PAGES = {17-40},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Garzoli:Katz1984,
  AUTHOR = {Garzoli, S.L. and E.J. Katz},
  TITLE = {{Winds at St. Peter and St. Paul rocks during the first SEQUAL year.}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  VOLUME = 11,
  PAGES = {716-718},
  YEAR = 1984
}

@ARTICLE{Garzoli:etal1982,
  AUTHOR = {Garzoli, S. and E.J. Katz And H.J. Panitz and P. Speth},
  TITLE = {{In situ wind measurements in the equatorial Atlantic during 1979}},
  JOURNAL = {Oceanologica Acta},
  VOLUME = 5,
  PAGES = {281-288},
  YEAR = 1982
}

@ARTICLE{Geernaert:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Geernaert, GL. and K.B. Katsaros and K. Richter},
  TITLE = {{Variation of the drag coefficient and its dependence on sea state}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 91,
  PAGES = {7667-7679},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Geisler:Stevens1982,
  AUTHOR = {Geisler, J. E. and D. E. Stevens},
  TITLE = {On the vertical structure of damped steady
                 circulation in the tropics.},
  JOURNAL = {Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.},
  YEAR = 1982,
  VOLUME = 108,
  PAGES = {87-93}
}

@ARTICLE{Geisler:etal1985,
  AUTHOR = {Geisler, J. E. and Blackmon, M. L. and 
                 Bates, G. T. and Mu\~noz, S.},
  TITLE = {{Sensitivity of January climate response to the
                 magnitude and position of equatorial Pacific sea
                 surface temperature anomalies}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = 1985,
  VOLUME = 42,
  PAGES = {1037-1049}
}

@BOOK{Gemmill:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Gemmill, W.H. and T.W. Yu and D.M. Feit},
  TITLE = {{Performance of techniques used to derive ocean surface winds}},
  PAGES = 34,
  YEAR = 1987,
  PUBLISHER = {{NMC Office Note No. 330, U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA National Weather Service}}
}

@ARTICLE{Gent1991,
  AUTHOR = {Gent, P.R.},
  TITLE = {{The heat budget of the TOGA COARE Domain in an ocean model}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 96,
  PAGES = {3323-3330},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@ARTICLE{Gent:Cane1989,
  AUTHOR = {Gent, P.R. and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{A reduced gravity, primitive equation model of the upper equatorial ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Comp. Phys.},
  VOLUME = 81,
  PAGES = {444-480},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Gent:etal1983,
  AUTHOR = {Gent, P.R. and O'Neill, K. and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{A model of the semi-annual oscillation in the equatorial Indian Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 13,
  PAGES = {2148-2160},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Gent:McWilliams1990,
  AUTHOR = {Gent, P. R. and J. C. McWilliams},
  TITLE = {{Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 20,
  PAGES = {150-155},
  YEAR = 1990
}

@BOOK{Ghia:Ghia1983,
  AUTHOR = {Ghia, K.N. and V. Ghia},
  TITLE = {{Advances in grid generation 5}},
  YEAR = 1983,
  PUBLISHER = {{ASME}}
}

@ARTICLE{Giannini:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {Giannini, A. and Y. Kushnir and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Interannual variability of Caribbean rainfall, ENSO and the
                  Atlantic Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {297-311},
  YEAR = 2000
}

@ARTICLE{Gill1980,
  AUTHOR = {Gill, A. E.},
  TITLE = {{Some simple solutions for heat induced tropical circulation}},
  JOURNAL = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.},
  VOLUME = 106,
  PAGES = {447-462},
  YEAR = 1980
}

@BOOK{Gill1982,
  AUTHOR = {A. E. Gill},
  TITLE = {{Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics}},
  PAGES = 662,
  YEAR = 1982,
  PUBLISHER = {{Academic Press, New York, 662pp.}}
}

@ARTICLE{Gill1983,
  AUTHOR = {Gill, A.E.},
  TITLE = {{An estimation of sea-level and sea-current anomatlies during the 1972 El Ni\~no and consequent thermal effects}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 13,
  PAGES = {586-605},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Gill:Clarke1974,
  AUTHOR = {Gill, A.E. and Clarke, A.J.},
  TITLE = {Wind-induced upwelling, coastal currents and sea-level changes},
  JOURNAL = {Deep-Sea Res.},
  YEAR = 1974,
  VOLUME = 21,
  PAGES = {325-345},
  KEYWORDS = {equatorial dynamics, long-wave approximation}
}

@ARTICLE{Gill:Niiler1973,
  AUTHOR = {Gill, A.E. and P. Niiler},
  TITLE = {The theory of seasonal variability in the ocean},
  JOURNAL = {Deep Sea Res.},
  YEAR = 1973,
  VOLUME = 20,
  PAGES = {141-177}
}

@ARTICLE{Gill:Rasmussen1983,
  AUTHOR = {Gill, A. E. and E. Rasmussen},
  TITLE = {{The 1982-83 climate anormaly in the equatorial Pacific.}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = 306,
  PAGES = {229-34},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Gill:Rasmussen1983E,
  AUTHOR = {Gill, A. E. and E. Rasmussen},
  TITLE = {{An estimation of sea-level and sea-current anomatlies during the 1972 El Ni\~no and consequent thermal effects}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = 13,
  PAGES = {586-605},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Giorgi:etal1993,
  AUTHOR = {Giorgi F. and M. R. Marinucci and G. T. Bates},
  TITLE = {{Development of a second-generation regional climate model
                  (regGCM2).  Part I: Boundary layer and radiative
                  transfer processes}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 121,
  PAGES = {2794-2813},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@BOOK{Glantz:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Glantz, M.H. and R.W. Katz and N. Nicholls},
  TITLE = {{Scientific Basis and Societal Impact}},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England},
  YEAR = 1990
}

@ARTICLE{Glecker:Taylor1993,
  AUTHOR = {Glecker, P. J. and K. E. Taylor},
  TITLE = {{The effect of horizontal resolution on ocean surface heat
                  fluxes in the ECMWF model}},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  VOLUME = 9,
  PAGES = {17-32},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@BOOK{Gloersen:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {Gloersen, P. and W. J. Campbell and D. J. cavalieri
                  and J. C. Comiso and C. L. Parkinson and H. J. Zwally},
  TITLE = {{Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice, 1978-1987}},
  PUBLISHER = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
                  Washington, DC, 290pp},
  YEAR = 1992
}

@ARTICLE{Godfrey:Lindstrom1989,
  AUTHOR = {Godfrey, J.S. and E.J. Lindstrom},
  TITLE = {{The heat budget of the equatorial western Pacific surface mixed layer}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 94,
  PAGES = {8007-8017},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Godfrey:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {J. S. Godfrey and M. Nunez and E. F. Bradley and P. A.
                 Coppin and E. J. Lindstrom},
  TITLE = {{On the net surface heat flux into the western equatorial Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 96,
  PAGES = {3391-3400},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@ARTICLE{Goldenberg:OBrien1981,
  AUTHOR = {Goldenberg, S.B. and J.J. O'Brien},
  TITLE = {{Time and space variability of tropical Pacific wind stress}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 109,
  PAGES = {1190-1205},
  YEAR = 1981
}

@ARTICLE{Gordon:Corry1991,
  AUTHOR = {Gordon, C. and R.A. Corry},
  TITLE = {{A model simulation of the seasonal cycle in the tropical
                 Pacific using climatological and modelled forcing}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 96,
  PAGES = {847-868},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@ARTICLE{Gordon1981,
  AUTHOR = {Gordon, A. L.},
  TITLE = {{Seasonality of Southern Ocean sea ice}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 86,
  PAGES = {4193-4197},
  YEAR = 1981
}

@ARTICLE{Gordon1986,
  AUTHOR = {Gordon, A. L.},
  TITLE = {{Interocean exchange of thermocline water}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 91,
  PAGES = {5037-5046},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Goswami:Shukla1991,
  AUTHOR = {{Goswami, B.N. and J. Shukla}},
  TITLE = {{Predictability of a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 4,
  PAGES = {3-22},
  YEAR = 1991
}

@ARTICLE{Graham:Barnett1987,
  AUTHOR = {Graham, N.E. and T.P. Barnett},
  TITLE = {Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and
                 convection over tropical oceans.},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  YEAR = 1987,
  VOLUME = 238,
  PAGES = {657-659}
}

@ARTICLE{Graham:White1988,
  AUTHOR = {Graham, N.E. and W.B. White},
  TITLE = {{The El Ni\~no/Southern Oscillation as a natural oscillation of the tropical Pacific ocean/atmosphere system: evidence from observations and models}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = 240,
  PAGES = {1293-1302},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@ARTICLE{Graham:White1990,
  AUTHOR = {N. E. Graham and W. B. White},
  TITLE = {The role of the western boundary in the {ENSO} cycle:
                 Experiments with coupled models.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {20},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1935-1948},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Graham:etal1987a,
  AUTHOR = {Graham, N.E. and J. Michaelsen and T.P. Barnett},
  TITLE = {An investigation of the {El Ni\~no-Southern
                 Oscillation} cycle with statistical models. 1.
                 {Predictor field characteristics}.},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1987a},
  VOLUME = 92,
  PAGES = {14251-14270}
}

@ARTICLE{Graham:etal1987b,
  AUTHOR = {Graham, N.E. and J. Michaelsen and T.P. Barnett},
  TITLE = {An investigation of the {El Ni\~no-Southern
                 Oscillation} cycle with statistical models. 2. 
                 {Model results}.},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1987b},
  VOLUME = 92,
  PAGES = {14271-14290.}
}

@ARTICLE{Graham1994,
  AUTHOR = {Graham, N.E.},
  TITLE = {{Decadal-scale climate variability in the tropical
                  and North Pacific during the 1970s and 1980s:
                  observations and model results}},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  YEAR = {1994},
  VOLUME = 10,
  PAGES = {135-162}
}

@ARTICLE{Green1970,
  AUTHOR = {J. S. A. Green},
  TITLE = {Transfer properties of the large-scale eddies and
                  the general circulation of the atmosphere},
  JOURNAL = {Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1970},
  VOLUME = 96,
  PAGES = {157-185}
}

@ARTICLE{Greene:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {A. M. Greene and R. Seager and W. S. Broecker},
  TITLE = {{Tropical snowline depression at the Last Glacial
                  Maximum: comparison with coral and groundwater
                  paleotemperatures}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {2000},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {To be submitted}
}

@ARTICLE{Griffies1997,
  AUTHOR = {S. M. Griffies},
  TITLE = {{The Gent-McWilliams Skew Flux}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1997},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {Submitted}
}

@ARTICLE{Grossman:Betts1990,
  AUTHOR = {Grossman, R. L. and A. K. Betts},
  TITLE = {{Air-sea interaction during an extreme cold air
                  outbreak from the eastern coast of the United States}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = 118,
  PAGES = {324-342}
}

@ARTICLE{Grotzner:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {Gr{\"{o}}tzner, A. and M. Latif and T.P. Barnett},
  TITLE = {{ A decadal cycle in the North Atlantic Ocean as
                  simulated by the ECHO coupled GCM}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1998},
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {831-847},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Guilderson:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {Guilderson, T. P. and R. G. Fairbanks and J. L. Rubenstone},
  TITLE = {{Tropical temperature variations since 20 000 years
                  ago:  Modulating interhemispheric climate change}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  YEAR = {1994},
  VOLUME = 263,
  PAGES = {663-665}
}

@ARTICLE{Gutowski:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {W. J. Gutowski and L. E. Branscome and D. A. Stewart},
  TITLE = {{Mean flow adjustment during life cycle of baroclinic waves}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  PAGES = {1724-1737},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Gutzler:Wood1989,
  AUTHOR = {Gutzler, D.S. and T.M. Wood},
  TITLE = {{Structure of large-scale convective anomalies over tropical oceans}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  PAGES = {(in press)},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Hahn:Manabe1975,
  AUTHOR = {Hahn, D. G. and S. Manabe},
  TITLE = {{The role of mountains in the South Asian monsoon circulation}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {32},
  PAGES = {1515-1541},
  YEAR = {1975}
}

@TECHREPORT{Halpern:Harrison1982,
  AUTHOR = {Halpern, D. and D.E. Harrison},
  TITLE = {{Report 82-1, Dept. of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography.}},
  INSTITUTION = {{Mass. Instit. Tech.},},
  YEAR = 1982
}

@ARTICLE{Hall:Visbeck2000,
  AUTHOR = {A. Hall and M. Visbeck},
  TITLE = {{The oceanographic effects of the southern hemisphere
                  annular mode}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {2000},
  NOTE = {submitted}
}

@ARTICLE{Halliwell1998,
  AUTHOR = {G. R. Halliwell},
  TITLE = {{Simulation of North Atlantic decadal/multidecadal winter
                  SST anomalies driven by basin-scale atmospheric
                  circulation anomalies}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {28},
  PAGES = {5-21},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Han1984,
  AUTHOR = {Y. Han},
  TITLE = {{A numerical world ocean general circulation model, II: A
                 baroclinic experiment}},
  JOURNAL = {Dyn. Atmos. Oceans},
  VOLUME = {8},
  PAGES = {141-172},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Haney1971,
  AUTHOR = {R. L. Haney},
  TITLE = {{Surface thermal boundary conditions for ocean circulation models}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {1},
  PAGES = {241-248},
  YEAR = {1971}
}

@ARTICLE{Hansen:Lebedeff1988,
  AUTHOR = {Hansen, J. and S. Lebedeff},
  TITLE = {{Global surface air temperatures: Update through 1987}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {92},
  PAGES = {345-13, 372},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Hansen:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Hansen, J. and I. Fung And A. Lacis And D. Rind And S. Lebedeff And R. Ruedy and G. Russell},
  TITLE = {{Three-dimensional model}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {93},
  PAGES = {9341-9364},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Hansen:etal1981,
  AUTHOR = {Hansen, J. and D. Johnson and A. Lacis and S. Lebedeff and
                  P. Lee and D. Rind and G. Russell},
  TITLE = {{Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {213},
  PAGES = {957-966},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Hansen:etal1984,
  AUTHOR = {J. E. Hansen and A. Lacis and D. Rind and G. Russel
                  and P. Stone and I Fung and R. Ruedy and J. Lerner},
  TITLE = {{Climate sensitivity: Analysis of feedback mechanisms}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{In: Climate processes and climate sensitivity.
                  Geophys. Mongr. Ser. 29}},
  PUBLISHER = {American Geophysical Union},
  YEAR = 1984,
  EDITOR = {J. E. Hansen and T. Takahashi},
  PAGES = {130-163},
  ADDRESS = {Washington DC}
}

@ARTICLE{Harrison:Cane1984,
  AUTHOR = {Harrison, D.E. and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Changes in the Pacific during the 1982-1983 event}},
  JOURNAL = {Oceanus},
  VOLUME = {27},
  PAGES = {21-28},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Harrison:Cardone1984,
  AUTHOR = {Harrison, D.E. and V.J. Cardone},
  TITLE = {{Tropical Atlantic wind field variations during SEQUAL; I.  Preliminary results.}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {722-725},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Harrison:Schopf1984,
  AUTHOR = {Harrison, D.E. and  P.S. Schopf},
  TITLE = {{Kelvin-wave-induced anomalous advection and the onset of surface warming in El Ni\~no event}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {112},
  PAGES = {923-933},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Harrison:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {Harrison, D.E. and W.S. Kessler and B.S. Giese},
  TITLE = {{Ocean circulation model hindcasts of the 1982-83 El Ni\~no: thermal variability along ship of opportunity tracks}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {19},
  PAGES = {397-418},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Harrison1989,
  AUTHOR = {Harrison, D.E.},
  TITLE = {{Local and remote forcing of ENSO ocean waveguide response}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {19},
  PAGES = {691-695},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Harrison1991,
  AUTHOR = {Harrison, D. E.},
  TITLE = {{Equatorial sea surface temperature sensitivity to net
                 surface heat flux: Some ocean circulation model results}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {5},
  PAGES = {539-549},
  YEAR = {1991}
}

@TECHREPORT{Harshvardhan1992,
  AUTHOR = {Harshvardhan},
  TITLE = {{The use of TOA cloud longwave radiative forcing to
                 estimate mean monthly surface longwave radiation. {\em
                 WCRP Report No. 75}, Hydrology and surface radiaton
                 in atmospheric models.}},
  INSTITUTION = {WMO/TD-492},
  YEAR = 1992,
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {25-40},
  ADDRESS = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Hart:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Hart, T. L. and W. Bourke and B. J. McAvaney and
                  B. W. Forgan and J. L. McGregor},
  TITLE = {{Atmospheric general circulation simulations with the BMRC
                  global spectral model: The impact of revised
                  physical parameterizations}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {3},
  PAGES = {436-459},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Hartmann:Michelsen1993,
  AUTHOR = {D. L. Hartmann and M. Michelsen},
  TITLE = {{Large scale effects on the regulation of tropical sea
                  surface temperature}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {6},
  PAGES = {2049-2062},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Hartmann:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {D. L. Hartmann and M. E. Ockert-Bell and M. Michelsen},
  TITLE = {{The effect of cloud type on Earth's energy balance: Global analysis}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {5},
  PAGES = {1281-1304},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@BOOK{Hartmann1994,
  AUTHOR = {D. L. Hartmann},
  TITLE = {{Global Physical Climatology}},
  PAGES = {411},
  YEAR = 1994,
  PUBLISHER = {{Academic Press, New York}}
}

@ARTICLE{Hasselmann1976,
  AUTHOR = {Hasselmann, K.},
  TITLE = {{Stochastic climate models.  Part I: Theory}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  VOLUME = {28},
  PAGES = {473-485},
  YEAR = {1976}
}

@ARTICLE{Hasselmann1988,
  AUTHOR = {Hasselmann, K.},
  TITLE = {{PIPs and POPs: the reduction of complex dynamical systems using 
       principal interaction and Oscillation patterns}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {93},
  PAGES = {11015-11021},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Hastenrath1978,
  AUTHOR = {Hastenrath, S.},
  TITLE = {{On modes of tropical circulation and climate anomalies}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 35,
  PAGES = {2222-2231},
  YEAR = 1978
}

@ARTICLE{Hastenrath:etal1984,
  AUTHOR = {S. Hastenrath and M.C. Wu and P.-S. Chu},
  TITLE = {{Towards the monitoring and prediction of north-east
                 Brazil droughts.}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. R. Met. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1984},
  VOLUME = {110},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {411-425},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Hastenrath1984,
  AUTHOR = {Hastenrath, S.},
  TITLE = {{Interannual variability and the annual cycle:  Mechanisms of circulation and climate in the tropical Atlantic sector}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 112,
  PAGES = {1097-1107},
  YEAR = 1984
}

@BOOK{Hastenrath1985,
  AUTHOR = {Hastenrath, S.},
  TITLE = {{Climate and circulation in the tropics}},
  PAGES = {455},
  YEAR = {1985},
  PUBLISHER = {{D. Reidel}}
}

@ARTICLE{Hastenrath1976,
  AUTHOR = {S. Hastenrath},
  TITLE = {{Variations in low-latitude circulation and extreme
                 climatic events in the tropical Americas.}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1976},
  VOLUME = {33},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {202-215},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Hastenrath:1978,
  AUTHOR = {S. Hastenrath},
  TITLE = {On modes of tropical circulation and climate anomalies.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1978},
  VOLUME = {35},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2222-2231},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Hastenrath:Kaczmarczyk1981,
  AUTHOR = {S. Hastenrath and E.B. Kaczmarczyk},
  TITLE = {{On spectra and coherence of tropical climate anomales.}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  YEAR = {1981},
  VOLUME = {33},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {453-462},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Hastenrath:Heller1977,
  AUTHOR = {S. Hastenrath and L. Heller},
  TITLE = {{Dynamics of climatic hazards in Northeast Brazil.}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. R. Met. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1977},
  VOLUME = {103},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {77-92},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Hastenrath:Greischar1993,
  AUTHOR = {S. Hastenrath and L. Greischar},
  TITLE = {{Circulation mechanisms related to northeast Brazil
                  rainfall anomalies.}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {98},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {5093-5102},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@BOOK{Hastenrath:Lamb1977,
  AUTHOR = {Hastenrath, S. and P.J. Lamb},
  TITLE = {{Climatic atlas of the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific Ocean}},
  PAGES = {15},
  FIGS = {97},
  YEAR = {1977},
  PUBLISHER = {{The University of Wisconsin Press}}
}

@BOOK{Hauser:Taylor1986,
  AUTHOR = {Hauser, J. and C. Taylor},
  TITLE = {{Numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics}},
  YEAR = {1986},
  PUBLISHER = {{Pineridge Press}}
}

@ARTICLE{Hayashi:Sumi1986,
  AUTHOR = {Y.-Y. Hayashi and A. Sumi},
  TITLE = {The 30-40 day oscillation in an 'aqua-planet' model},
  JOURNAL = {J. Meteor. Soc. Japan II},
  YEAR = {1986},
  VOLUME = {64},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {451-467},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Hazeleger:etal2001,
  AUTHOR = {W. Hazeleger and R. Seager and M. Visbeck and N. Naik
                  and K. Rodgers},
  TITLE = {On the impact of the mid-latitude stormtrack on the
                  upper Pacific},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {2001},
  VOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {In press}
}

@ARTICLE{Held:Hou1980,
  AUTHOR = {Held, I.M. and A. Y. Hou},
  TITLE = {Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly
                  inviscid atmosphere},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1980},
  VOLUME = {37},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {515-533},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Held:Suarez1978,
  AUTHOR = {Held, I.M. and M.J. Suarez},
  TITLE = {A two-level primitive equation atmospheric model
                 designed for climatic sensitivity experiments.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1978},
  VOLUME = {35},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {206-229},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Held1982,
  AUTHOR = {I. M. Held},
  TITLE = {{Stationary and quasi-stationary eddies in the extratropical
                  troposphere: theory}},
  EDITOR = {{B. J. Hoskins and R. P. Pearce}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Large-scale dynamical processes in the atmosphere}},
  PAGES = {127-168},
  YEAR = 1982,
  PUBLISHER = {Academic Press, London}
}

@ARTICLE{Hellerman1980,
  AUTHOR = {Hellerman, S.},
  TITLE = {{Charts of the variability of the wind stress over the tropical Atlantic. GATE Suppl. II}},
  JOURNAL = {Deep Sea Res.},
  VOLUME = {26},
  PAGES = {63-75},
  YEAR = {1980}
}

@ARTICLE{Hellerman:Rosenstein1983,
  AUTHOR = {Hellerman, S. and M. Rosenstein},
  TITLE = {{Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {1093-1104},
  YEAR = {1983}
}

@BOOK{Henshaw1985,
  AUTHOR = {Henshaw, W.D.},
  TITLE = {{Part 1: The numerical solution of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws; Part 2: Composite overlapping grid techniques}},
  PAGES = {170},
  YEAR = {1985},
  PUBLISHER = {{Ph.D. Thesis}}
}

@ARTICLE{Herman:Goody1976,
  AUTHOR = {Herman, G. and R. Goody},
  TITLE = {{Formation and persistence of summertime Arctic stratus clouds}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {33},
  PAGES = {1537-1553},
  YEAR = {1976}
}

@ARTICLE{Herterich:Hasselmann1987,
  AUTHOR = {K. Herterich and K. Hasselmann},
  TITLE = {Extraction of Mixed Layer Advection Velocities,
                 Diffusion Coefficients, Feedback Factors and
                 Atmospheric Forcing Parameters from the Statistical
                 Analysis of {North} {Pacific} {SST} Anomaly Fields.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1987,
  VOLUME = 17,
  PAGES = {2145-2156},
  KEYWORDS = {Inverse modeling}
}

@ARTICLE{Hess:etal1993,
  AUTHOR = {Hess, P. G. and  D. S. Battisti and P. J. Rasch},
  TITLE = {{Maintenance of the Intertropical Convergence Zones and the
                 large-scale tropical circulation on a water-covered Earth}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {50},
  PAGES = {691-713},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Hewitt:Mitchell1997,
  AUTHOR = {Hewitt, C. D. and J. F. B. Mitchell},
  TITLE = {{Radiative forcing and response of a GCM to ice age boundary
                  conditions: cloud feedback and climate sensitivity}},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {821-834},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Hibler1979,
  AUTHOR = {W. D. Hibler},
  TITLE = {{A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {815-846},
  YEAR = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{Hirst1986,
  AUTHOR = {Hirst, A.C.},
  TITLE = {{Unstable and damped equatorial modes in simple coupled ocean-atmosphere models}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {43},
  PAGES = {606-630},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Hirst1988,
  AUTHOR = {Hirst, A.C.},
  TITLE = {{Slow instabilities in tropical ocean basin - global atmosphere models}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {45},
  PAGES = {830-852},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Hirst:Hastenrath1983a,
  AUTHOR = {A.C. Hirst and S. Hastenrath},
  TITLE = {{Diagnostics of hydrometeorological anomalies in the
                 Zaire (Congo) basin.}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. R. Met. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1983a},
  VOLUME = {109},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {881-892},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Hirst:Hastenrath1983b,
  AUTHOR = {A.C. Hirst and S. Hastenrath},
  TITLE = {{Atmosphere-ocean mechanisms of climate anomalies in
                 the Angola-tropical Atlantic sector.}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.l},
  YEAR = {1983b},
  VOLUME = {13},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1146-1157},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Holton:Colton1972,
  AUTHOR = {Holton, J. R. and D. E. Colton},
  TITLE = {{A diagnostic study of the vorticity balance at 200mb
                  in the tropics during the northern summer}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1972},
  VOLUME = {29},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1124-1128},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Holton:etal1971,
  AUTHOR = {Holton, J. R. and J. M. Wallace and J. A. Young},
  TITLE = {{On boundary layer dynamics and the ITCZ}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1971},
  VOLUME = {28},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {275-280},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Holtslag:Boville1993,
  AUTHOR = {Holtslag, A. A. M. and B. A. Boville},
  TITLE = {{Local versus nonlocal boundary layer diffusion in a
                  global climate model}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {6},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1825-1842},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Holtslag:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Holtslag, A. A. M. and E. I. F. deBruijn and H. L. Pan},
  TITLE = {{A high resolution air mass transformation model for
                  short-range weather forecasting}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {118},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1561-1575},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Horel:Wallace1981,
  AUTHOR = {Horel, J. D. and Wallace, J. M.},
  TITLE = {Planetary scale atmospheric phenomena associated with
                 the {Southern Oscillation}.},
  JOURNAL = {Mon. Wea. Rev. },
  YEAR = {1981},
  VOLUME = {109},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {813-829},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Hoskins:Karoly1981,
  AUTHOR = {Hoskins, B.J. and K. Karoly},
  TITLE = {{The steady response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. }},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {38},
  PAGES = {1179-1196},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Hoskins:Valdes1990,
  AUTHOR = {Hoskins, B.J. and P. J. Valdes},
  TITLE = {{On the existence of storm tracks. }},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {47},
  PAGES = {1854-1864},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Hoskins1996,
  AUTHOR = {Hoskins, B.J.},
  TITLE = {{On the existence and strength of the summer subtropical anticyclones }},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {77},
  PAGES = {1287-1292},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Houghton:Colin1987,
  AUTHOR = {Robert W. Houghton and Christian Colin},
  TITLE = {Wind-Driven Meridional Eddy Flux in the {Gulf} of {Guinea}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = 1987,
  VOLUME = 92,
  NUMBER = {C10},
  PAGES = {10777-10786},
  KEYWORDS = {eddy heat flux, Gulf of Guinea}
}

@ARTICLE{Houghton:Tourre1992,
  AUTHOR = {Houghton, R. W. and Y. Tourre},
  TITLE = {{Characteristics of low frequency sea surface temperature fluctuations in the tropical Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = 5,
  PAGES = {765-771},
  YEAR = 1992
}

@ARTICLE{Hsiung1986,
  AUTHOR = {Hsiung, J.},
  TITLE = {{Mean surface energy fluxes over the global ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {91},
  PAGES = {10,585-10,606},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Hsiung:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {Hsiung, J. and R. E. Newell and T. Houghtby},
  TITLE = {{The annual cycle of oceanic heat storage and oceanic meridional heat transport}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {115},
  PAGES = {1-28},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Huang:Bryan1987,
  AUTHOR = {Huang, R.X. and D. Bryan},
  TITLE = {{A multilayer model of the thermohaline and wind-driven ocean circulation}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {17},
  PAGES = {1909-1024},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Huang:Shukla1997,
  AUTHOR = {Huang, B. and J. Shukla},
  TITLE = {{Characteristics of the interannual and decadal variability
                  in a general circulation model of the tropical
                  Atlantic Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {27},
  PAGES = {1693-1712},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Hurrell1995,
  AUTHOR = {J. W. Hurrell},
  TITLE = {{Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional
                  temperatures and precipitation}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {269},
  PAGES = {676-679},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Hurrell1996,
  AUTHOR = {J. W. Hurrell},
  TITLE = {{Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime
                  teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere temperature}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  VOLUME = {23},
  PAGES = {665-668},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Hurrell:VanLoon1997,
  AUTHOR = {J. W. Hurrell and H. Van Loon},
  TITLE = {{Decadal variations in climate associated with the North
                  Atlantic Oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = {Climatic Change},
  VOLUME = {36},
  PAGES = {301-326},
  NOTE = {},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Inamdar:Ramanathan1994,
  AUTHOR = {Inamdar, A. K.  and V. Ramanathan},
  TITLE = {Physics of greenhouse effect and convection in warm oceans},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1994},
  VOLUME = {7},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {715-731},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Inoue:O'Brien1984,
  AUTHOR = {Inoue, M. and J.J. O'Brien},
  TITLE = {A forecasting model for the onset of {El Ni\~no}.},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1984},
  VOLUME = {112},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2326-2337},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@BOOK{IPCC1990,
  AUTHOR = {{Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}},
  TITLE = {{Climate change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment}},
  YEAR = {1990},
  PAGES = {365},
  PUBLISHER = {{Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 365pp}}
}

@ARTICLE{Israeli:Gottlieb1974,
  AUTHOR = {M. Israeli and D. Gottlieb},
  TITLE = {xxx},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = 1974,
  VOLUME = 102,
  PAGES = {254-256}
}

@ARTICLE{Israeli:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {M. Israeli and N. Naik and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{An unconditionally stable scheme for the shallow
                  water equations}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = 2000,
  VOLUME = {128},
  PAGES = {810-823},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Jaeger1976,
  AUTHOR = {Jaeger, L.},
  TITLE = {{Monatskarten des Niederschlags f{\"ur} die ganze Erde.}},
  JOURNAL = {{Ber. Dtsch. Wetterdienstes}},
  VOLUME = {{18(139)}},
  YEAR = {1976},
  PAGES = {{38pp}}
}

@ARTICLE{Jabouille:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {P. Jabouille and J. L. Redelsperger and J. P. LaFlore},
  TITLE = {{Modification of surface fluxes by atmospheric convection in
                  the TOGA COARE region}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {124},
  PAGES = {816-837},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Janjic1990,
  AUTHOR = {Z. I. Janji\'{c}},
  TITLE = {{The step-mountain coordinate: Physical passage}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {118},
  PAGES = {1429-1443},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Janjic1994,
  AUTHOR = {Z. I. Janji\'{c}},
  TITLE = {{The step-mountain Eta coordinate model: Further
                  developments of the convection, viscous sublayer,
                  and turbulence closure schemes}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {122},
  PAGES = {927-945},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Jenkins1982,
  AUTHOR = {Jenkins, W.J.},
  TITLE = {{On the climate of a subtropical ocean gyre: Decadal timescale variations in water mass renewal in the Sargasso Sea}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = {40Suppl},
  PAGES = {265-290},
  YEAR = {1982}
}

@BOOK{Jenkins:Watts1968,
  AUTHOR = {Gwilym M. Jenkins and Donald G. Watts},
  TITLE = {Spectral Analysis and its applications},
  PUBLISHER = {Holden-Day},
  YEAR = {1968},
  PAGES = {525},
  OPTEDITOR = {},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTSERIES = {},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  OPTEDITION = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Jin:Neelin1993,
  AUTHOR = {F.-F. Jin and J. D. Neelin},
  TITLE = {{Modes of interannual tropical ocean-atmosphere
                 interaction - a unified view. Part I: numerical results.}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  NOTE = {(accepted)},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Jin1997,
  AUTHOR = {F.-F. Jin},
  TITLE = {{A theory of interdecadal climate variability of the
                  North Pacific Ocean-Atmosphere system}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  NOTE = {},
  VOLUME = {10},
  PAGES = {1821-1835},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Jones1988,
  AUTHOR = {Jones, P.D.},
  TITLE = {The influence of ENSO on global temperatures.},
  JOURNAL = {Climate Monitor},
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {17},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {80-89},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Kalnay:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {E. Kalnay and others},
  TITLE = {{The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = 77,
  PAGES = {437-471},
  YEAR = 1996
}

@ARTICLE{Kanamitsu:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Kanamitsu, M. and K. C. Mo and E. Kalnay},
  TITLE = {{Annual cycle integration of the NMC medium-range
                  forecasting (MRF) model}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 118,
  PAGES = {2543-2467},
  YEAR = 1990
}

@ARTICLE{Kantha:Mellor1989,
  AUTHOR = {Kantha, L. H. and G. L. Mellor},
  TITLE = {{A numerical model of the atmospheric boundary layer over a
                  marginal ice zone}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 94,
  PAGES = {4959-4970},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Kaplan:etal1997a,
  AUTHOR = {A. Kaplan and Y. Kushnir and M. A. Cane and M. B. Blumenthal},
  TITLE = {{Reduced space optimal analysis for historical data sets:
                  136 years of Atlantic sea surface temperatures}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {in press},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Kaplan:etal1997b,
  AUTHOR = {A. Kaplan and M. A. Cane and Y. Kushnir and A. C. Clement
                  and M. B. Blumenthal and B. Rajagopalan},
  TITLE = {{Analyses of global sea surface temperature: 1856-1991}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {in press},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Kasahara1976,
  AUTHOR = {A. Kasahara},
  TITLE = {{Normal modes of ultralong waves in the atmosphere}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 104,
  PAGES = {669-690},
  YEAR = 1976
}

@ARTICLE{Kasahara1978,
  AUTHOR = {A. Kasahara},
  TITLE = {{Further studies on a spectral model of the global
                 barotropic primitive equations with Hough harmonic expansions}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = 35,
  PAGES = {2043-2051},
  YEAR = 1978
}

@ARTICLE{Karspeck:Cane2001,
  AUTHOR = {A. Karspeck and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Tropical Pacific 1976/77 climate shift in a linear
                  wind-driven model}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {submitted},
  YEAR = 2001
}

@ARTICLE{Kasahara:Shigehisa1983,
  AUTHOR = {A. Kasahara and Y. Shigehisa},
  TITLE = {{Orthogonal vertical normal modes of a vertically staggered
                 discretized atmospheric model}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 111,
  PAGES = {1724-1735},
  YEAR = 1983
}

@ARTICLE{Kawase1987,
  AUTHOR = {Kawase, M.},
  TITLE = {{Establishment of deep ocean circulation driven by deep-water production.}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {17},
  PAGES = {2294-2317},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kiehl:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Kiehl, J.T and R.J. Wolski and B.P. Briegleb and V. Ramanathan},
  TITLE = {{Documentation of radiation and cloud routines in the NCAR
                 Community Climate Model (CCM1)}},
  INSTITUTION = {{National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,
                 Colorado, 109pp}},
  NUMBER = {NCAR/TN-288+1A},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Kiehl:Briegleb1991,
  AUTHOR = {Kiehl, J. T. and B. P. Briegleb},
  TITLE = {{A new parameterization of the absorptance due to the
                  15-$\mu$m band system of carbon dioxide}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {96},
  PAGES = {9013-9019},
  YEAR = {1991 }
}

@ARTICLE{Kiehl:Ramanathan1982,
  AUTHOR = {Kiehl, J. T. and V. Ramanathan},
  TITLE = {{Radiative heating due to increased $C0_2$:  The role of the
                  $H_2O$ continuum absorption in the 12-18$\mu$m region.}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {39},
  PAGES = {2923-2926},
  YEAR = {1982 }
}

@ARTICLE{Kiehl:Ramanathan1983,
  AUTHOR = {Kiehl, J. T. and V. Ramanathan},
  TITLE = {{$CO_2$ radiative parameterization used in climate models:
                  Comparison with narrow band models and with
                  laboratory data}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {88},
  PAGES = {5191-5202},
  YEAR = {1983 }
}

@ARTICLE{Killworth1985,
  AUTHOR = {Killworth, P.D.},
  TITLE = {{A two-level wind and buoyancy driven thermocline model}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {15},
  PAGES = {1414-1432},
  YEAR = {1985 }
}

@ARTICLE{Kistler:etal2001,
  AUTHOR = {Kistler, R. and 12 others},
  TITLE = {{The NCEP-NCAR 50-year Reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {82},
  PAGES = {247-268},
  YEAR = {2001 }
}

@ARTICLE{Kleeman:Power1995,
  AUTHOR = {R. Kleeman and S. B. Power},
  TITLE = {{A simple atmospheric model of surface heat flux for
                  use in ocean modeling studies}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {25},
  PAGES = {92-105}
}

@ARTICLE{Klein:Hartmann1993,
  AUTHOR = {S. A. Klein and D. L. Hartmann},
  TITLE = {{The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {6},
  PAGES = {1587-1606}
}

@ARTICLE{Knutson:Manabe1995,
  AUTHOR = {T. R. Knutson and S. Manabe},
  TITLE = {{Time-mean response over the tropical Pacific to
                  increased $CO_2$ in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {8},
  PAGES = {2181-2199}
}

@ARTICLE{Knutson:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {T. R. Knutson and S. Manabe and D. Gu},
  TITLE = {{Simulated ENSO in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere
                  model:  Multi-decadal amplitude modulation and
                  $CO_2$ sensitivity}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  NOTE = {in press},
  YEAR = {1996},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Kloesel:Albrecht1989,
  AUTHOR = {K. A. Kloesel and B. A. Albrecht},
  TITLE = {{Low-level inversions over the tropical
                 Pacific-thermodynamic structure of the boundary layer
                 and the above inversion moisture structure}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1989},
  VOLUME = {117},
  PAGES = {87-101}
}

@ARTICLE{Kousky:etal1984,
  AUTHOR = {V.E. Kousky and M.T. Kagano and I.F.A. Cavalcanti},
  TITLE = {{A review of the Southern Oscillation:
                 oceanic-atmospheric circulation changes and related
                 rainfall anomalies.}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  YEAR = {1984},
  VOLUME = {36A},
  PAGES = {490-504}
}

@ARTICLE{Kraus:Turner1967,
  AUTHOR = {Kraus, E.B. and J.S. Turner},
  TITLE = {A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline.
                 {II}: {The general theory and its consequences.}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  YEAR = {1967},
  VOLUME = {19},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {98-106},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Krishnamurti1971,
  AUTHOR = {Krishnamurti, T. N.},
  TITLE = {{Tropical east-west circulations during the northern summer}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1971},
  VOLUME = {28},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1342-1347},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Krishnamurti:etal1973,
  AUTHOR = {Krishnamurti, T. N. and M. Kanamitsu and W. J. Koss
                  and J. D. Lee},
  TITLE = {{Tropical east-west circulations during the northern winter}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1973},
  VOLUME = {30},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {780-787},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Kuo1965,
  AUTHOR = {H-L Kuo},
  TITLE = {On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones
                 through latent heat release by cumulus convection},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1965},
  OPTVOLUME = {22},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {40-63},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Kuo1974,
  AUTHOR = {H-L Kuo},
  TITLE = {Further studies of the influence of cumulus
                 convection on large scale flow},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1974},
  VOLUME = {31},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1232-1240},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Kushnir1991,
  AUTHOR = {Y. Kushnir},
  TITLE = {A simple method for the removal of the linear trend
                 in equatorial {Pacific} wind stress field},
  JOURNAL = {submitted to TOGA {Notes}},
  YEAR = {1991},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Kushner:Held1998,
  AUTHOR = {Kushner, P. J. and I. M. Held},
  TITLE = {{A test, using atmospheric data, of a method for estimating
                  oceanic eddy diffusivity}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  VOLUME = {25},
  PAGES = {4213-4216},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Kushnir1994,
  AUTHOR = {Kushnir, Y},
  TITLE = {{Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface
                  temperature and associated atmospheric conditions}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {7},
  PAGES = {141-157},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Kushnir:Wallace1989,
  AUTHOR = {Kushnir, Y. and J.M. Wallace},
  TITLE = {{Low-frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter: Geographical distribution and time-scale dependence}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {46},
  PAGES = {3122-3142},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Kushnir:Held1996,
  AUTHOR = {Kushnir, Y. and I. M. Held},
  TITLE = {{Equilibrium response to North Atlantic SST anomalies}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {1208-1220},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Kushnir:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {Kushnir, Y. and V. J. Cardone and J. G. Greenwood and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{On the recent increase in North Atlantic wave heights}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {1997},
  NOTE = {In press}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kushnir1996,
  AUTHOR = {Y. Kushnir},
  TITLE = {{ The pattern of Atlantic decadal ocean-atmosphere
interaction: Link to global SST variability and climate over the
continents}},
  INSTITUTION = {{The Atlantic Climate Change Program PI meeting, Woods Hole,
NOAA/UCAR}},
  NUMBER = {76-81},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Kutzbach:etal1977,
  AUTHOR = {Kutzbach, J.E. and R.M. Chervin and D.D. Houghton},
  TITLE = {{Response of the NCAR general circulation model to prescribed changes in ocean surface temperature. Part I: Mid-latitude changes}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {34},
  PAGES = {1200-1213},
  YEAR = {1977}
}

@ARTICLE{Lacarra:Talagrand1988,
  AUTHOR = {Jean-Fran\c{c}ois Lacarra and Olivier Talagrand},
  TITLE = {Short-range evolution of small perturbations in a
                 barotropic model},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {40A},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {81-95},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lacis:Hansen1974,
  AUTHOR = {Lacis, A.A. and J.E. Hansen},
  TITLE = {{A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in
                 the Earth's atmosphere}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {31},
  PAGES = {118-133},
  YEAR = {1974}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Lagos:Buizer1992,
  AUTHOR = {Lagos, P. and J. Buizer},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no and Peru:  A nation's response to
                  interannual climate variability}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Natural and Technological Disasters:  Cause, Effects
                  and Preventive Measures.}},
  PUBLISHER = {The Pennsylvania Academy of Science},
  YEAR = 1992,
  EDITOR = {Makjumdar, S. K. and G. S. Forbes and E. W. Miller and
                  R. F. Schmalz},
  PAGES = {223-238},
  ADDRESS = {Philadelphia, U.S.A.}
}

@ARTICLE{Lall:Moon1997,
  AUTHOR = {U. Lall and Y. Moon},
  TITLE = {Local Weighted Polynomial Regression :
Parameter choice and application to forecasts of the {Great Salt Lake}},
  JOURNAL = {Water Resources Research},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {submitted},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Lall:Sharma1996,
  AUTHOR = {U. Lall and A. Sharma},
  TITLE = {A Nearest Neighbor Bootstrap for Time Series Resampling},
  JOURNAL = {Water Resources Research},
  VOLUME = {32(3)},
  PAGES = {679-693},
  NOTE = {},
  YEAR = 1996
}

@ARTICLE{Lall:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {U. Lall and K. Bosworth and A. Owosina},
  TITLE = {Local Polynomial Estimation of Spatial Surfaces},
  JOURNAL = {Computational Statistics},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {in press},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Lamb1978a,
  AUTHOR = {Lamb, P.J.},
  TITLE = {{Large scale tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns associated with Sub-Saharan weather anomalies}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  VOLUME = {30},
  PAGES = {240-251},
  YEAR = {1978a}
}

@ARTICLE{Lamb1983,
  AUTHOR = {Lamb, P.J.},
  TITLE = {{West African water vapor variations between recent contrasting Subsaharan rainy seasons}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  VOLUME = {35A},
  PAGES = {198-212},
  YEAR = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Lamb1978b,
  AUTHOR = {P.J. Lamb},
  TITLE = {{Case studies of tropical Atlantic surface circulation
                 patterns during recent Sub-Saharan weather anomalies:
                 1967 and 1968.}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1978b},
  VOLUME = {106},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {482-491},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Lamb:Peppler1991,
  AUTHOR = {Lamb, P. J. and R. A. Peppler},
  TITLE = {{West Africa}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{In Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate
                 Anomalies.}},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge U. Press},
  YEAR = 1991,
  EDITOR = {Glantz, M.H. and R.W. Katz and N. Nicholls},
  CHAPTER = 5,
  PAGES = {121-189},
  ADDRESS = {Cambridge, England}
}

@ARTICLE{Lamb:Peppler1992,
  AUTHOR = {P.J. Lamb and R. A. Peppler},
  TITLE = {{Further case studies of tropical Atlantic surface
                 atmospheric and oceanic patterns associated with
                 sub-Saharan drought}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1992},
  VOLUME = {5},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {476-488},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lamb:Peppler1987,
  AUTHOR = {P.J. Lamb and R. A. Peppler},
  TITLE = {{North Atlantic oscillation: Concept and an application}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {68},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1218-1225},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lamb:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Lamb, P. J. and R. A. Peppler and S. Hastenrath},
  TITLE = {{Interannual variability in the tropical Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = 322,
  PAGES = {238-240},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Large:Pond1981,
  AUTHOR = {Large, W.G. and S. Pon},
  TITLE = {{Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {324-336},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Large:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Large, W.G. and J.C. McWilliams and P.P. Niiler},
  TITLE = {Upper ocean thermal response to strong autumnal
                 forcing of the Northeast Pacific},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1986},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {1524-1550},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Larson:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {Larson, K. and and D. L. Hartmann and S. A. Klein},
  TITLE = {The role of clouds, water vapor, circulation and boundary layer structure in the sensitivity of tropical climate},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1999},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {In press.}
}

@ARTICLE{Latif1987,
  AUTHOR = {Latif, M.},
  TITLE = {{Tropical ocean circulation experiments}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {17},
  PAGES = {246-263},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Latif:Barnett1994,
  AUTHOR = {Latif, M. and T. P. Barnett},
  TITLE = {{Causes of decadal climate variability over the North
                  Pacific/North American sector}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {266},
  PAGES = {634-637},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Latif:Barnett1996,
  AUTHOR = {Latif, M. and T. P. Barnett},
  TITLE = {{Decadal climate variability over the North
                  Pacific and North America: Dynamics and predictability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {2407-2423},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Latif:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Latif, M. and J. Biercamp and H. von Storch},
  TITLE = {{The response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model to wind bursts}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {45},
  PAGES = {964-979},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Latif:etal1988b,
  AUTHOR = {Latif, M. and J. Biercamp and H. von Storch and F.W. Zwiers},
  TITLE = {A ten year climate simulation with a coupled
                 ocean-atmosphere general circulation model.},
  BOOKTITLE = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"ur} Meteorologie, Report No. 21},
  PUBLISHER = {Bundesstrasse 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG},
  YEAR = {1988},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  NUMBER = {21},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@TECHREPORT{Latif:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Mojib Latif and Moritz Fl{\"u}gel and Jin-Song Xu},
  TITLE = {An Investigation of Short Range Climate
                 Predictability In the Tropical Pacific},
  INSTITUTION = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Meteorologie},
  YEAR = {1990},
  OPTTYPE = {},
  NUMBER = {52},
  PAGES = {39},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Latif:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {Mojib Latif and Moritz Fl{\"u}gel and Jin-Song Xu},
  TITLE = {An investigation of short range climate
                predictability in the tropical {Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1991},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Latif:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {Latif, M. and T. P. Barnett and M. A. Cane and
                  M. Fl{\"u}gel and N. E. Graham and H. von Storch and
                  J.-S. Xu and S. E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{A review of ENSO prediction studies}},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  YEAR = {1994},
  VOLUME = {9},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {167-179},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Latif:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Latif, M. and R. Kleeman and C. Eckert},
  TITLE = {{Greenhouse warming, decadal variability or El
                  Ni\~no?  An attempt to understand the anomalous 1990s}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1996},
  VOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  NOTE = {submitted}
}

@ARTICLE{Latif:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {Latif, M. and E. Roeckner and U. Mikolajewicz and R. Voss},
  TITLE = {{Tropical stabilization of the thermohaline
                  circulation in a greenhouse warming simulation}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {2000},
  VOLUME = {13},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1809-1813},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lau:Peng1987,
  AUTHOR = {Lau, K-M. and L. Peng},
  TITLE = {Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations
                 in the tropical atmosphere.  Part I: Basic Theory},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {44},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {950-972},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lau1985,
  AUTHOR = {Lau, N-C.},
  TITLE = {Modelling the seasonal dependence of the atmospheric
                 response to observed {El Ni\~nos} in 1962-76.},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1985},
  VOLUME = {113},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1970-1996},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lau:Lau1986,
  AUTHOR = {Lau, N-C. and K-M. Lau},
  TITLE = {The structure and propagation of intraseasonal
                 oscillations appearing in a {GFDL} general circulation model},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1986},
  VOLUME = {43},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2023-2047},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lau:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Lau, N.-C. and I. M. Held and J. D. Neelin},
  TITLE = {The {Madden-Julian} oscillation in an idealized general
                 circulation model},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {45},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {3810-3832},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lau:Nath1990,
  AUTHOR = {Lau, N.-C. and M. J. Nath},
  TITLE = {{A general circulation model study of the atmospheric
                 response to extratropical SST anomalies observed in 1950-1979}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {in press},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Lau:Nath1994,
  AUTHOR = {Lau, N.-C. and M. J. Nath},
  TITLE = {{A modeling study of the relative roles of tropical and
                  extratropical SST anomalies in the variability of
                  the global atmosphere-ocean system}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {7},
  PAGES = {1184-1207},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Lau:Wallace1979,
  AUTHOR = {Lau, N.-C. and J. M. Wallace},
  TITLE = {{On the distribution of horizontal transports by transient
                  eddies in the northern hemisphere wintertime circulation}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {36},
  PAGES = {1844-1861},
  YEAR = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{Lau:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {Lau, N-C. and S. G. H. Philander and M. J. Nath},
  TITLE = {{Simulation of ENSO-like
                 phenomena with a low-resolution coupled GCM of the
                  global ocean and atmosphere}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {5},
  PAGES = {284-307},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Lau1979,
  AUTHOR = {Lau, N-C.},
  TITLE = {The observed structure of tropospheric stationary waves and the local balances of vorticity and heat},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1979},
  VOLUME = {36},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {996-1016},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lazier1980,
  AUTHOR = {Lazier, J. R.},
  TITLE = {{Oceanographic conditions at ocean weather ship Bravo, 1964-1974}},
  JOURNAL = {Atmos.-Ocean.},
  VOLUME = {18},
  PAGES = {227-238},
  YEAR = {1980}
}

@ARTICLE{Leetmaa:Ji1989,
  AUTHOR = {Leetmaa, A. and M. Ji},
  TITLE = {Operational hindcasting of the Tropical Pacific},
  JOURNAL = {Dyn. Atmos. Ocean.},
  YEAR = {1989},
  VOLUME = {13},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {465-490},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Legler:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {D. M. Legler and I. M. Navon and J. J. O'Brien},
  TITLE = {{Objective analysis of pseudostress over the Indian Ocean Using direct-minimization approach}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {117},
  PAGES = {709-720},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@BOOK{Levitus1982,
  AUTHOR = {Levitus, S. E.},
  TITLE = {{Climatological atlas of the world ocean}},
  PAGES = {173},
  FICHE = {17},
  YEAR = {1982},
  PUBLISHER = {{NOAA Professional Paper 13, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC}}
}

@ARTICLE{Levitus1989,
  AUTHOR = {Levitus, S.},
  TITLE = {{Interpentadal variability of temperature and salinity at intermediate depths of the North Atlantic ocean, 1970-1974 versus 1955-1959}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {94},
  PAGES = {6091-6131},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Li:Leighton1993,
  AUTHOR = {Z. Li and H. G. Leighton},
  TITLE = {{Global climatologies of the solar radiation budgets
                 at the surface and in the atmosphere from 5 years of
                 ERBE data}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {98},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {4919-4930},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Li:etal1993b,
  AUTHOR = {Z. Li and H. G. Leighton and K. Masuda and T. Takashima},
  TITLE = {{Estimation of SW flux absorbed at the surface from
                 TOA reflected flux}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1993b},
  VOLUME = {6},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {317-330},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Li:etal1993a,
  AUTHOR = {Z. Li and H. G. Leighton and R. D. Cess},
  TITLE = {{Surface net solar radiation estimated from satellite
                 measurements:  Comparison with tower observations}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1993a},
  VOLUME = {6},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1764-1772},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Li1995,
  AUTHOR = {Z. Li},
  TITLE = {{Quality analysis of the global solar SRB data:
                  Intercomparisons between two satellite-based products}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {100},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {3221-3232},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lighthill1969,
  AUTHOR = {Lighthill, M. J.},
  TITLE = {{Dynamic response of the Indian Ocean to the onset of
                 the southwest monsoon}},
  JOURNAL = {Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A. 265},
  YEAR = {1969},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {45-92},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lilly1968,
  AUTHOR = {Lilly, D. K.},
  TITLE = {{Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {94},
  PAGES = {292-309},
  YEAR = {1968}
}

@ARTICLE{Lilly:Schubert1980,
  AUTHOR = {Lilly, D. K. and W. S. Schubert},
  TITLE = {{The effects of radiative cooling in a cloud-topped mixed layer}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {37},
  PAGES = {482-487},
  YEAR = {1980}
}

@ARTICLE{Lin:Johnson1996,
  AUTHOR = {Lin, X. and R. H. Johnson},
  TITLE = {{Heating, moistening and rainfall over the western Pacific
                  warm pool during TOGA COARE}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {1996},
  NOTE = {Submitted}
}

@INBOOK{Lindzen1970,
  AUTHOR = {Lindzen, R. S.},
  TITLE = {{Mathematical Problems in the Geophysical Sciences}},
  CHAPTER = {Atmospheric Tides},
  PUBLISHER = {American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.},
  YEAR = {1970},
  OPTEDITOR = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTSERIES = {},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  OPTEDITION = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Lindzen:Nigam1987,
  AUTHOR = {Lindzen, R. S. and S. Nigam},
  TITLE = {{On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing
                  low-level winds and convergence in the tropics}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {45},
  PAGES = {2440-2458},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Lindzen1990,
  AUTHOR = {Lindzen, R. S.},
  TITLE = {{Some coolness concerning global warming}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {71},
  PAGES = {288-299},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Lindzen1993,
  AUTHOR = {Lindzen, R. S.},
  TITLE = {{Climate dynamics and global change}},
  JOURNAL = {Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.},
  VOLUME = {26},
  PAGES = {353-278},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Lindzen:Hou1988,
  AUTHOR = {Lindzen, R. S. and A. Y. Hou},
  TITLE = {{Hadley circulation for zonally averaged heating centered
                  off the Equator}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {45},
  PAGES = {2417-2427},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Lindzen:Pan1994,
  AUTHOR = {Lindzen, R. S. and W. Pan},
  TITLE = {{A note on orbital control of equator-pole heat fluxes}},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  VOLUME = {10},
  PAGES = {49-57},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu1986,
  AUTHOR = {W. T. Liu},
  TITLE = {Statistical relation between monthly mean
                 precipitable water and surface-level humidity over
                 global oceans},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = 1986,
  VOLUME = 114,
  PAGES = {1591-1602}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu1988,
  AUTHOR = {W. T. Liu},
  TITLE = {Moisture and latent heat flux variabilities in the
                 tropical {Pacific} derived from satellite data},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = 1988,
  VOLUME = 93,
  PAGES = {6749-6760+ plates on 6965-6968}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu:Niiler1984,
  AUTHOR = {W.T. Liu and Peter P. Niiler},
  TITLE = {Determination of monthly mean humidity in the
                 atmospheric surface layer over oceans from satellite
                 data},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1984,
  VOLUME = 14,
  PAGES = {1451-1457}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu:etal1979,
  AUTHOR = {W. T. Liu and K. B. Katsaros and J. A. Businger},
  TITLE = {{Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchange of heat
                 and water vapor including molecular constraints at
                 the interface}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1979},
  VOLUME = {36},
  PAGES = {1722-1735}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {W. T. Liu and W. Tang and P.P. Niiler},
  TITLE = {Humidity profiles over the ocean},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = 4,
  PAGES = {1023-1034}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {Z. Liu and S. G. H. Philander and R. C. Pacanowski},
  TITLE = {{A GCM study of tropical-subtropical upper-ocean water exchange}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1994,
  VOLUME = 24,
  PAGES = {2606-2623}
}

@ARTICLE{Liu:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {Z. Liu and R. Jacob and J. Kutzbach and S. Harrison and J.
  Anderson},
  TITLE = {{Monsoon impact on El Ni\~no in the Early Holocene}},
  JOURNAL = {PAGES Newsletter},
  YEAR = 1999,
  VOLUME = 7,
  PAGES = {16-17}
}

@ARTICLE{Longuet-Higgins1968,
  AUTHOR = {M. S. Longuet-Higgins},
  TITLE = {The eigenfunctions of Laplace's tidal equations on a sphere},
  JOURNAL = {Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London},
  YEAR = {1968},
  VOLUME = {A262},
  PAGES = {511-607}
}

@ARTICLE{Lorenz1971,
  AUTHOR = {E. Lorenz},
  TITLE = {A N-cycle time-differencing scheme for stepwise
                 numerical integration},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = 1971,
  VOLUME = 99,
  PAGES = {644-648}
}

@BOOK{lo67,
  AUTHOR = {Lorenz, Edward N.},
  TITLE = {{Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere}},
  YEAR = {1967},
  PUBLISHER = {{World Meteorological Organization, Geneva}},
  PAGES = {161}
}

@ARTICLE{Lough1986,
  AUTHOR = {Lough, J. M.},
  TITLE = {{Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature and rainfall variations in Subsaharan Africa}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {114},
  PAGES = {561-570},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Louis1979,
  AUTHOR = {Louis, J.-F.},
  TITLE = {{Parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere}},
  JOURNAL = {Bound.-Layer. Meteor.},
  VOLUME = {17},
  PAGES = {187-202},
  YEAR = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{Lowell:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {Lowell, T. V. and C. J. Heusser and B. G. Anderson and
                  P. I. Marino and A. Hauser and L. E. Heusser and
                  C. Schluchter D. R. Marchant and G. H. Denton },
  TITLE = {{Interhemispheric correlation of late Pleistocene glacial events}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {269},
  PAGES = {1541-1549},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Lu:McCreary1995,
  AUTHOR = {P. Lu and J. P. McCreary},
  TITLE = {{Influence of the ITCZ on the flow of thermocline water from
                  the subtropical to the equatorial ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {25},
  PAGES = {3076-3088},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Lukas1988,
  AUTHOR = {Lukas, R.},
  TITLE = {{Interannual fluctuations of the Mindanao current inferred from sea level}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {93},
  PAGES = {6744-6748},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Luksch:VonStorch1992,
  AUTHOR = {Ute Luksch and Hans von Storch},
  TITLE = {{Modeling the low-frequency sea surface temperature
                 variability in the North Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1992},
  VOLUME = {5},
  PAGES = {893-906}
}

@ARTICLE{Luksch1996,
  AUTHOR = {Ute Luksch},
  TITLE = {{Simulation of North Atlantic low-frequency SST variability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1996},
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {2083-2092}
}

@ARTICLE{Lynch1990a,
  AUTHOR = {Thomas F. Lynch},
  TITLE = {Glacial-Age Man in {South America}?  A Critical Review},
  JOURNAL = {American Antiquity},
  YEAR = 1990,
  VOLUME = 55,
  NUMBER = 1,
  PAGES = {12-36}
}

@ARTICLE{Lynch1990b,
  AUTHOR = {Thomas F. Lynch},
  TITLE = {Quaternary Climate, Environment, and the Human
                 Occupation of the {South-Central Andes}},
  JOURNAL = {Geoarchaeology},
  YEAR = 1990,
  VOLUME = 5,
  NUMBER = 3,
  PAGES = {199-228}
}

@ARTICLE{Ma:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Ma, C.-C. and C. R. Mechoso and A. W. Robertson and A. Arakawa},
  TITLE = {{Peruvian stratus clouds and the tropical Pacific
                  circulation: A coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM study}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {1635-1645},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Mahrt1972,
  AUTHOR = {Mahrt, L. J.},
  TITLE = {{A numerical study of the influence of advective
                 accelerations in an idealized, low-latitude,
                 planetary boundary layer}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {29},
  PAGES = {1477-1484},
  YEAR = {1972}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Malkus1962,
  AUTHOR = {J. S. Malkus},
  TITLE = {{Chap. 4}},
  EDITOR = {M.N. Hill},
  BOOKTITLE = {{The Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the study of the Seas, 1: Physical Oceanography}},
  PAGES = {88-294},
  YEAR = {1962},
  PUBLISHER = {Wiley, Interscience, New York}
}

@ARTICLE{Manabe1969,
  AUTHOR = {Manabe, S.},
  TITLE = {{The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the
                  earth's surface}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {97},
  PAGES = {739-774},
  YEAR = {1969}
}

@ARTICLE{Manabe:Stouffer1988,
  AUTHOR = {Manabe, S. and R.J. Stouffer},
  TITLE = {{Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {1},
  PAGES = {841-866},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Manabe:Stouffer1993,
  AUTHOR = {Manabe, S. and R.J. Stouffer},
  TITLE = {{Century-scale effects of increased atmospheric $CO_2$ on the
                  ocean atmosphere system}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {364},
  PAGES = {215-218},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Manabe:Stouffer1994,
  AUTHOR = {Manabe, S. and R.J. Stouffer},
  TITLE = {{Multiple-century response of a coupled
ocean-atmosphere model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {7},
  PAGES = {5-23},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Manabe:Wetherald,
  AUTHOR = {Manabe, S. and R.T. Wetherald},
  TITLE = {{Cloud feedback processes in a general circulation model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Mantua:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {N. J. Mantua and S. R. Hare and Y. Zhang and
                  J. M. Wallace and R. C. Francis},
  TITLE = {{A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with
                  impacts on salmon production}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1997},
  VOLUME = {78},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1069-1079},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Markham:McLain1977,
  AUTHOR = {C.G. Markham and D.R. McLain},
  TITLE = {{Sea surface temperature related to rain in Ceara,
                 North-eastern Brazil.}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  YEAR = {1977},
  VOLUME = {265},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {320-323},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Marotzke:Willebrand1991,
  AUTHOR = {Marotzke, J. and J. Willebrand},
  TITLE = {Multiple equilibria of the global thermohaline circulation},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {21},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1372-1385},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Marshall1995,
  AUTHOR = {Marshall, D.},
  TITLE = {{Topographic steering of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {25},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1636-1650},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Martin1985,
  AUTHOR = {Martin, P.J.},
  TITLE = {Simulation of the mixed layer at {OWS November and
                 Papa} with several models.},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1985},
  VOLUME = {90},
  NUMBER = {C1},
  PAGES = {903-916},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Martin1986,
  AUTHOR = {Martin, P.J.},
  TITLE = {Testing and comparison of several mixed-layer models.},
  JOURNAL = {{Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity Tech Rep}},
  YEAR = {1986},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {143},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@BOOK{Martin:Thompson1983,
  AUTHOR = {Martin, C.W. and C.W. Thompson},
  TITLE = {{Adaptive grids generated by elliptic systems}},
  YEAR = {1983},
  PUBLISHER = {{AIAA Paper No. 83-0451}}
}

@ARTICLE{McCalpin1987,
  AUTHOR = {McCalpin, J.D.},
  TITLE = {{A note on the reflection of low frequency equatorial Rossby waves from realistic western boundaries}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {17},
  PAGES = {1944-1949},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{McCartney:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {McCartney, M. S. and R. G. Curry and H. F. Bezdek},
  TITLE = {{North Atlantic's transformation pipeline chills and
                  redistributes subtropical water}},
  JOURNAL = {Oceanus},
  VOLUME = {39},
  PAGES = {19-23},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{McCreary1981,
  AUTHOR = {McCreary, J.P.},
  TITLE = {{A linear stratified ocean model of the equatorial undercurrent}},
  JOURNAL = {Philosophical Transac. of the Royal Society, London},
  VOLUME = {A298},
  PAGES = {603-635},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{McCreary1983,
  AUTHOR = {McCreary, J. P.},
  TITLE = {{A model of tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {111},
  PAGES = {370-387},
  YEAR = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{McCreary1985,
  AUTHOR = {McCreary, J. P.},
  TITLE = {Modeling equatorial ocean circulation.},
  JOURNAL = {Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech.},
  YEAR = {1985},
  VOLUME = {17},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {359-409},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{McCreary:Anderson1991,
  AUTHOR = {McCreary, J. P. and D. L. T. Anderson},
  TITLE = {An overview of coupled ocean-atmosphere models of {El
                 Ni\~no} and the {Southern Oscillation}.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Geophy. Res.},
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {96},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {3125-3150},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{McCreary:etal1984,
  AUTHOR = {J.P. McCreary and J. Picaut and D.W. Moore},
  TITLE = {{Effects of remote annual forcing in the eastern
                 tropical Atlantic Ocean.}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  YEAR = {1984},
  VOLUME = {42},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {45-81},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{McDougall1987N,
  AUTHOR = {Trevor J. McDougall},
  TITLE = {Neutral Surfaces},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {17},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1950-1964},
  KEYWORDS = {neutral surfaces},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{McDougall1987V,
  AUTHOR = {Trevor J. McDougall},
  TITLE = {The Vertical Motion of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices
                 across Neutral Surfaces},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {17},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2334-2342},
  KEYWORDS = {neutral surfaces, eddies},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{McFarlane:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {McFarlane, N. A. and G. J. Boer and J.-P. Blanchet and M. Lazare},
  TITLE = {{The Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general
                  circulation model and its equilibrium climate}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {5},
  PAGES = {1013-1044},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{McPhaden1980,
  AUTHOR = {McPhaden, M.J.},
  TITLE = {{Continuously stratified models of the steady--state equatorial ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {337-354},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Machado:Rossow1993,
  AUTHOR = {Machado, L. A. T. and W. B. Rossow},
  TITLE = {{Structural characteristics and radiative properties of
                  tropical cloud clusters}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {121},
  PAGES = {3234-3260},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mechoso:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Mechoso, C. R. and M. Fisher and M. Ghil and M.
                 Halpern and M. Spahr},
  TITLE = {{Coupling experiments of an atmospheric and an oceanic CGM}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{International TOGA Scientific Conference
                 Proceedings, 
                 Technical Document No.
                 379, WCRP-43.}},
  PUBLISHER = {World Climate Research Programme, Geneva},
  ORGANIZATION = {World
                 Meteorological Organization},
  YEAR = {1990},
  OPTEDITOR = {},
  OPTCHAPTER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Mechoso:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {{Mechoso, C. R. and A. W. Robertson and 18 others}},
  TITLE = {{The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in
                  coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {123},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2825-2838},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Meehl1989,
  AUTHOR = {G.A. Meehl},
  TITLE = {The coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling problem in the
                 tropical {Pacific} and {Asian} monsoon region.},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1989},
  VOLUME = {2},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1146-1163},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Meehl1990a,
  AUTHOR = {Meehl, G.A.},
  TITLE = {{Seasonal cycle forcing of {El Ni\~no}-{Southern
                 Oscillation} in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM.}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {3},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {72-98},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Meehl1990b,
  AUTHOR = {Meehl, G.A.},
  TITLE = {Development of global coupled ocean-atmosphere
                 general circulation models.},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {5},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {19-33},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Meehl:vanLoon1979,
  AUTHOR = {Meehl, G.A. and H. van Loon},
  TITLE = {{The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and
                  northern Europe. Part III:Teleconnections with lower
                  latitudes.}},
  JOURNAL = {Mon. Wea. Rev. },
  VOLUME = {107},
  PAGES = {1095-1106},
  YEAR = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{Meehl:Washington1986,
  AUTHOR = {G.A. Meehl and W. M. Washington},
  TITLE = {{Tropical response to increased $CO_2$ in a GCM with a
                  simple mixed layer ocean: Similarities to an
                  observed Pacific warm event.}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1986},
  VOLUME = {114},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {667-674},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Mehta:Delworth1995,
  AUTHOR = {V. M. Mehta and T. Delworth},
  TITLE = {{Decadal variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean
                  surface temperature in shipboard measurements and in
                  a global ocean-atmosphere model}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {8},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {172-190},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Mehta1998,
  AUTHOR = {V. M. Mehta},
  TITLE = {{Variability of the tropical ocean surface
                  temperatures at decadal-multidecadal timescales,
                  Part I: Atlantic Ocean.}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1998},
  VOLUME = {11},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2351-2375},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Mellor:Yamada1982,
  AUTHOR = {Mellor, G.L. and T. Yamada},
  TITLE = {Development of turbulence closure model for
                 geophysical fluid problems.},
  JOURNAL = {Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.},
  YEAR = {1982},
  VOLUME = {20},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {851-875},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@BOOK{Menke1984,
  AUTHOR = {Menke, W.},
  TITLE = {{Geophysical data analysis:  Discrete inverse theory}},
  YEAR = {1984},
  PUBLISHER = {{Academic Press}}
}

@ARTICLE{Mikolajewicz:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {Mikolajewicz, U. and T. J. Crowley and A. Schiller and R. Voss},
  TITLE = {{Modelling teleconnections between the North Atlantic and
                  North Pacific during the Younger Dryas}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {387},
  PAGES = {384-387},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{AJMiller:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {Miller, A. J. and D. R. Cayan and W. B. White},
  TITLE = {{A westward-intensified decadal change in the North Pacific
                  thermocline and gyre-scale circulation}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {3112-3127},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{AJMiller:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {Miller, A. J. and J. F. Oberhuber and N. E. Graham and T.
                 P. Barnett},
  TITLE = {{Tropical Pacific ocean response to observed winds in a
                 layered general circulation model}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {97},
  PAGES = {7317-7340},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{AJMiller:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {Miller, A. J. and D. R. Cayan and T. P. Barnett and N. E. Graham and J. M. Oberhuber},
  TITLE = {{Interdecadal variability of the Pacific Ocean: Model
                  response to observed heat flux and wind stress anomalies}},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {287-302},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{AJMiller:Schneider2001,
  AUTHOR = {Miller, A. J. and N. Schneider},
  TITLE = {{Interdecadal climate regime dynamics in the North Pacific
                  Ocean: Theories, observations and ecosystem impacts}},
  JOURNAL = {Prog. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {submitted},
  YEAR = {2001}
}

@ARTICLE{MJMiller:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {Miller, M. J. and A. C. M. Beljaars and T. N. Palmer},
  TITLE = {{The sensitivity of the ECMWF model to the parameterization
                 of evaporation from the tropical oceans}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {5},
  PAGES = {418-434},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Miller1997,
  AUTHOR = {{Miller, R. L.}},
  TITLE = {{Tropical thermostats and low cloud cover}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {10},
  PAGES = {409-440},
  NOTE = {},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Miller1990,
  AUTHOR = {{Miller, R.N.}},
  TITLE = {{Tropical Data Assimilation Experiments With Simulated Data:  
The Impact of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere 
Thermal Array for the Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {95},
  PAGES = {11,461-11,482},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Miller:Cane1989,
  AUTHOR = {Miller, R.N. and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{A Kalman filter analysis of sea level heights in the Tropical Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {19},
  PAGES = {773-790},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Mitchell:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {J. F. B. Mitchell and R. A. Davis and W. J. Ingram and
                  C. A. Senior},
  TITLE = {{On surface temperature, greenhouse gases, and aerosols:
                  Models and observations}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {8},
  PAGES = {2364-2386},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Molinari:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {R. L. Molinari and D. Mayer and J. Festa and H. Bezdek},
  TITLE = {{Multi-year variability in the near surface temperature
                  structure of the midlatitude western North Atlantic Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {102},
  PAGES = {3267-3278},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Mooley:Paolino1988,
  AUTHOR = {Mooley, D. A. and D. A. Paolino},
  TITLE = {{A predictive signal in the surface level thermal
                 field over India}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {116},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {256-264},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@BOOK{Moore1968,
  AUTHOR = {Moore, D.W.},
  TITLE = {{Planetary-gravity waves in an equatorial ocean}},
  YEAR = {1968},
  PUBLISHER = {{Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University}}
}

@INBOOK{Moore:Philander1976,
  AUTHOR = {Moore, D.W. and S.G.H. Philander},
  TITLE = {The Sea},
  CHAPTER = {Modeling of the tropical oceanic circulation},
  PUBLISHER = {Interscience, New York},
  YEAR = {1976},
  OPTEDITOR = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  VOLUME = {6},
  OPTSERIES = {},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  OPTEDITION = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Moorthi:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {Moorthi, S. and R. W. Higgins and J. R. Bates},
  TITLE = {{A global multilevel atmospheric model using a vector
                  semi-Lagrangian finite-difference scheme. Part II:
                  Version with physics}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {123},
  PAGES = {1523-1541},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Morcrette1990,
  AUTHOR = {Morcrette, J.-J.},
  TITLE = {{Impact of changes to the radiation transfer
                  parameterizations plus cloud optical properties in
                  the ECMWF model}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {118},
  PAGES = {847-873},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Moses:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Moses, T. and G.N. Kiladis And H.F. Diaz and R.G. Barry},
  TITLE = {{Characteristics and frequency of reversals in mean sea level pressure in the North Atlantic sector and their relationship to long-term temperature trends}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Climatology},
  VOLUME = {7},
  PAGES = {13-30},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Moura1976,
  AUTHOR = {Moura, A.},
  TITLE = {{The eigensolution of linearized balance equations on
                 a sphere}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1976},
  VOLUME = {33},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {877-907},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Moura:Shukla1981,
  AUTHOR = {Moura, A. D. and J. Shukla},
  TITLE = {{On the dynamics of droughts in northeast Brazil:  observations, theory, and numerical experiments with a general circulation model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {38},
  PAGES = {2653-2675},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@TECHREPORT{Moura:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {{Moura, A. D. and 13 other authors}},
  TITLE = {{International Research Institute for Climate
                  Prediction: A Proposal}},
  INSTITUTION = {{NOAA Office of Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD, 51pp}},
  YEAR = {1992},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {51},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Muller:Frankignoul1981,
  AUTHOR = {M{\"u}ller, P. and C. Frankignoul},
  TITLE = {{Direct atmospheric forcing of geostrophic eddies}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {287-308},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Munk:Anderson1948,
  AUTHOR = {Munk, W.H. and J. A. Anderson},
  TITLE = {Notes on a theory of the thermocline},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  YEAR = {1948},
  VOLUME = {7},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {276-295},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Munnich:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {M{\"u}nnich, M. and M. A. Cane and S. E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{A study of self-excited oscillations of the
        tropical ocean atmosphere system.  Part II: Nonlinear cases}.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {48},
  PAGES = {1238-1248},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Murray:Arief1988,
  AUTHOR = {Murray, S.P. and D. Arief},
  TITLE = {{Throughflow into the Indian Ocean through the Lombok strait, January 1985 - January 1986}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {333},
  PAGES = {444-447},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Murtugudde:etal1995a,
  AUTHOR = {Murtugudde, R. and M. A. Cane and V. Prasad},
  TITLE = {{A reduced gravity, primitive equation, isopycnal ocean
                  GCM. Part I: Formulation}.},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {123},
  PAGES = {2864-2887},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Murtugudde:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Murtugudde, R. and R. Seager and A. J. Busalacchi},
  TITLE = {{Simulation of the tropical oceans with an ocean GCM
                  coupled to an atmospheric mixed layer model}.},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1996},
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {1795-1815},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Naik:Visbeck1997,
  AUTHOR = {N. Naik and M. Visbeck},
  TITLE = {{Lamont Ocean-AML Model (LOAM) documentation}},
  VOLUME = {},
  YEAR = 1997,
  JOURNAL = {in preparation}
}

@ARTICLE{Nakamura:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {Nakamura, H. and G. Lin and T. Yamagata},
  TITLE = {{Decadal climate variability in the North Pacific during the
                  recent decades}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {78},
  PAGES = {2215-2225},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Namias1972,
  AUTHOR = {Namias, J.},
  TITLE = {{Experiments in objectively predicting some atmospheric and
                  oceanic variables for the winter of 1971-1972}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Appl. Meteor.},
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {1164-1174},
  YEAR = {1972}
}

@ARTICLE{Namias1980,
  AUTHOR = {Namias, J.},
  TITLE = {{Causes of some extreme Northern Hemisphere climatic anomalies from summer 1978 through the subsequent winter}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {108},
  PAGES = {1334-1346},
  YEAR = {1980}
}

@ARTICLE{Namias:Cayan1981,
  AUTHOR = {Namias, J. and D.R. Cayan},
  TITLE = {{Large-scale air-sea interactions and short-period climatic fluctuations}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {214},
  PAGES = {869-876},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Neelin1988,
  AUTHOR = {Neelin, J. D.},
  TITLE = {{A simple model for surface stress and low-level flow in the tropical atmosphere driven by prescribed heating}},
  JOURNAL = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {46},
  PAGES = {747-770},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Neelin1989a,
  AUTHOR = {Neelin, J. D.},
  TITLE = {{On the interpretation of the Gill model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {46},
  PAGES = {2466-2468},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Neelin1989b,
  AUTHOR = {Neelin, J. D.},
  TITLE = {Interannual oscillations in an ocean general
                 circulation model coupled to a simple atmosphere model.},
  JOURNAL = {Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond},
  YEAR = {1989},
  VOLUME = {329A},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {189-205},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Neelin1990,
  AUTHOR = {Neelin, J. D.},
  TITLE = {A hybrid coupled general circulation model for {El
                 Ni\~no} studies.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {47},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {674-693},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Neelin1991,
  AUTHOR = {Neelin, J. D.},
  TITLE = {The slow sea surface temperature mode and the
                 fast-wave limit: {Analytic} theory for tropical
                 interannual oscillations and experiments in a hybrid
                 coupled model.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {48},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {584-606},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Neelin:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Neelin, J. D. and I. M. Held and K. H. Cook},
  TITLE = {Evaporation-wind feedback and low-frequency
                 variability in the tropical atmosphere},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {44},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2341-2348},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Neelin:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {Neelin, J. D. and M. Latif and M.A.F. Allaart and M.A.
                 Cane and U.Cubasch and W.L. Gates and P.R. Gent and
                 M. Ghil and C. Gordon and N.C. Lau and G.A. Meehl and
                 C.R. Mechoso and J.M. Oberhuber and S.G.H. Philander
                 and P.S. Schopf and K.R. Sperber and A. Sterl and T.
                 Tokioka and J. Tribbia and S.E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models.},
  JOURNAL = {Climate Dyn.},
  YEAR = {1992},
  VOLUME = {7},
  PAGES = {73-104},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Neelin:Yu1993,
  AUTHOR = {Neelin, J. D. and J-Y Yu},
  TITLE = {{Modes of tropical variability under convective
                 adjustment and the Madden-Julian Oscillation.  Part
                 I: Analytical Theory}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {in press},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Neelin:Weng1999,
  AUTHOR = {Neelin, J. D. and W. Weng},
  TITLE = {{Analytical prototypes for ocean-atmosphere
                  interaction at midlatitudes. Part I: Coupled
                  feedbacks as a sea surface temperature dependent
                  stochastic process}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1999},
  VOLUME = {12},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {697-721},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Nelkin:Cane1989,
  AUTHOR = {Nelkin, H. and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{An isentropic model for the thermohaline circulation}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Neumann1969,
  AUTHOR = {Neumann, G.},
  TITLE = {{Seasonal salinity variations in the upper strata of the western tropical Atlantic ocean-I. Sea surface salinities}},
  JOURNAL = {Deep-Sea Res.},
  VOLUME = {16Suppl},
  PAGES = {165-177},
  YEAR = {1969}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Neumann1972,
  AUTHOR = {Neumann, G.},
  TITLE = {{Precipitation, evaporation and monthly salinity variations in the inner Gulf of Guinea near the equator.}},
  EDITOR = {A.L. Gordon},
  BOOKTITLE = {Studies in Physical Oceanography},
  PAGES = {1, 19-48},
  YEAR = {1972},
  PUBLISHER = {Gordon and Breach Science, New York, NY}
}

@BOOK{Newell:etal1974,
  AUTHOR = {Newell, R. E. and J. W. Kidson and D. G. Vincent and
                  G. J. Boer and J. R. Holton and J. M. Wallace and
                  T. G. Dopplick and A. C. Kyle},
  TITLE = {{The general circulation of the tropical atmosphere and
                  interactions with extratropical latitudes}},
  PAGES = {371},
  FICHE = {},
  YEAR = {1974},
  PUBLISHER = {{MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 371pp}}
}

@ARTICLE{Nials:etal1979,
  AUTHOR = {Fred L. Nials and Eric E. Deeds and Michael E.
                 Moseley and Shelia G. Pozorski and Thomas G. Pozorski
                 and Robert Feldman},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no}: THe Catastrophic Flooding of Coastal Peru},
  JOURNAL = {Field Museaum of Natural History bulletin},
  YEAR = 1979,
  VOLUME = 50,
  NUMBER = 7,
  PAGES = {4-14},
  KEYWORDS = {El Ni\~ no, ancient, climate}
}

@ARTICLE{Nicholls:LeMone1980,
  AUTHOR = {{Nicholls, S. and M. A. LeMone}},
  TITLE = {{The fair weather boundary layer in GATE:  The relationship
                 of subcloud fluxes and structure to the distribution
                 and enhancement of cumulus clouds}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {37},
  PAGES = {2051-2067},
  YEAR = {1980}
}

@ARTICLE{Nigam:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {{Nigam. S. and I. M. Held and S. W. Lyons}},
  TITLE = {{Linear simulation of the stationary eddies in a general
                  circulation model. Part I: The no-mountain model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {43},
  PAGES = {2944-2961},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Nigam:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {{Nigam. S. and I. M. Held and S. W. Lyons}},
  TITLE = {{Linear simulation of the stationary eddies in a general
                  circulation model. Part II: The mountain model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {45},
  PAGES = {1433-1452},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Niiler:Kraus1977,
  AUTHOR = {Niiler, P.P. and E.B. Kraus},
  TITLE = {One-dimensional models of the upper ocean.},
  BOOKTITLE = {Modelling and prediction of the upper layers of the ocean.},
  PUBLISHER = {Pergammon Press},
  YEAR = {1977},
  EDITOR = {E.B. Kraus},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {143-172},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  OPTEDITION = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Nobre:Shukla1996,
  AUTHOR = {C. Nobre and J. Shukla},
  TITLE = {{Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress, and
                  rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {9},
  OPTNOTE = {},
  PAGES = {2464-2479},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Norris1998a,
  AUTHOR = {J. R. Norris},
  TITLE = {{Low cloud structure over the ocean from surface
                  observations, Part I: Relationship to advection and
                  the vertical distribution of temperature and moisture}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {11},
  OPTNOTE = {},
  PAGES = {369-382},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Norris1998b,
  AUTHOR = {J. R. Norris},
  TITLE = {{Low cloud structure over the ocean from surface
                  observations, Part II: geographical and seasonal variations}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {11},
  OPTNOTE = {},
  PAGES = {383-403},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Norris:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {J. R. Norris and Y. Zhang and J. M. Wallace},
  TITLE = {{Role of low clouds in summertime atmosphere-ocean
                  interactions over the North Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {11},
  OPTNOTE = {},
  PAGES = {2482-2490},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Oberhuber1986,
  AUTHOR = {Oberhuber, J.M.},
  TITLE = {{About some numerical methods used in an ocean general circulation model with isopycnic coordinates.}},
  EDITOR = {James J. O'Brien},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Advanced Physical Oceanographic Numerical Modeling}},
  PAGES = {511-522},
  YEAR = {1986},
  PUBLISHER = {D. Reidel Publishing Company}
}

@TECHREPORT{Oberhuber1988,
  AUTHOR = {Oberhuber, J. M.},
  TITLE = {{An atlas based on the COADS dataset: The budgets of
                  heat, buoyancy and turbulent kinetic energy at the
                  surface of the global ocean}},
  INSTITUTION = {{Max Planck Institut f\"{u}r Meteorologie, Hamburg,
                  Germany, 199pp.}},
  YEAR = {1988},
  NUMBER = {15},
  PAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Oberhuber1993,
  AUTHOR = {J.M. Oberhuber},
  TITLE = {{Simulation of the Atlantic circulation with a coupled sea
                  ice mixed layer isopycnal general ciculation
                  model. I: Model description.}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {23},
  PAGES = {808-829},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Olbers:etal1985,
  AUTHOR = {Olbers, D.J. and M. Wenzel and J. Willebrand},
  TITLE = {{The inference of North Atlantic circulation patterns from climatological hydrographic data}},
  JOURNAL = {Rev. Geophys.},
  VOLUME = {23},
  PAGES = {313-356},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Oort1983,
  AUTHOR = {Oort, A.H.},
  TITLE = {{Global atmospheric circulation statistics, 1958-1973}},
  PAGES = {180},
  FICHE = {47},
  YEAR = {1983},
  PUBLISHER = {{NOAA 14}}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Oort1993,
  AUTHOR = {Oort, A. H.},
  TITLE = {{Observed humidity trends in the atmosphere}},
  BOOKTITLE = {Seventeenth Annual Climate
                  Diagnostics Workshop},
  YEAR = 1993,
  EDITOR = {},
  PAGES = {24-30},
  PUBLISHER = {National Ocenic and Atmsopheric Administration}
}

@ARTICLE{OttoBliesner1999,
  AUTHOR = {B.L. Otto-Bliesner},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no/La Ni\~na and Sahel precipitation
during the middle Holocene}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letts.},
  VOLUME = {26},
  PAGES = {87-90},
  YEAR = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Overland:etal1983,
  AUTHOR = {J. E. Overland and R. M. Reynolds and C. H. Pease},
  TITLE = {A model of the atmospheric boundary layer over the
                  marginal ice zone},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1983},
  VOLUME = {88},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2836-2840},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Overland:Guest1991,
  AUTHOR = {J. E. Overland and P. S. Guest},
  TITLE = {{The Arctic snow and air temperature budget over sea
                  ice during winter}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {96},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {4651-4662},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Pacanowski:Philander1981,
  AUTHOR = {Pacanowski, R.C. and S.G.H. Philander},
  TITLE = {Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical
                 models of tropical oceans},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Ocean.},
  YEAR = {1981},
  VOLUME = {11},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1443-1451},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Palmer1986,
  AUTHOR = {Palmer, T. N.},
  TITLE = {{Influence of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans on Sahel rainfall}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {322},
  PAGES = {251-253},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Palmer1995,
  AUTHOR = {Palmer, T. N.},
  TITLE = {{The influence of north-west Atlantic sea surface
                  temperature: An unplanned experiment}},
  JOURNAL = {Weather},
  VOLUME = {50},
  PAGES = {413-419},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Palmer:Sun1985,
  AUTHOR = {Palmer, T.N. and Z. Sun},
  TITLE = {{A modeling and observational study of the relationship between sea surface temperatures in the north west Atlantic and the atmospheric general circulation}},
  JOURNAL = {Q. J. R. Met. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {111},
  PAGES = {947-975},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Palmer:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {{Palmer, T. N., \v{C}. Brankovi\'{c}, P. Viterbo and M.
                 J. Miller}},
  TITLE = {{Modeling interannual variations of summer monsoons}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {5},
  PAGES = {399-417},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Pan:Oort1983,
  AUTHOR = {Pan, Y. H. and Oort, A. H.},
  TITLE = {Global climate variations connected with sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial {P}acific {O}cean for the 1958-73 period},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {111},
  PAGES = {1244--1258},
  YEAR = {1983},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Parsons1969,
  AUTHOR = {Parsons, A. T.},
  TITLE = {{A two-layer model of Gulf Stream separation}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Fluid Mech.},
  VOLUME = {39},
  PAGES = {511-528},
  YEAR = {1969}
}

@ARTICLE{Payne1984,
  AUTHOR = {Payne, R.E.},
  TITLE = {{Surface wind observations in SEQUAL I}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {719-721},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Pazan:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Pazan, S.E. and W.B. White And M. Inoue and J.J. O'Brien},
  TITLE = {{Off equatorial influence upon Pacific equatorial dynamic height variability during the 1982-1983 - El Ni\~no/Southern oscillation event}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {91},
  PAGES = {8437-8449},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Peng:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {Peng, S. and L. A. Mysak and H. Ritchie and J. Derome and
                  B. Dugas},
  TITLE = {{The difference between early and middle winter atmospheric
                  response to sea surface temperature anomalies in the
                  northwest Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {8},
  PAGES = {137-157},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Peng:Whitaker1999,
  AUTHOR = {Peng, S. and J. S. Whitaker},
  TITLE = {{Mechanisms determining the atmospheric response to mid-latitude SST anomalies}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {12},
  PAGES = {1393-1408},
  YEAR = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Pearce:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {D. W. Pierce and T. P. Barnett and M. Latif},
  TITLE = {{Connections between the Pacific Ocean tropics and
                  midlatitudes on decadal timescales}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {1173-1194},
  YEAR = {2000}
}

@BOOK{Peixoto:Oort1992,
  AUTHOR = {Peixoto, J. P. and A. H. Oort},
  TITLE = {{Physics of Climate}.},
  PUBLISHER = {American Institute of Physics},
  YEAR = {1992},
  OPTEDITOR = {},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTSERIES = {},
  ADDRESS = {New York, 520pp},
  OPTEDITION = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  PAGES = {520},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@BOOK{Philander1990,
  AUTHOR = {Philander, S.G.H.},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no, La Ni\~na}, and the {Southern Oscillation}.},
  PUBLISHER = {Academic Press},
  YEAR = {1990},
  OPTEDITOR = {},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTSERIES = {},
  ADDRESS = {San Diego},
  OPTEDITION = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  PAGES = {293},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Peters:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Peters, H. and M.C. Gregg and J.M. Toole},
  TITLE = {On the parameterization of equatorial turbulence},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {93},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1199-1218},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Philander1986,
  AUTHOR = {Philander, S.G.H.},
  TITLE = {{Unusual conditions in the tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1984}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {322},
  PAGES = {236-238},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@BOOK{Peixoto:Oort1993,
  AUTHOR = {J. P. Peixoto and A. H. Oort},
  TITLE = {Physics of climate},
  PUBLISHER = {{American Institue of Physics}},
  YEAR = {1993},
  OPTEDITOR = {},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTSERIES = {},
  ADDRESS = {New York},
  OPTEDITION = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  PAGES = {520},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Philander:Siegel1985,
  AUTHOR = {S. G. H. Philander and A. D. Siegel},
  TITLE = {{Simulation of the El Ni\~no of 1982-1983}},
  EDITOR = {J. C. J. Nihoul},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models}},
  PAGES = {517-541},
  YEAR = {1985},
  PUBLISHER = {Elsevier, New York}
}

@ARTICLE{Philander:etal1984,
  AUTHOR = {Philander, S.G.H. and T. Yamagata and R.C. Pacanowski},
  TITLE = {Unstable air-sea interactions in the tropics.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1984},
  VOLUME = {41},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {604-613},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Philander:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Philander, S.G.H. and W.J. Hurlin and A.D. Siegel},
  TITLE = {Simulation of the seasonal cycle of the tropical
                 {Pacific} ocean.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {17},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1986-2002},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Philander:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {Philander, S.G.H. and R.C. Pacanowski and N.C. Lau
                 and M.J. Nath},
  TITLE = {{A simulation of ENSO with a
                 global atmospheric GCM coupled to a
                 high-resolution, tropical Pacific Ocean GCM}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1992},
  VOLUME = {5},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {308-329},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Philander:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Philander, S.G.H. and D. Gu and D. Halpern and
                  N.C. Lau and T. Li and R.C. Pacanowski},
  TITLE = {{Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1996},
  VOLUME = {9},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Picaut:etal1985,
  AUTHOR = {Picaut, J. and J. Servain And P. Lecomte And M. Seva And S. Lukas and G. Rougier},
  TITLE = {{Climatic atlas of the tropical Atlantic Ocean wind stress and sea surface temperature 1964-1979}},
  JOURNAL = {Universite de Bretagne Occidentale - Hawaii},
  PAGES = {467},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Pierce:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {D. W. Pierce and T. P. Barnett and M. Latif},
  TITLE = {{Connections between the Pacific Ocean tropics and
                  midlatitudes on decadal timescales}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {2000},
  VOLUME = {13},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1173-1194}
}

@ARTICLE{Pierrehumbert1995,
  AUTHOR = {R. T. Pierrehumbert},
  TITLE = {Thermostats, radiator fins, and the runaway greenhouse},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {52},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1784-1806}
}

@ARTICLE{Pierrehumbert1999a,
  AUTHOR = {R. T. Pierrehumbert},
  TITLE = {{Huascaran $\delta^{18}O$ as an indicator of tropical
                  climate during the Last Glacial Maximum}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  YEAR = {1999},
  VOLUME = {26},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1345-1348}
}

@ARTICLE{Pierrehumbert1998,
  AUTHOR = {R. T. Pierrehumbert},
  TITLE = {{Lateral mixing as a source of subtropical water vapor}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  YEAR = {1998},
  VOLUME = {25},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {151-154}
}

@ARTICLE{Pierrehumbert:Roca1998,
  AUTHOR = {R. T. Pierrehumbert and R. Roca},
  TITLE = {{Evidence for control of Atlantic subtropical humidity by large scale advection}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  YEAR = {1998},
  VOLUME = {25},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {4537-4540}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Pierrehumbert1999b,
  AUTHOR = {R. T. Pierrehumbert},
  TITLE = {{Subtropical water vapor as a mediator of rapid global climate change}},
  EDITOR = {{Peter U. Clark and Robert S. Webb and Lloyd D. Keigwin}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Mechanisms of global climate change at millenial
                  timescales, Geophysical Monograph 112}},
  PAGES = {339-361},
  YEAR = 1999,
  PUBLISHER = {American Geophysocal Union, Washington, DC}
}

@ARTICLE{Pinkel:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {Robert Pinkel and Jeffrey Sherman and Jerome Smith
                 and Steven Anderson},
  TITLE = {Strain:  Observations of the Vertical Gradient of
                 Isopycnal Vertical Displacement},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = 21,
  NUMBER = 4,
  PAGES = {527-540}
}

@ARTICLE{Piola:Gordon1984,
  AUTHOR = {Piola, A.R. and A.L. Gordon},
  TITLE = {{Pacific and Indian Ocean upper-layer salinity budget}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {14},
  PAGES = {747-753},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Pitcher:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Pitcher, E. J. and M. L. Blackmon and G.T. Bates and S. Munoz},
  TITLE = {{The effect of North Pacific sea surface temperature
                  anomalies on the January climate of a general
                  circulation model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {45},
  PAGES = {172-188},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Pollard:Pu1985,
  AUTHOR = {Pollard, R. T. and S. P.},
  TITLE = {{Structure and circulation of the upper Atlantic ocean northeast of the Azores}},
  JOURNAL = {Prog. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {14},
  PAGES = {443-462},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Pollard:etal1973,
  AUTHOR = {Pollard, R. T. and P. B. Rhines and R. O. R. Y. Thompson},
  TITLE = {The deepening of the wind-mixed layer.},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Fluid Dyn.},
  YEAR = {1973},
  VOLUME = {3},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {381-404},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Porter1979,
  AUTHOR = {Porter, S. C.},
  TITLE = {Hawaiian glacial ages},
  JOURNAL = {Quat. Res.},
  YEAR = {1979},
  VOLUME = {12},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {161-187},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Porter1997,
  AUTHOR = {Porter, S. C.},
  TITLE = {{Late Pleistocene eolian sediments related to
                  pyroclastic eruptions of Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii}},
  JOURNAL = {Quat. Res.},
  YEAR = {1997},
  VOLUME = {47},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {261-276},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Posmentier:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {Posmentier, E.S. and Mark A. Cane and S.E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Tropical Pacific climate trends since 1960}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {2},
  PAGES = {731-736},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Price1979,
  AUTHOR = {Price, J.F.},
  TITLE = {On the scaling of stress-driven entrainment experiments},
  JOURNAL = {J. Fluid Mech.},
  YEAR = {1979},
  VOLUME = {90},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {509-529},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Price:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Price, J.F. and R.A. Weller and R. Pinkel},
  TITLE = {{Diurnal Cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind mixing}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Geo. Res.},
  VOLUME = {91},
  PAGES = {8411-8427},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Qiu2000,
  AUTHOR = {Qiu, B.},
  TITLE = {{Interannual variability of the Kuroshio Extension system and its impact on the wintertime SST field}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {2000},
  VOLUME = {30},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1486-1502},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Quinn:etal1978,
  AUTHOR = {Quinn, W.H. and D.O. Dopf and K.S. Short and R.T. W. Kuo-Yang},
  TITLE = {Historical trends and statistics of the {Southern
                 Oscillation, El Ni\~no}, and {Indonesian} droughts.},
  JOURNAL = {Fish. Bull.},
  YEAR = {1978},
  VOLUME = {76},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {663-678},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Quinn:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Quinn, W.H. and V.T. Neal and E.A. De Mayolo},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no occurrences over the past four and a half centuries}},
  JOURNAL = {J. of Geophys. Res.},
  VOLUME = {92},
  PAGES = {14,449-14461},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Rajagopolan:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {{Rajagopolan, B. and Y. Kushnir and Y. M. Tourre}},
  TITLE = {{Observed decadal midlatitude and tropical Atlantic climate
                  variability}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  VOLUME = {25},
  PAGES = {3967-3970},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Rahmstorff:Willebrand1995,
  AUTHOR = {{Rahmstorff, S. and J. Willebrand}},
  TITLE = {{The role of temperature feedback in stabilising the
                  thermohaline circulation}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {25},
  PAGES = {787-805},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Rahmstorff1995,
  AUTHOR = {{Rahmstorff, S.}},
  TITLE = {{Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in
                  response to changes in the hydrological cycle}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {378},
  PAGES = {145-149},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Rahmstorff1997,
  AUTHOR = {{Rahmstorff, S.}},
  TITLE = {{Risk of sea-change in the Atlantic?}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {388},
  PAGES = {825-826},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Ramage1977,
  AUTHOR = {Ramage, C.S.},
  TITLE = {Sea surface temperature and local weather.},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1977},
  VOLUME = {105},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {540-544},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Ramage1987,
  AUTHOR = {Ramage, C.S.},
  TITLE = {{Secular change in reported surface wind speeds over the ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Climate Appl. Meteor.},
  VOLUME = {26},
  PAGES = {525-528},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Ramanathan:Collins1991,
  AUTHOR = {Ramanathan, V. and W. Collins},
  TITLE = {Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus
                 clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 {El
                 Ni\~no.}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {351},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {27-32},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Ramanathan:Downey1986,
  AUTHOR = {{Ramanathan, V. and P. Downey}},
  TITLE = {{A nonisothermal emissivity and absorptivity formulation for
                 water vapor}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {91},
  PAGES = {8649-8666},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Ramanathan:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {Ramanathan, V. and R. D. Cess and E. F. Harrison and P. Minnis
                  and B. R. Barkstrom and E. Ahmad and D. Hartmann},
  TITLE = {{Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: Results from the Earth
                  Radiation Budget Experiment}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {243},
  PAGES = {57-63},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Ramaswamy:Freidenreich1992,
  AUTHOR = {{Ramaswamy, V. and S. M. Freidenreich}},
  TITLE = {{A study of broadband parameterizations of the solar
                  radiative interactions with water vapor and water drops}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {97},
  PAGES = {11487-11512},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Rancic:Sindjic1989,
  AUTHOR = {Rancic, M. and G. Sindjic},
  TITLE = {{Noninterpolating semi-lagrangian advection scheme with minimized dissipation and dispersion errors}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {117},
  PAGES = {1906-1911},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Randall:etal1985,
  AUTHOR = {{D. A. Randall and J. A. Abeles and T. G. Corsetti}},
  TITLE = {{Seasonal simulations of the planetary boundary layer and
                 boundary layer stratocumulus clouds with a general
                 circulation model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {42},
  PAGES = {641-676},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Rao:Goswami1988,
  AUTHOR = {Rao, K.G. and B.N. Goswami},
  TITLE = {{Interannual variations of sea surface temperature over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Monsoon}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {116},
  PAGES = {558-568},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Rasmusson1985,
  AUTHOR = {Rasmusson, E.M.},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no} and variations in climate.},
  JOURNAL = {Am. Sci.},
  YEAR = {1988},
  OPTVOLUME = {73},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {168-177},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Rasmusson:Carpenter1982,
  AUTHOR = {Rasmusson, E.M. and T.H. Carpenter},
  TITLE = {{Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {110},
  PAGES = {354-384},
  YEAR = {1982}
}

@ARTICLE{Ratcliffe:Murray1970,
  AUTHOR = {Ratcliffe, R.A.S. and R. Murray},
  TITLE = {{New lag associations between North Atlantic sea temperature and European pressure applied to long-group weather forecasting}},
  JOURNAL = {Q.J.R. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {96},
  PAGES = {226-246},
  YEAR = {1970}
}

@ARTICLE{Raval:Ramanathan1989,
  AUTHOR = {Raval, A. and V. Ramanathan},
  TITLE = {{Observational determination of the greenhouse effect}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {342},
  PAGES = {758-761},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Raval:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {A. Raval and A. H. Oort and V. Ramaswamy},
  TITLE = {{Observed dependence of outgoing longwave radiation on sea
                  surface temperature and moisture}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {7},
  PAGES = {807-821},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Rea1994,
  AUTHOR = {D. K. Rea},
  TITLE = {{The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian deposition in
                  the deep sea:  The geologic history of wind.}},
  JOURNAL = {Rev. Geophys.},
  VOLUME = {32},
  PAGES = {159-195},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Reed1977,
  AUTHOR = {R. K. Reed},
  TITLE = {{On estimating insolation over the ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {7},
  PAGES = {482-485},
  YEAR = {1977}
}

@ARTICLE{Reed:Recker1971,
  AUTHOR = {R. J. Reed and E. E. Recker},
  TITLE = {{Structure and properties of synoptic-scale wave
                  disturbances in the equatorial western Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {28},
  PAGES = {1117-1133},
  YEAR = {1971}
}

@ARTICLE{Rennick:Haney1985,
  AUTHOR = {Rennick, M.A. and R. L. Haney},
  TITLE = {{Stable and unstable air-sea interaction in the equatorial region}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {43},
  PAGES = {2937-2943},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Reverdin:Cane1984,
  AUTHOR = {Reverdin, G. and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{The near surface equatorial Indian Ocean in 1979.
 Part I: Simulations with linear dynamics}},
  JOURNAL = { J. Phys. Oceanography},
  VOLUME = {14},
  PAGES = {1817-1828},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Reverdin:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {Reverdin, G. and D. Cayan and H. D. Dooley and D. J. Ellett
                  and S. Levitus and Y. Penhoat and A. Dessier},
  TITLE = {{Surface salinity of the North Atlantic: Can we reconstruct
                  its fluctuations over the last one hundred years?}},
  JOURNAL = { Prog. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {33},
  PAGES = {303-346},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Reverdin:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {Reverdin, G. and D. Cayan and Y. Kushnir},
  TITLE = {{Decadal variability of hydrography in the upper northern
                  North Atlantic in 1948-1990.}},
  JOURNAL = { J. Geophys. Res.},
  VOLUME = {102},
  PAGES = {8505-8531},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Reynolds1982,
  AUTHOR = {Reynolds, R.W.},
  TITLE = {{A monthly averaged climatology of sea surface temperature}},
  PAGES = {35},
  YEAR = {1982},
  PUBLISHER = {{NOAA Technical Report NWS 31, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD}}
}

@ARTICLE{Reynolds1988,
  AUTHOR = {Reynolds, R. W.},
  TITLE = {{A real-time global sea surface temperature analysis}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {1},
  PAGES = {75-86},
  YEAR = 1988
}

@ARTICLE{Reynolds:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {Reynolds, R.W. and K. Arpe And C. Gordon And S.P. Hayes And A. Leetmaa and M.J. McPhaden},
  TITLE = {{A comparison of tropical Pacific surface wind analyses}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {2},
  PAGES = {105-111},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Rind:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Rind, D. and D. Peteet and W. Broecker and A. McIntyre and
                  W. R. Ruddiman},
  TITLE = {{The impact of cold North Atlantic sea surface temperature
                  on climate: implication for Younger Dryas cooling (11-10 k)}},
  JOURNAL = {Climate Dyn.},
  VOLUME = {1},
  PAGES = {3-33},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Rind:Peteet1985,
  AUTHOR = {Rind, D. and D. Peteet},
  TITLE = {{Terrestrial conditions at the last glacial maximum and
                  CLIMAP sea-surface temperature estimates:  Are they
                  consistent?}},
  JOURNAL = {Quat. Res.},
  VOLUME = {24},
  PAGES = {1-22},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Rind:etal2001,
  AUTHOR = {Rind, D. and P. deMenocal and G. Russell and S. Sheth and
                  D. Collins and G. Schmidt and J. Teller},
  TITLE = {{North Atlantic Deep Water and interhemispheric response to
                  glacial meltwater in the GISS coupled
                  atmosphere-ocean model}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {in press},
  YEAR = {2001}
}

@ARTICLE{Robertson:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {Robertson, A. W. and C. R. Mechoso and Y.-J. Kim},
  TITLE = {{The influence of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies
                  on the North Atlantic Oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {122-138},
  YEAR = {2000}
}

@ARTICLE{Rodgers1967,
  AUTHOR = {Rodgers, C. D.},
  TITLE = {{The use of emissivity in atmospheric radiation calculations}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {93},
  PAGES = {43-54},
  YEAR = {1967}
}

@ARTICLE{Rodgers:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {Rodgers, K. and M. A. Cane and D. Schrag},
  TITLE = {{Seasonal variability of sea surface $\Delta^{14}$C in the
                  equatorial Pacific in an ocean circulation model}},
  JOURNAL = {To be submitted to J. Geophys. Res.},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Rodwell:Hoskins1996,
  AUTHOR = {Rodwell, M. J. and B. J. Hoskins},
  TITLE = {{Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {122},
  PAGES = {1385-1404},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Rodwell:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {Rodwell, M. J. and D. P. Rowell and C. K. Folland},
  TITLE = {{Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic
                  Oscillation and European climate}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {398},
  PAGES = {320-323},
  YEAR = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Rogers1984,
  AUTHOR = {Rogers, J.C.},
  TITLE = {{The association between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {112},
  PAGES = {1999-2015},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Rogers1985,
  AUTHOR = {Rogers, J.C.},
  TITLE = {{Atmospheric circulation changes associated with the warming in the northern North Atlantic in the 1920s}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Climate and Apll. Meteorol.},
  VOLUME = {24},
  PAGES = {1303-1310},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Rogers:vanLoon1979,
  AUTHOR = {Rogers, J.C. and H. van Loon},
  TITLE = {{The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and northern Europe. Part II: Some oceanic and atmospheric effects in middle and high latitudes}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {107},
  PAGES = {509-519},
  YEAR = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{Ropelewski:Halpert1987,
  AUTHOR = {Ropelewski, C. F. and M. S. Halpert},
  TITLE = {Global and regional scale precipitation patterns
                 associated with the {El Ni\~no/Southern Oscillation}.},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {114},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2352-2362},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Ropelewski:Halpert1989,
  AUTHOR = {Ropelewski, C. F. and M. S. Halpert},
  TITLE = {{Precipitation patterns associated with the high index phase of the southern oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {2},
  PAGES = {268-284},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Rosati:Miyakoda1988,
  AUTHOR = {Rosati, A and K. Miyakoda},
  TITLE = {A general circulation model for upper ocean simulation},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {18},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1601-1626},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Ross:etal1985,
  AUTHOR = {Ross, D.B. and J. Overland And W.J. Pierson, Jrs. and V.J. Cardone And R.D. McPherson and T.W. Yu},
  TITLE = {{Oceanic surface winds}},
  JOURNAL = {Adv. in Geophys.},
  VOLUME = {27},
  PAGES = {101-140},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Rossow:Schiffer1991,
  AUTHOR = {W. B. Rossow and R. A. Schiffer},
  TITLE = {{ISCCP cloud data products}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {72},
  PAGES = {2-20},
  YEAR = {1991}
}

@ARTICLE{Rossow:Lacis1990,
  AUTHOR = {W. B. Rossow and A. A. Lacis},
  TITLE = {{Global, seasonal cloud variations from satellite radiance
                  measurements. Part II: Cloud properties and
                  radiative effects}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {3},
  PAGES = {1204-1253},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Rothstein1984,
  AUTHOR = {L. M. Rothstein},
  TITLE = {{A model of the equatorial sea surface temperature field and
                  associated circulation dynamics}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {14},
  PAGES = {1875-1892},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Ruiz-Barradas:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {A. Ruiz-Barradas and J. A. Carton and S. Nigam},
  TITLE = {{Structure of interannual-to-decadal climate variability in
                  the tropical Atlantic sector}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {1999},
  OPTNOTE = {Submitted}
}

@ARTICLE{Russell:etal1985,
  AUTHOR = {G. L. Russell and J. R. Miller and L.-C. Tsang},
  TITLE = {{Seasonal oceanic heat transports computed from an
                  atmospheric model}},
  JOURNAL = {Dyn. Atmos. Oceans},
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {253-271},
  YEAR = {1985},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Gregory:Rowntree1990,
  AUTHOR = {D. Gregory and P. R. Rowntree},
  TITLE = {{A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud
                  ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {118},
  PAGES = {1483-1506},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Sadourny1975,
  AUTHOR = {Sadourny, R.},
  TITLE = {{ The dynamics of finite-difference models of the shallow water equations}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {32},
  PAGES = {680-689},
  YEAR = {1975}
}

@ARTICLE{Salathe:Hartmann1997,
  AUTHOR = {Salath\'{e}, E. P. and D. L. Hartmann},
  TITLE = {{A trajectory analysis of tropical upper-tropospheric
                  moisture and convection}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {10},
  PAGES = {2533-2547},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Sarachik1978,
  AUTHOR = {E. S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {{Tropical sea surface temperature: an interactive
                 one-dimensional model.}},
  JOURNAL = {Dyn. Atmos. Oceans},
  VOLUME = {2},
  PAGES = {455-469},
  YEAR = {1978}
}

@ARTICLE{Saravanan:Chang2000,
  AUTHOR = {R. Saravanan and P. Chang},
  TITLE = {{Interaction between tropical Atlantic variability and El
                  Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {2000},
  NOTE = {In press}
}

@ARTICLE{Saravanan:McWilliams1998,
  AUTHOR = {R. Saravanan and J. C. McWilliams},
  TITLE = {{Advective ocean-atmosphere interaction: An analytical
                  stochastic model with implications for decadal variability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {165-188},
  YEAR = {1998},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Sardeshmukh:Held1984,
  AUTHOR = {Sardeshmukh, P. D. and I. M. Held},
  TITLE = {{The vorticity balance in the tropical upper troposphere of
                  a general circulation model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {41},
  PAGES = {768-778},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Schlesinger:Mitchell1985,
  AUTHOR = {Schlesinger, M.E. and J.F.B. Mitchell},
  TITLE = {{Model projections of the equilibrium climatic response to increased carbon bioxide.}},
  EDITOR = {{U.S. Department of Energy}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{M.C. MacCracker and F.M. Luther, eds. Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide}},
  PAGES = {81-147},
  YEAR = {1985},
  PUBLISHER = {Washington, D.C. (DOE/ER-0237)}
}

@ARTICLE{Schneider1977,
  AUTHOR = {Schneider, E. K.},
  TITLE = {{Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part II:  non-linear calculations}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {34},
  PAGES = {280-296},
  YEAR = {1977}
}

@ARTICLE{Schneider:Lindzen1977,
  AUTHOR = {Schneider, E. K. and R. S. Lindzen},
  TITLE = {{Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part I:  Linear calculations}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {34},
  PAGES = {263-279},
  YEAR = {1977}
}

@ARTICLE{Schopf1983,
  AUTHOR = {Schopf, P. S},
  TITLE = {{On equatorial waves and El Ni\~no. II: Effects of air-sea
                  thermal coupling}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {1878-1893},
  YEAR = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Schopf:Cane1983,
  AUTHOR = {Schopf, P. S. and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{On equatorial dynamics, mixed-layer physics and sea surface temperature}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {917-935},
  YEAR = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Schopf:Suarez1988,
  AUTHOR = {Schopf, P. S. and M.J. Suarez},
  TITLE = {{Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {45},
  PAGES = {549-566},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Schopf:Suarez1990,
  AUTHOR = {Schopf, P. S. and  M.J. Suarez},
  TITLE = {{Ocean wave dynamics and the timescale of ENSO}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {20},
  PAGES = {629-645},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Schott:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {Schott, F. A. and J. Fischer and L. Stramma},
  TITLE = {{Transports and pathways of the upper-layer circulation in
                  the western tropical Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {28},
  PAGES = {1904-1928},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Schrag:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Schrag, D. and G. Hampt and D. Murray},
  TITLE = {{Pore fluid constraints on the temperature and oxygen
                  isotopic composition of the glacial ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {272},
  PAGES = {1930-1931},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Schmittner:Clement2000,
  AUTHOR = {A. Schmittner and A. C. Clement},
  TITLE = {{The response of the thermohaline circulation to
 ENSO induced tropical freshwater forcing during the last
 glacial-interglacial}},
  JOURNAL = {},
  VOLUME = {},
  NOTE = {Manuscript in preparation},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {2000}
}

@ARTICLE{Schmittner:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {A. Schmittner and C. Appenzeller and T. F. Stocker},
  TITLE = {{Enhanced Atlantic freshwater export during El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  VOLUME = {},
  NOTE = {In press},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {2000}
}

@ARTICLE{Schulz:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {H. Schulz and U. von Rad and H. Erienkeuser},
  TITLE = {{Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate
                  oscillations of the past 110,000 years}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {393},
  NOTE = {},
  PAGES = {54-57},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Schneider:etal2001,
  AUTHOR = {N. Schneider and A. J. Miller and D. W. Pierce},
  TITLE = {{Anatomy of North Pacific decadal variability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  NOTE = {submitted},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {2001}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager1991,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R.},
  TITLE = {{A simple model of the climatology and variability of the
                 low level wind field in the tropics.}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {4},
  PAGES = {164-179},
  YEAR = {1991}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager1989,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R.},
  TITLE = {{Modeling tropical Pacific sea surface temperature: 1970-1987}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {19},
  PAGES = {419-434},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and S. E. Zebiak and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{A model of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature climatology}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {93},
  PAGES = {1265-1280},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:Zebiak1994,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and S. E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Convective interaction with dynamics in a linear primitive
                 equation model}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {51},
  PAGES = {1307-1331},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:Zebiak1995,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and S. E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Simulation of tropical climate with a linear primitive
                 equation model}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {8},
  PAGES = {2497-2520},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:Zebiak1997,
  AUTHOR = {R. Seager and S.E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Coupling between clouds, radiation, convection
  and surface fluxes in a tropical climate model}},
  JOURNAL = {Proceedings of the 22nd conference on hurricanes and
                  tropical meteorology, May 19-23, 1997.},
  PAGES = {563-564},
  YEAR = 1997
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:Blumenthal1994,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and M. B. Blumenthal},
  TITLE = {{Modeling tropical Pacific sea surface temperature with
                 satellite-derived solar radiative forcing}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {7},
  PAGES = {1943-1957},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:Blumenthal1998,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and M. B. Blumenthal},
  TITLE = {{Understanding the global distribution of ocean surface heat flux}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {Submitted},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:etal1995a,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and M. B. Blumenthal and Y. Kushnir},
  TITLE = {{An advective atmospheric mixed layer model for ocean
                  modeling purposes: Global simulation of surface heat fluxes}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {8},
  PAGES = {1951-1964},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:etal1995b,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and Y. Kushnir and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{On heat flux boundary conditions for ocean models}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {25},
  NOTE = {},
  PAGES = {3219-3230},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:Murtugudde1997,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and R. Murtugudde},
  TITLE = {{Ocean dynamics, thermocline adjustment and regulation of
                  tropical SST}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {10},
  NOTE = {},
  PAGES = {521-534},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager1996,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R.},
  TITLE = {{Generalization of an advective atmospheric mixed layer model for 
                  ocean modeling purposes: Simulation of Southern
                  Ocean heat fluxes}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  NOTE = {submitted},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:etal2001,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and Y. Kushnir and P. Chang and N. Naik and
                  J. Miller and W. Hazeleger},
  TITLE = {{Looking for the role of the ocean in tropical Atlantic
                  decadal climate variability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {14},
  NOTE = {638-655},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {2001}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:etal2000b,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and Y. Kushnir and M. Visbeck and N. Naik and
                  J. Miller and G. Krahmann and H. Cullen},
  TITLE = {{Causes of Atlantic Ocean climate variability between 1958
                  and 1998}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {13},
  NOTE = {},
  PAGES = {2845-2862},
  YEAR = {2000}
}

@ARTICLE{Seager:etal2000a,
  AUTHOR = {Seager, R. and A. C. Clement and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Glacial cooling in the tropics: Exploring the roles of
                  tropospheric water vapor, wind speed and boundary
                  layer processes}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {57},
  NOTE = {},
  PAGES = {2144-2157},
  YEAR = {2000}
}

@ARTICLE{Sekine1988,
  AUTHOR = {Sekine, Y.},
  TITLE = {{Anomalous southward intrusion of the Oyashio east of Japan,
                  1, Influence of the seasonal and interannual
                  variations in the wind stress over the North Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {93},
  PAGES = {2247-2255},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Sekine1999,
  AUTHOR = {Sekine, Y.},
  TITLE = {{Anomalous southward intrusion of the Oyashio east of Japan,
                  2, Two layer numerical model}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {104},
  PAGES = {3049-3058},
  YEAR = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Sellers:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Sellers, P. J. and Y. Mintz and Y. C. Sud and A. Dalcher},
  TITLE = {{A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general
                  circulation models}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Atmos. Sci},
  VOLUME = {43},
  PAGES = {505-531},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Sennechael:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {Sennechael, N. and C. Frankignoul and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{An adaptive procedure for tuning a sea surface temperature model}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {24},
  PAGES = {2288-2305},
  YEAR = {1994}
}

@BOOK{Sengupta:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Sengupta, S. and J. Hauser And P.R. Eiseman and J.F. Thompson},
  TITLE = {{Numerical grid generation in computational fluid mechanics}},
  YEAR = {1988},
  PUBLISHER = {{Pineridge Press}}
}

@ARTICLE{Servain1991,
  AUTHOR = {J. Servain},
  TITLE = {Simple Climatic Indices for the tropical Atlantic Ocean and some applications.},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {96},
  PAGES = {15137-15146}
}

@ARTICLE{Servain:Legler1986,
  AUTHOR = {Servain, J. and D. M. Legler},
  TITLE = {{Empirical orthogonal function analyses of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature and wind stress: 1964-1979}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = 91,
  PAGES = {14181-14191},
  YEAR = 1986
}

@ARTICLE{Servain:etal1982,
  AUTHOR = {J. Servain and J. Picaut and J. Merle},
  TITLE = {Evidence of remote forcing in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1982},
  VOLUME = {12},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {457-463},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Servain:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {{J. Servain and I. Wainer and J. P. McCreary and
                  A. Dessier}},
  TITLE = {Relationship between the equatorial and meridional
                  modes of climatic variability in the tropical Atlantic},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  YEAR = {1998},
  VOLUME = {26},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {485-488},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Servain:etal1986,
  AUTHOR = {Servain, J. and M. Seva and S. Lukas and G. Rougier},
  TITLE = {{Climatic atlas of the tropical Atlantic wind stress and sea surface temperature: 1980-1984}},
  JOURNAL = {Antenne ORSTOM, Univ. de Bretagne Occidentale,
 University of Hawaii},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Servain:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Servain, J. and M. Seva and S. Lukas and G. Rougier},
  TITLE = {{Climatic atlas of the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature and wind stress: 1980-1984}},
  JOURNAL = {Ocean Air Interact.},
  VOLUME = {1},
  PAGES = {109-182},
  YEAR = 1987
}

@ARTICLE{Seung1987,
  AUTHOR = {Seung, Y.H.},
  TITLE = {{A buoyancy flux-driven cyclonic gyre in the Labrador Sea}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {17},
  PAGES = {134-146},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Sherman:Pinkel1991,
  AUTHOR = {Jeffrey T. Sherman and Robert Pinkel},
  TITLE = {Estimates of the Vertical Wavenumber-Frequency
                 Spectra of Vertical Shear and Strain},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = 21,
  NUMBER = 2,
  PAGES = {292-303}
}

@ARTICLE{Shindell:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {D. T. Shindell and R. L. Miller and G. A. Schmidt and
                  L. Pandolfo},
  TITLE = {{Greenhouse gas forcing of Northern Hemisphere winter
                  climate trends}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  YEAR = 1999,
  VOLUME = {399},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {452-455},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Shine:Sinha1991,
  AUTHOR = {K. P. Shine and A. Sinha},
  TITLE = {{Sensitivity of the Earth's climate to
                  height-dependent changes in water vapor mixing ratio}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = 354,
  PAGES = {382-384}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Shine:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Shine, K. P. and R. G. Derwent and D. J. Wuebbles and
                  J.-J. Morcrette},
  TITLE = {{Radiative forcing of climate}},
  EDITOR = {},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment}},
  PAGES = {41-68},
  YEAR = {1990},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.}
}

@ARTICLE{Shukla:Wallace1983,
  AUTHOR = {Shukla, J. and J.M. Wallace},
  TITLE = {{Numerical} simulation of the atmospheric response to
                 equaorial {Pacific} sea surface temperature anomalies.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Atmos. Sci},
  YEAR = {1983},
  VOLUME = {40},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1613-1630},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Sirocko:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {F. Sirocko and D. Garbe-Schonberg and A. McIntyre and
                 B. Molfino},
  TITLE = {{Teleconnections between the subtropical monsoons
                   and high-latitude climates during the last deglaciation}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  YEAR = {1996},
  VOLUME = {272},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {526-529},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Slingo1987,
  AUTHOR = {Slingo, J. M.},
  TITLE = {{The development and verification of a cloud
                  prediction scheme for the ECMWF model}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {113},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {899-927},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Slingo1990,
  AUTHOR = {Slingo, A.},
  TITLE = {{Sensitivity of the Earth's radiation budget to
                  changes in low cloud}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {343},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {49-51},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Slingo:Slingo1988,
  AUTHOR = {A. Slingo and J. M. Slingo},
  TITLE = {{The response of a general circulation model to cloud
                  radiative forcing.  I:  Introduction and initial experiments}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {114},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1027-1062},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Slingo:Webb1992,
  AUTHOR = {A. Slingo and M. J. Webb},
  TITLE = {{Simulation of clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation
                  over the oceans using operational analyses}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {118},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1117-1144},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Slingo:etal1994,
  AUTHOR = {J. M. Slingo and M. Blackburn and A. K. Betts and R.
                 Brugge and B. Hoskins and M. J. Miller and L.
                 Steenman-Clark and J. Thuburn},
  TITLE = {{Mean climate and transience in the tropics of the
                 UGAMP GCM. Part I: Sensitivity to convective parameterization}},
  JOURNAL = {{Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}},
  YEAR = {1994},
  VOLUME = {120},
  PAGES = {881-922}
}

@ARTICLE{Slingo:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {{Slingo, J. M., K. R. Sperber and 20 others}},
  TITLE = {{Intraseasonal oscillations in 15 atmospheric general
                  circulation models: results from an AMIP diagnosis subproject}},
  JOURNAL = {{Clim Dyn.}},
  YEAR = {1996},
  VOLUME = {12},
  PAGES = {325-357}
}

@ARTICLE{Smagorinsky1953,
  AUTHOR = {Smagorinsky, J.},
  TITLE = {{The dynamical influence of large-scale heat sources and sinks on the quasi-stationary mean motions of the atmosphere}},
  JOURNAL = {Q. J. Royal. Meteor. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1953},
  VOLUME = {79},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {342-366},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Smagorinsky1963,
  AUTHOR = {Smagorinsky, J.},
  TITLE = {General circulation experiments with the primitive
                 equations: I. The basic experiment.},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1963},
  VOLUME = {91},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {99-164},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Soden1997,
  AUTHOR = {Soden, B. J.},
  TITLE = {{Variations in the tropical greenhouse effect during
                  El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1997},
  VOLUME = {10},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1050-1055},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Sommeria1988,
  AUTHOR = {Sommeria, G.},
  TITLE = {{Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in large
                  scale atmospheric models}},
  EDITOR = {M. Schlesinger},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Physically-based modeling and simulation of climate and
                 climate change}},
  PAGES = {331-375},
  YEAR = {1988},
  PUBLISHER = {D. Reidel, Hingham, Mass.}
}

@ARTICLE{Soong:Ogura1980,
  AUTHOR = {S.-T. Soong and Y. Ogura},
  TITLE = {{Response of trade wind cumuli to large scale processes}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Atmos. Sci},
  YEAR = {1980},
  VOLUME = {37},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2035-2050},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@BOOK{Sorenson:Steger1977,
  AUTHOR = {Sorenson, R.L. and J.L. Steger},
  TITLE = {{Simplified clustering of nonorthogonal grids generated by elliptic partial differential equations}},
  YEAR = {1977},
  PUBLISHER = {{NASA TM-73252}}
}

@ARTICLE{Spencer1993,
  AUTHOR = {Spencer, R. W.},
  TITLE = {{Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during
                  1979-91 and comparisons to other climatologies}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {6},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1301-1326},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Spero:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {Spero, H. and J. Bijma and D. Lea and B. Bemis},
  TITLE = {{Effect of seawater carbonate concentration on
                  foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  YEAR = {1997},
  VOLUME = {390},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {497-500},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Stephens1978,
  AUTHOR = {Stephens, G. L.},
  TITLE = {{Radiation profiles in extended water clouds.  II:
                  Parameterization schemes}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1978},
  VOLUME = {35},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2123-2132},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Stephens:Webster1979,
  AUTHOR = {Stephens, G. L. and P. J. Webster},
  TITLE = {Sensitivity of radiative forcing to variable cloud
                 and moisture},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1979},
  VOLUME = {36},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1542-1556},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Stommel1948,
  AUTHOR = {H. M. Stommel},
  TITLE = {The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents},
  JOURNAL = {Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union},
  YEAR = {1948},
  VOLUME = {29},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {202-206},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Stone:Carlson1979,
  AUTHOR = {P. H. Stone and J. H. Carlson},
  TITLE = {Atmospheric lapse rate regimes and their parameterization},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1979},
  VOLUME = {36},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {415-423},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@TECHREPORT{Storch:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Hans von Storch and Thomas Bruns and Irene
                 Fischer-Bruns and Klaus Hasselmann},
  TITLE = {{Principal Oscillation Pattern} analysis of the 30-60
                 day oscillation in a {GCM} equatorial troposphere},
  INSTITUTION = {{Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Meteorologie}},
  YEAR = {1987},
  OPTTYPE = {},
  NUMBER = {7},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  PAGES = 44,
  MONTH = {August},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Storch:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Hans von Storch and Thomas Bruns and Irene
                 Fischer-Bruns and Klaus Hasselmann},
  TITLE = {{Principal Oscillation Pattern} analysis of the 30-60
                 day oscillation in a {GCM} equatorial troposphere},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {93},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {11015-11021},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@BOOK{Strang1988,
  AUTHOR = {Gilbert Strang},
  TITLE = {Linear algebra and its applications},
  PUBLISHER = {Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovitch},
  YEAR = {1988},
  PAGES = 505,
  OPTEDITOR = {},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTSERIES = {},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  OPTEDITION = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Stute:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {Stute, M. and M. Forster and H. Frischkorn and A. Serejo
                  and J. F. Clark and P. Schlosser and W. S. Broecker
                  and G. Bonani},
  TITLE = {{Cooling of tropical Brazil during the last glacial maximum}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {269},
  PAGES = {379-383},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Suarez:etal1983,
  AUTHOR = {Suarez, M. J. and A. Arakawa and D. A. Randall},
  TITLE = {{The parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in the
                 UCLA general circulation model: Formulation and results}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {111},
  PAGES = {2224-2243},
  YEAR = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Suarez:Schopf1988,
  AUTHOR = {Suarez, M. J. and  P. S. Schopf},
  TITLE = {{A delayed action oscillator for ENSO}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {45},
  PAGES = {3283-7},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Sud:Molod1988,
  AUTHOR = {Y. Sud and A. Molod},
  TITLE = {{The roles of dry convection, cloud-radiation feedback
                 processes and the influence of recent improvements in
                 the parameterization of convection in the GLA GCM}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {116},
  PAGES = {2366-2387},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Sud:etal1992,
  AUTHOR = {Y. Sud and W. C. Chao and G. K. Walker},
  TITLE = {{Role of a cumulus parameterization scheme in simulating
                  atmospheric circulation and rainfall in the
                  nine-layer Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres
                  general circulation model}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {120},
  PAGES = {594-611},
  YEAR = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Sui:Lau1989,
  AUTHOR = {Sui, C-H and K-M Lau},
  TITLE = {{Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in the
                 tropical atmosphere.  Part II: Structure and
                 propagation of mobile wave-CISK modes and their
                 modification by lower boundary forcings }},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {46},
  PAGES = {37-56},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Sun:Lindzen1993b,
  AUTHOR = {Sun, D.-Z. and R. S. Lindzen},
  TITLE = {{Water vapor feedback and the ice age snowline record}},
  JOURNAL = {Ann. Geophysicae},
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {204-215},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Sun:Lindzen1993a,
  AUTHOR = {Sun, D.-Z. and R. S. Lindzen},
  TITLE = {{Distribution of tropical tropospheric water vapor }},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {50},
  PAGES = {1644-1660},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Sun:Liu1996,
  AUTHOR = {Sun, D.-Z. and Z. Liu},
  TITLE = {{Dynamic ocean-atmosphere coupling: a thermostat for the tropics}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {272},
  PAGES = {1148-1150},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Sun:Oort1995,
  AUTHOR = {Sun, D.-Z. and A. H. Oort},
  TITLE = {{Humidity-temperature relationships in the tropical troposphere}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {8},
  PAGES = {1974-1987},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Sun:Held1996,
  AUTHOR = {Sun, D.-Z. and I. H. Held},
  TITLE = {{A comparison of modeled and observed relationships between
                  interannual variations of water vapor and
                  temperature}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {665-675},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{Suttles:Ohring1986,
  AUTHOR = {J. T. Suttles and G. Ohring},
  TITLE = {{Report of the workshop on surface radiation budget for
                 cliamte applications}},
  INSTITUTION = {{World Meteorological Organization}},
  NUMBER = {WCP-115},
  PAGES = {144},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Sutton:Allen1997,
  AUTHOR = {R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen},
  TITLE = {{Decadal predictability in North Atlantic sea surface
                  temperature and climate}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {In press},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Sutton:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {R. T. Sutton and S. P. Jewson and D. P. Rowell},
  TITLE = {{The elements of climate variability in the tropical
                  Atlantic region}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {submitted},
  YEAR = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Sverdrup1947,
  AUTHOR = {H. U. Sverdrup},
  TITLE = {{Wind-driven currents in a baroclinic ocean; with
                  appplication to the equatorial currents of the
                  eastern Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = {Proc. National Acad. Sci.},
  VOLUME = {33},
  PAGES = {318-326},
  NOTE = {},
  YEAR = {1947
}
}

@ARTICLE{Swanson:Pierrehumbert1997,
  AUTHOR = {K. L. Swanson and R. T. Pierrehumbert},
  TITLE = {{Lower tropospheric heat transport in the Pacific storm track}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {54},
  PAGES = {1533-1543},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Swinbank:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {R. Swinbank and T. N. Palmer and M. K. Davey},
  TITLE = {{Numerical simulations of the Madden and Julian Oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {45},
  PAGES = {774-788},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Talley:Raymer1982,
  AUTHOR = {Talley, L.D. and M.E. Raymer},
  TITLE = {{Eighteen degree water variability}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = {49Suppl},
  PAGES = {755-775},
  YEAR = {1982}
}

@ARTICLE{Tang:Cane1991,
  AUTHOR = {{Tang, B-Y. and M.A. Cane}},
  TITLE = {{Estimation of EOF structures from gappy data set}},
  JOURNAL = {},
  VOLUME = {in preparation},
  YEAR = {1991}
}

@ARTICLE{Tanimoto:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {{Tanimoto, Y. and N. Iwasaka and K. Hanawa}},
  TITLE = {{Relationships between sea surface temperature, the
                  atmospheric circulation and air-sea fluxes on
                  multiple timescales}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Meteor. Soc. Japan},
  VOLUME = {75},
  PAGES = {831-849},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Tarantola1981,
  AUTHOR = {Tarantola, A.},
  TITLE = {{Inverse problem theory}},
  PAGES = {613},
  YEAR = {1981},
  PUBLISHER = {{Elsevier}}
}

@ARTICLE{Taylor1983,
  AUTHOR = {Taylor, A.H.},
  TITLE = {{Fluctuations in the sea surface temperature and surface salinity of the northeast Atlantic at frequencies of one cycle per year and below}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Climate.},
  VOLUME = {3},
  PAGES = {253-269},
  YEAR = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Taylor:Stephens1980,
  AUTHOR = {Taylor, A.H. and J.A. Stephens},
  TITLE = {{Seasonal and year-to-year variations in surface salinity at the nine North Atlantic ocean weather stations}},
  JOURNAL = {Oceanol. Acta.},
  VOLUME = {3},
  PAGES = {421-430},
  YEAR = {1980}
}

@ARTICLE{Taylor:Stephens1998,
  AUTHOR = {Taylor, A.H. and J.A. Stephens},
  TITLE = {{The North Atlantic Oscillation and the latitude of the Gulf
                  Stream}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  VOLUME = {50A},
  PAGES = {134-142},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Temperton1984,
  AUTHOR = {Temperton, C.},
  TITLE = {{Orthogonal vertical normal modes for a multilevel model}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {112},
  PAGES = {503-509},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Temperton:Williamson1981,
  AUTHOR = {C. Temperton and D. L. Williamson},
  TITLE = {{Normal mode initialization for a multilevel grid-point
                 model.  Part I: Linear aspects}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {109},
  PAGES = {729-743},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Tennekes1973,
  AUTHOR = {H. Tennekes},
  TITLE = {{A model for the dynamics of the inversion above a
                 convective boundary layer}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {30},
  PAGES = {558-567},
  YEAR = {1973}
}

@ARTICLE{Tett1995,
  AUTHOR = {S. Tett},
  TITLE = {{Simulation of El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation-like
                  variability in a global AOGCM and its response to
                  $CO_2$ increase}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {8},
  PAGES = {1473-1502},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Thiria:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {Thiria, S. and Badran, F. and Crepon, M.},
  TITLE = {Wind Ambiguity removal by the use of neural network techniques},
  NOTE = {},
  YEAR = {1990},
  OPTMONTH = {}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Thomas1982,
  AUTHOR = {Thomas, P.D.},
  TITLE = {{Numerical generation of composite three-dimensional grids by quasihnear elliptic systems.}},
  EDITOR = {P.D. Thomas},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Numerical grid generation}},
  PAGES = {667-686},
  YEAR = {1982},
  PUBLISHER = {North-Holland}
}

@BOOK{Thompson1986,
  AUTHOR = {Thompson, J.F.},
  TITLE = {{A survey of composite grid generation for general three-dimensional regions}},
  YEAR = {1986},
  PUBLISHER = {{AIAA}}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Thompson1988,
  AUTHOR = {Thompson, J.F.},
  TITLE = {{Some current trends in numerical grid generation.}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Numerical methods of fluid dynamics, 111}},
  PAGES = {87-100},
  YEAR = {1988},
  PUBLISHER = {Oxford, England}
}

@BOOK{Thompson:etal,
  AUTHOR = {Thompson, J.F. and Z.V.A. Warsi and C.W. Martin},
  TITLE = {{Numerical grid generation-fundamentals and applications}},
  YEAR = {},
  PUBLISHER = {{North-Holland}}
}

@ARTICLE{Thompson:etal1982,
  AUTHOR = {Thompson, J.F. and Z.V.A. Warsi and C.W. Martin},
  TITLE = {{Boundary-fitted co-ordinate systems for numerical soultion of partial differential equations - a review}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Comp. Phys.},
  VOLUME = {47},
  PAGES = {1-108},
  YEAR = {1982}
}

@ARTICLE{Thompson:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {Thompson, L. E. and E. Mosley-Thompson and M. E. Davis and
                  P. N. Lik and K. A. Henderson and J. Cole-Dai and
                  J. F. Bolzan and K. B. Liu},
  TITLE = {{Late glacial stage and Holocene tropical ice core records
                  from Huascaran, Peru.}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {269},
  PAGES = {46-50},
  YEAR = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Thompson:Warren1982,
  AUTHOR = {Thompson, S. L. and S. G. Warren},
  TITLE = {{Parameterization of outgoing infrared radiation derived
                  from detailed radiative calculations}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {39},
  PAGES = {2667-2680},
  YEAR = {1982}
}

@ARTICLE{Thompson:Wallace1999,
  AUTHOR = {Thompson, D. W. J. and J. M. Wallace},
  TITLE = {{Annular modes in the extratropical circulation: Part I:
                  Month-to-month variability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {1999},
  NOTE = {In press.}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Tiedtke1988,
  AUTHOR = {Tiedtke, M},
  TITLE = {{Parameterization of cumulus convection in large scale models}},
  EDITOR = {M. Schlesinger},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Physically-based modeling and simulation of climate and
                 climate change}},
  PAGES = {375-431},
  YEAR = {1988},
  PUBLISHER = {D. Reidel, Hingham, Mass.}
}

@ARTICLE{Tiedtke:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Tiedtke, M. and W. A. Heckley and J. Slingo},
  TITLE = {{Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: The influence of physical
                  parameterization on the mean structure of forecasts
                  and analyses}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {114},
  PAGES = {639-664},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Tiedtke1989,
  AUTHOR = {Tiedtke, M.},
  TITLE = {{A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus
                  parameterization in large-scale models}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {117},
  PAGES = {1779-1800},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Tiedtke1993,
  AUTHOR = {Tiedtke, M.},
  TITLE = {{Representation of clouds in large-scale models}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {121},
  PAGES = {3040-3061},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Tourre:Cardone1984,
  AUTHOR = {Tourre, Y.M. and V.J. Cardone},
  TITLE = {{Evaluation of ECMWF surface winds in tropical Atlantic during SEQUAL/FOCAL first year.}},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Paper presented at Fall Meeting of American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 3 to Dec. 7, 1984}},
  YEAR = {},
  PUBLISHER = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Tourre:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {Tourre, Y.M. and J. Merle and Y. Quilfen},
  TITLE = {{Sea level pressure variability and warm events in the tropical Atlantic Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  PAGES = {(sumbitted)},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Tourre:etal1999a,
  AUTHOR = {Tourre, Y.M. and B. Rajagopolan and Y. Kushnir},
  TITLE = {{Dominant patterns of climate variability in the Atlantic
                  Ocean during the last 136 Years}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {12},
  PAGES = {2285-2299},
  YEAR = {1999},
  NOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Tourre:etal1999b,
  AUTHOR = {Tourre, Y.M. and Y. Kushnir and W. B. White},
  TITLE = {{Evolution of interdecadal variability in sea level
                  pressure, sea surface temperature, and upper ocean
                  temperature over the Pacific Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  PAGES = {1528-1541},
  YEAR = {1999},
  NOTE = {}
}

@TECHREPORT{Trenberth1992,
  AUTHOR = {K. E. Trenberth},
  TITLE = {{Global analyses from ECMWF and Atlas of 1000 to 10
                  mb Circulation Statistics}},
  INSTITUTION = {National Center for Atmospheric Research},
  YEAR = 1992,
  NUMBER = {NCAR/TN-373+STR},
  PAGES = 191,
  ADDRESS = {Boulder, Colorado, 191pp}
}

@ARTICLE{Trenberth:etal1988,
  AUTHOR = {Trenberth, K.E. and G.W. Branstator and P.A. Arkin},
  TITLE = {Origins of the 1988 North American drought},
  JOURNAL = {Sci},
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {242},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1640-1645},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Trenberth:etal2001,
  AUTHOR = {Trenberth, K.E. and J. M. Caron and D. P. Stepaniak},
  TITLE = {The atmospheric energy budget and implications for
                  surface fluxes and ocean heat transports},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  YEAR = {2001},
  VOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  NOTE = {submitted}
}

@ARTICLE{Trenberth1991,
  AUTHOR = {Trenberth, K.E.},
  TITLE = {{Storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {48},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2159-2178},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Trenberth:Hurrell1994,
  AUTHOR = {Trenberth, K.E. and J. W. Hurrell},
  TITLE = {{Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = {Clim. Dyn.},
  YEAR = {1994},
  VOLUME = {9},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {303-319},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Trenberth:Hoar1996,
  AUTHOR = {Trenberth, K.E. and T. J. Hoar},
  TITLE = {{The 1990-1995 El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation event:
                  Longest on record}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  YEAR = {1996},
  VOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  NOTE = {submitted}
}

@ARTICLE{Troehn:Mahrt1986,
  AUTHOR = {Troehn, I. and L. Mahrt},
  TITLE = {A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer;
                 sensitivity to surface evaporation},
  JOURNAL = {Bound.-Layer Meteor.},
  YEAR = {1986},
  VOLUME = {37},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {129-148},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Tziperman:etal1994a,
  AUTHOR = {Tziperman, E. and J. R. Toggweiler and Y. Feliks and
                  K. Bryan},
  TITLE = {Instability of the thermohaline circulation with
                  respect to mixed boundary conditions: Is it really a
                  problem for realistic models?},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1994},
  VOLUME = {24},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {217-232},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Tziperman:etal1994b,
  AUTHOR = {Tziperman, E. and M. A. Cane and S. E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {Irregularity and locking to the seasonal cycle in an
                  ENSO prediction model as explained by the
                  quasi-periodicity route to chaos},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1994},
  VOLUME = {52},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {293-306},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Tziperman1997,
  AUTHOR = {Tziperman, E.},
  TITLE = {Inherently unstable climate behavior due to weak
                  thermohaline circulation},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  YEAR = {1997},
  VOLUME = {386},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {592-595},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Vallis1986,
  AUTHOR = {Vallis, G.K.},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no: A chaotic dynamical system}},
  JOURNAL = {Science},
  VOLUME = {232},
  PAGES = {243-245},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Valdes:Hoskins1989,
  AUTHOR = {Valdes, P.J. and B. J. Hoskins},
  TITLE = {{Linear stationary wave simulations of the time-mean
                  climatological flow}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {46},
  PAGES = {2509-2527},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Vallis1988,
  AUTHOR = {Vallis, G.K.},
  TITLE = {{Conceptual models of El Ni\~no and the Southern Oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {11},
  PAGES = {979-991},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{VanLoon:Rogers1978a,
  AUTHOR = {H. van Loon and J. C. Rogers},
  TITLE = {{The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and
                  Northern Europe. Part I: General description}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {106},
  PAGES = {296-310},
  YEAR = {1978}
}

@ARTICLE{vanLoon:Rogers1978b,
  AUTHOR = {van Loon, H. and J.C. Rogers},
  TITLE = {{The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and
                 northern Europe. Part I: Winter}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = 104,
  PAGES = {365-380},
  YEAR = 1978
}

@ARTICLE{Venegas:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {S. A. Venegas and L. A. Mysak and D. N. Straub},
  TITLE = {{Atmosphere-ocean coupled variability in the South Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {10},
  PAGES = {2904-2920},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Venegas:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {S. A. Venegas and L. A. Mysak and D. N. Straub},
  TITLE = {{An interdecadal climate cycle in the South Atlantic and its links to
other ocean basins}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res. },
  VOLUME = {103},
  PAGES = {24723-24736},
  YEAR = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Venzke:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {S. Venzke and M. Munnich and M. Latif},
  TITLE = {{On the predictability of decadal changes in the North Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = {Clim Dyn.},
  VOLUME = {16},
  PAGES = {379-392},
  YEAR = {2000}
}

@ARTICLE{Veronis1973,
  AUTHOR = {George Veronis},
  TITLE = {{Model of world ocean circulation: 1. Wind-driven,
                  two layer}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Marine Res.},
  YEAR = {1973},
  VOLUME = {31},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {228-288},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Visbeck:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {M. Visbeck and J. C. Marshall and T. Haine and M. Spall},
  TITLE = {Specification of eddy transfer coefficients in coarse
                  resolution ocean circulation models},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = 1997,
  VOLUME = 27,
  PAGES = {381-402}
}

@ARTICLE{Visbeck:etal1998,
  AUTHOR = {M. Visbeck and H. Cullen and G. Krahmann and N. Naik},
  TITLE = {{An ocean model's response to North Atlantic
                  Oscillation-like wind forcing}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  YEAR = 1998,
  VOLUME = 25,
  PAGES = {4521-4524}
}

@ARTICLE{Vihma1995,
  AUTHOR = {T. Vihma},
  TITLE = {Subgrid parameterization of surface heat and momentum
                  fluxes over polar oceans},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = 1995,
  VOLUME = 100,
  PAGES = {22613-22624}
}

@ARTICLE{Viswanadham1981,
  AUTHOR = {Y. Viswanadham},
  TITLE = {The Relationship between Total Precipitable Water and
                 Surface Dew Point},
  JOURNAL = {J. Appl. Meteorol.},
  YEAR = 1981,
  VOLUME = 20,
  PAGES = {3-8}
}

@ARTICLE{Voorhis:etal1984,
  AUTHOR = {Voorhis, A. and J. R. Luyten And G. Needell and J. Thomson},
  TITLE = {{Wind-forced variability of upper ocean dynamics in the central equatorial Pacific during PEQUOD}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {14},
  PAGES = {615-622},
  YEAR = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Wacongne1989,
  AUTHOR = {Wacongne, S.},
  TITLE = {{Dynamical regimes of a fully nonlinear stratified model of the Atlantic equatorial undercurrent}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {94},
  PAGES = {4801-4815},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Wagner:daSilva1993,
  AUTHOR = {R. G. Wagner and A.M. da Silva.},
  TITLE = {Surface conditions associated with anomalous rainfall
                 in the Guinea costal region},
  JOURNAL = {Int. J. Climatol.},
  YEAR = {1993},
  NOTE = {To appear.},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Wagner1996a,
  AUTHOR = {R. G. Wagner},
  TITLE = {{Mechanisms controlling variability of the
                  interhemispheric sea surface temperature gradient in
                  the tropical Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1996},
  NOTE = {},
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {2010-2019},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Wagner1996b,
  AUTHOR = {R. G. Wagner},
  TITLE = {{Decadal scale trends in mechanisms controlling
                  meridional sea surface temperature gradients in
                  the tropical Atlantic}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1996},
  NOTE = {},
  VOLUME = {101},
  PAGES = {16683-16694},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Wakata1989,
  AUTHOR = {Wakata, Y.},
  TITLE = {{On the instability problem in simple air-sea coupled models with an oceanic surface boundary layer}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Meteor. Japan},
  VOLUME = {in press},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Waliser:Graham1993,
  AUTHOR = {Waliser, D. E. and N. E. Graham},
  TITLE = {Convective cloud systems and warm-pool sea surface
                  temperatures: coupled interactions and self-regulation},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1993},
  OPTVOLUME = {98},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {12,881-12,893},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Walker1924,
  AUTHOR = {Walker G.T.},
  TITLE = {Correlation in seasonal variations of weather,{IX}: a
                 further study of world weather.},
  JOURNAL = {Mem. India Meteorol. Dep 24 (Part 9)},
  YEAR = {1924},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {275-332},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Walker:Bliss1932,
  AUTHOR = {Walker, G.T. and E.W. Bliss},
  TITLE = {World {W}eather {V}.},
  JOURNAL = {Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1932},
  VOLUME = {4},
  NUMBER = {36},
  PAGES = {53-84},
  OPTMONTH = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Wallace:Gutzler1981,
  AUTHOR = {J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler},
  TITLE = {{Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the
                  northern hemisphere winter}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {109},
  PAGES = {784-812},
  YEAR = 1981
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wallace:Jiang1987,
  AUTHOR = {Wallace, J.M. and Q. Jiang},
  TITLE = {{On the observed structure of interannual variability of the atmosphere/ocean climate system. }},
  EDITOR = {H. Cattle},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Atmospheric and Oceanic Variability}},
  PAGES = {17-43},
  YEAR = {1987},
  PUBLISHER = {Royal Meteorological Society/American Meteorological Society}
}

@ARTICLE{Wallace:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {J. M. Wallace and T. P. Mitchell and C. Deser},
  TITLE = {{The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in
                 the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and
                 interannual variability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {2},
  PAGES = {1492-1499},
  YEAR = 1989
}

@ARTICLE{Wallace:etal1990,
  AUTHOR = {J. M. Wallace and C. Smith and Q. Jiang},
  TITLE = {{Spatial patterns of atmosphere-ocean interaction in the
                  northern winter}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {3},
  PAGES = {990-998},
  YEAR = 1990
}

@ARTICLE{Wallace:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {J. M. Wallace and Y. Zhang  and L. Bajuk},
  TITLE = {{Interpretation of interdecadal trends in Northern
                  Hemisphere surface air temperature}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {249-259},
  YEAR = 1996
}

@ARTICLE{Wallace1992,
  AUTHOR = {J. M. Wallace},
  TITLE = {{Effect of deep convection on the regulation of tropical sea
                  surface temperature}},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  VOLUME = {357},
  PAGES = {230-231},
  YEAR = 1992
}

@ARTICLE{Wang:Li1993,
  AUTHOR = {Wang, B. and T. Li},
  TITLE = {{A simple tropical atmosphere model of relevance to
                  short-term climate variations}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {50},
  PAGES = {260-284},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@ARTICLE{Wang:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {Wang, B. and T. Li and P. Chang},
  TITLE = {{An intermediate model of the tropical Pacific Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {25},
  PAGES = {1577-1598},
  YEAR = 1995
}

@ARTICLE{Wang:etal1993,
  AUTHOR = {Wang, S. and B. A. Albrecht and P. Minnis},
  TITLE = {{A regional simulation of marine boundary layer clouds}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {50},
  PAGES = {4022-4043},
  YEAR = 1993
}

@ARTICLE{Weare1977,
  AUTHOR = {Weare, B. C.},
  TITLE = {{Empirical orthogonal analysis of Atlantic Ocean surface temperatures}},
  JOURNAL = {Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {103},
  PAGES = {467=478},
  YEAR = 1977
}

@ARTICLE{Weare1983,
  AUTHOR = {Weare, B. C.},
  TITLE = {Interannual variation of net heating at the surface
                 of the tropical {Pacific Ocean}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1983},
  VOLUME = {13},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {873-885},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Weare1986,
  AUTHOR = {Weare, B. C.},
  TITLE = {{A comparison of shallow water model results for three
                 estimates of a composite El Ni\~no forcing}.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1986},
  VOLUME = {43},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {162-170},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Weare1989,
  AUTHOR = {Weare, B. C.},
  TITLE = {{Uncertainties in estimates of surface heat fluxes derived from marine reports over the tropical and subtropical oceans}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  VOLUME = {41A},
  PAGES = {357-370},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@TECHREPORT{Weare:etal1980,
  AUTHOR = {Weare, B. C. and P. T. Strub and M. D. Samuel},
  TITLE = {{Marine climate atlas of the tropical Pacific Ocean}},
  INSTITUTION = {Dept. of Land, Air and Water Resources},
  PAGES = {147},
  NUMBER = {20},
  YEAR = 1980,
  ADDRESS = {{University of California, Davis, 147pp.}}
}

@ARTICLE{Weare:etal1981,
  AUTHOR = {Weare, B. C. and P. T. Strub and M. D. Samuel},
  TITLE = {Annual mean surface heat fluxes in the tropical
                 Pacific Ocean},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1981},
  VOLUME = {11},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {705-717},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Weare:Strub1981,
  AUTHOR = {Weare, B. C. and P. T. Strub},
  TITLE = {The significance of sampling biases on calculated
                  monthly mean oceanic surface heat fluxes},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  YEAR = {1981},
  VOLUME = {33},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {211-224},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Weaver:Sarachik1991a,
  AUTHOR = {Weaver, A. J. and E. S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {Evidence for decadal variability in an ocean general
                  circulation model: An advective mechanism},
  JOURNAL = {Atmos.-Ocean},
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {29},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {197-231},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Weaver:Sarachik1991b,
  AUTHOR = {Weaver, A. J. and E. S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {The role of mixed boundary conditions in numerical
                  models of the ocean's climate},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {21},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1470-1493},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Weaver:etal1993,
  AUTHOR = {Weaver, A. J. and J. Marotzke and P. F. Cummins and E. S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {Stability and variability of the thermohaline circulation},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {23},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {39-60},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Webster:Stephens1980,
  AUTHOR = {Webster, P. J. and G. L. Stephens},
  TITLE = {{Tropical upper atmosphere extended clouds: Inferences
                 from Winter MONEX}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1980},
  VOLUME = {37},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1521-1541},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Webster:Chang1988,
  AUTHOR = {Webster, P. J. and H.-R. Chang},
  TITLE = {{Equatorial energy accumulation and emmanation
                  regions: Impacts of a zonally varying basic state}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1988},
  VOLUME = {45},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {803-829},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Webster:Lukas1992,
  AUTHOR = {Webster, P. J. and R. Lukas},
  TITLE = {{TOGA COARE: the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.},
  YEAR = {1992},
  VOLUME = {73},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1377-1416},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Weickmann:Khalsa1990,
  AUTHOR = {Weickmann, K. M. and S. J. S. Khalsa},
  TITLE = {{The shift of convection from the Indian Ocean to the
                 Western Pacific Ocean during a 30-60 oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {118},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {964-978},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Weingartner:Weisberg1991a,
  AUTHOR = {T.J. Weingartner and R.H. Weisberg},
  TITLE = {On the annual cycle of equatorial upwelling in the
                 central Atlantic Ocean.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1991a},
  VOLUME = {21},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {68-82},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Weingartner:Weisberg1991b,
  AUTHOR = {T.J. Weingartner and R.H. Weisberg},
  TITLE = {A description of the annual cycle in sea surface
                 temperature and upper ocean heat in the equatorial Atlantic.},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr},
  YEAR = {1991b},
  VOLUME = {21},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {83-96},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Wells1987,
  AUTHOR = {Lisa E. Wells},
  TITLE = {An Alluvial Record of {El Ni\~no} Events from
                 Northern Coastal Peru},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = 1987,
  VOLUME = 92,
  NUMBER = {C13},
  PAGES = {14,463-14,470},
  MONTH = {December},
  KEYWORDS = {El Ni\~no, ancient, climate}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wells1991,
  AUTHOR = {Lisa E. Wells and M. Moore and R. Fairbanks},
  TITLE = {Climate Variability of the Indonesian Low and
                 Southern Oscillation Reconstructed from the
                 Geochemistry of Annually-Banded Reef Corals},
  BOOKTITLE = {XVII Pacific Science Congress:  Honolulu HI, 27 May
                 to 2 Jun 1991.  Symposium is Paleoclimate and
                 prehistory of the lowland tropics},
  YEAR = 1991,
  KEYWORDS = {El Nino, ancient, climate}
}

@ARTICLE{White:Pazan1987,
  AUTHOR = {White, W.B. and S.E. Pazan},
  TITLE = {{Hindcast/forecasts of ENSO events based upon the redistribution of observed and model heat content in the western tropical Pacific, 1964-1986.}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {17},
  PAGES = {264-280},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{White:etal1985,
  AUTHOR = {White, W.B. and G. Meyers And J.R. Donguy and S. Pazan},
  TITLE = {{Short-therm climatic variability in the thermal structure of the Pacific Ocean during 1979-1982}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {15},
  PAGES = {917-935},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Whysall:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Whysall, K.D.B. and N.S. Cooper and G.R. Bigg},
  TITLE = {Long term changes in the tropical {Pacific} surface
                 wind field},
  JOURNAL = {Nature},
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {327},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {216-219},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Wijesekera:Dillon1991,
  AUTHOR = {Hemantha W. Wijesekera and Thomas M. Dillon},
  TITLE = {Internal waves and mixing in the upper equatorial {Pacific}
ocean.},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = 1991,
  VOLUME = 96,
  NUMBER = {C4},
  PAGES = {7155-7125}
}

@ARTICLE{Wild:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {Wild, M. and A. Ohmura and H. Gilgen and E. Roeckner},
  TITLE = {{Validation of general circulation model radiative
                  fluxes using surface observations}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {8},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1309-1324}
}

@ARTICLE{Williams:Renno1993,
  AUTHOR = {Williams, E. and N. Renno},
  TITLE = {{An analysis of the conditional instability of the
                  tropical atmosphere}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {121},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {21-36}
}

@ARTICLE{Winton:Sarachik1993,
  AUTHOR = {Winton, M. and E. S. Sarachik},
  TITLE = {{Thermohaline oscillations induced by strong steady
                 salinity forcings of ocean general circulation models}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {23},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1389-1410}
}

@ARTICLE{Witter:Chelton1998,
  AUTHOR = {Witter, D. L. and D. B. Chelton},
  TITLE = {{Eddy-mean flow interaction in zonal oceanic jet flow
                  along zonal ridge topography}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {1998},
  VOLUME = {28},
  NUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2019-2039}
}

@ARTICLE{Wolter1989,
  AUTHOR = {Wolter, K.},
  TITLE = {{Modes of tropical circulation, Southern Oscillation, and Sahel rainfall anomalies}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {8},
  PAGES = {149-172},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Woodruff:etal1987,
  AUTHOR = {Woodruff, S.D. and R.J. Slutz And R.L. Jenne and P.M. Steurer},
  TITLE = {{A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set}},
  JOURNAL = {Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {68},
  PAGES = {521-527},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Wright1985,
  AUTHOR = {Peter B. Wright},
  TITLE = {{The Southern Oscillation:  An Ocean-Atmosphere Feedback System?}},
  JOURNAL = {P. Bull. Am. met. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {66},
  PAGES = {398-412},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Wright1986,
  AUTHOR = {P.B. Wright},
  TITLE = {{Precursers of the Southern Oscillation.}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Climatol.},
  YEAR = {1986},
  VOLUME = {6},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {17-30},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Wright:Thompson1983,
  AUTHOR = {Wright, D.G. and K.R. Thompson},
  TITLE = {{Time-averaged forms of the nonlinear stress law}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {13},
  PAGES = {341-345},
  YEAR = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Wunsch1968:On,
  AUTHOR = {Carl Wunsch},
  TITLE = {On the propagation of internal waves up a slope},
  JOURNAL = {Deep-Sea Res.},
  YEAR = 1968,
  VOLUME = 15,
  PAGES = {251-258},
  KEYWORDS = {internal waves, sloping bottom}
}

@ARTICLE{Wunsch1968:Pro,
  AUTHOR = {Carl Wunsch},
  TITLE = {Progresive internal waves on slopes},
  JOURNAL = {J. Fluid Mech.},
  YEAR = 1968,
  VOLUME = 35,
  NUMBER = 1,
  PAGES = {131-144},
  KEYWORDS = {internal waves, sloping bottom}
}

@ARTICLE{Wunsch1988,
  AUTHOR = {Wunsch, C.},
  TITLE = {{Eclectic modelling of the North Atlantic, Part 2: Transient tracers and the ventilation of the eastern basin thermocline}},
  JOURNAL = {Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.},
  VOLUME = {A325},
  PAGES = {207-236},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wunsch1989,
  AUTHOR = {Carl Wunsch},
  TITLE = {Using Data with Models: Ill-Posed and Time-Dependent
                 Ill-Posed Problems},
  BOOKTITLE = {Tomograhie Geophysique,/Geophysical tomography},
  PUBLISHER = {Elsevier Scient Publishers B. V.},
  YEAR = 1989,
  EDITOR = {Y. Desaubies and A. Tarantola and J. Zinn-Justin}
}

@ARTICLE{Wylie:Hinton1981,
  AUTHOR = {Wylie, D.P. and B.B. Hinton},
  TITLE = {{The feasibility of estimating large-scale surface wind fields for the summer MONEX using cloud motions and ship data}},
  JOURNAL = {Bound.-Layer Meteor.},
  VOLUME = {21},
  PAGES = {357-367},
  YEAR = {1981}
}

@BOOK{Wyrtki1961,
  AUTHOR = {Wyrtki, K.},
  TITLE = {{Physical Oceanography of the woutheast Asain waters}},
  PAGES = {195},
  YEAR = {1961},
  PUBLISHER = {{NAGA Rep. 2, University of CA, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. La Jolla, CA.}}
}

@ARTICLE{Wyrtki1975,
  AUTHOR = {Wyrtki, K.},
  TITLE = {{El Ni\~no -- The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {5},
  PAGES = {572-84},
  YEAR = {1975}
}

@ARTICLE{Wyrtki1979,
  AUTHOR = {Wyrtki, K.},
  TITLE = {{The response of sea surface topography to the 1976 El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {1223-1231},
  YEAR = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{Wyrtki1987,
  AUTHOR = {Wyrtki, K.},
  TITLE = {{Indonesian through flow and the associated pressure graident}},
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  VOLUME = {92},
  PAGES = {12941-12946},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Xie:Tanimoto1998,
  AUTHOR = {{Xie, S.-P. and Y. Tanimoto}},
  TITLE = {{A pan-Atlantic decadal climate oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Letters},
  YEAR = {1998},
  VOLUME = {25},
  PAGES = {2185-2188}
}

@ARTICLE{Xie:Philander1994,
  AUTHOR = {{Xie, S.-P. and S.G.H. Philander}},
  TITLE = {{A coupled ocean-atmosphere model of relevance to the
                  ITCZ in the eastern Pacific}},
  JOURNAL = {Tellus},
  YEAR = {1994},
  VOLUME = {46A},
  PAGES = {340-350}
}

@ARTICLE{Xie1999,
  AUTHOR = {{Xie, S.-P.}},
  TITLE = {{A dynamic ocean-atmosphere model of the tropical
                  Atlantic decadal variability}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1999},
  VOLUME = {12},
  PAGES = {64-70}
}

@ARTICLE{Xie:etal2000,
  AUTHOR = {{Xie, S.-P. and T. Kunitani and A. Kubokawa and M. Nonaka and S. Hosada}},
  TITLE = {{Interdecadal thermocline variability in the North Pacific for 1958-97: A GCM simulation}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  YEAR = {2000},
  VOLUME = {30},
  PAGES = {2798-2813}
}

@ARTICLE{Xu:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {{Xu, W., T.P. Barnett and M. Latif}},
  TITLE = {{Decadal variability in the North
Pacific as simulated by a hybrid coupled model}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Climate, submitted},
  YEAR = {1997},
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {}
}

@TECHREPORT{Xu1990,
  AUTHOR = {Jin-Song Xu},
  TITLE = {On the relationship between the stratospheric {QBO}
                 and the tropospheric {SO}},
  INSTITUTION = {{Max-Plank-Institut {f\"ur} Meteorologie}},
  YEAR = {1990},
  OPTTYPE = {},
  NUMBER = {48},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  MONTH = {March},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Xu1991,
  AUTHOR = {Jin-Song Xu},
  TITLE = {Analysis and Prediction of the {El Ni\~no} {Southern
                 Oscillation} Phenomenon using {Principal} {Oscillation}
                 {Pattern} Analysis},
  NOTE = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Meteorologie},
  KEYWORDS = {ENSO, POP, climate prediction},
  OPTYEAR = {},
  OPTMONTH = {}
}

@TECHREPORT{Xu:Storch1989,
  AUTHOR = {Jin-Song Xu and Han von Storch},
  TITLE = {{Principal Oscillation Pattern--Prediction} of the
                 state of {ENSO}},
  INSTITUTION = {{Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Meteorologie}},
  YEAR = {1989},
  OPTTYPE = {},
  NUMBER = {35},
  OPTADDRESS = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Xu:Storch1990,
  AUTHOR = {Jin-Song Xu and Han von Storch},
  TITLE = {Predicting the state of the {Southern Oscillation}
                 using principal oscillation pattern analysis},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {1990},
  VOLUME = {3},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1316-1329},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Xu:Emanuel1989,
  AUTHOR = {Xu, K-M and K. A. Emanuel},
  TITLE = {Is the tropical atmosphere conditionally unstable?},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1989},
  VOLUME = {117},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1471-1479},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Yanai:etal1973,
  AUTHOR = {Yanai, M. and S. K. Esbensen and J.-H. Chu},
  TITLE = {{Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters
                  from large-scale heat and moisture budgets}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {30},
  PAGES = {611-627},
  YEAR = {1973}
}

@ARTICLE{Yano:Emanuel1991,
  AUTHOR = {J. Yano and K. A. Emanuel},
  TITLE = {{An improved model of the equatorial troposphere and its
                 coupling with the stratosphere}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {48},
  PAGES = {377-389},
  YEAR = {1991}
}

@ARTICLE{Yakhot:Orszag1986,
  AUTHOR = {Yakhot, V. and S.A. Orszag},
  TITLE = {{Renormalization group analysis of turbulence: I. Basic Theory}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Sci. Comp.},
  VOLUME = {1},
  PAGES = {3-51},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Yamada:Sekine1997,
  AUTHOR = {F. Yamada and Y. Sekine},
  TITLE = {{Variations on sea surface temperature and 500hPa height
                  over the North Pacific with reference to the
                  occurence of anomalous southward Oyashio intrusion
                  east of Japan}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Meteor. Soc. Japan},
  VOLUME = {75},
  PAGES = {995-1000},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Yin:Battisti2000,
  AUTHOR = {J. H. Yin and D. S. Battisti},
  TITLE = {{The importance of tropical sea surface temperature patterns
                  in simulations of Last Glacial Maximum climate}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  YEAR = {2000},
  NOTE = {In press}
}

@ARTICLE{Yoo:Carton1988,
  AUTHOR = {Yoo, J.M. and J.A. Carton},
  TITLE = {{Spatial dependence of the relationship between rainfall and outgoing longwave radiation}},
  JOURNAL = {J. C.imate},
  VOLUME = {1},
  PAGES = {1047-1054},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Yoo:Carton1990,
  AUTHOR = {Yoo, J.-M. and J.A. Carton},
  TITLE = {{Annual and interannual variation of the freshwater budget in tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {in preparation},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Young1987,
  AUTHOR = {J. A. Young},
  TITLE = {Boundary layer dynamics of tropical and monsoonal flows},
  BOOKTITLE = {Monsoon Meteorology},
  PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press},
  YEAR = 1987,
  EDITOR = {{C.-P. Chang and T. N. Krishnamurti}},
  PAGES = {461-500}
}

@ARTICLE{Young:etal1995,
  AUTHOR = {G. S. Young and S. M. Perugini and C. W. Fairall},
  TITLE = {{Convective wakes in the equatorial western Pacific
                  during TOGA COARE}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1995},
  VOLUME = {123},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {110-123},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Yu:Neelin1993,
  AUTHOR = {J-Y Yu and J. D. Neelin},
  TITLE = {{Modes of tropical variability under convective
                 adjustment and the Madden-Julian Oscillation.  Part
                 II: Numerical results}},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1993},
  VOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {submitted},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Yuan:Martinson2000,
  AUTHOR = {X. Yuan and D. G. Martinson},
  TITLE = {{Antarctic sea ice extent variability and it global connectivity}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  YEAR = {2000},
  VOLUME = {13},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1697-1717},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Zav'yalova1986,
  AUTHOR = {Zav'yalova, I.N.},
  TITLE = {{Humidity of air in Antarctica.}},
  EDITOR = {I.M. Dolgin},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Climate of Antarctic}},
  PAGES = {92-101},
  YEAR = {1986},
  PUBLISHER = {A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam}
}

@ARTICLE{Zebiak1982,
  AUTHOR = {Zebiak, S. E.},
  TITLE = {A simple atmospheric model of relevance to {El Ni\~no}.},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  YEAR = {1982},
  VOLUME = {39},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2017-2027},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@BOOK{Zebiak1984,
  AUTHOR = {Zebiak, S. E.},
  TITLE = {{Tropical atmosphere-ocean interaction interaction and the El Ni\~no/Southern Oscillation phenomenon.}},
  PAGES = {261},
  YEAR = {1984},
  PUBLISHER = {{Ph.D. thesis, M.I.T.}}
}

@ARTICLE{Zebiak1986,
  AUTHOR = {Zebiak, S. E.},
  TITLE = {{Atmospheric convergence feedback in a simple model
                 for El Ni\~no}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1986},
  VOLUME = {114},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {1263-1271},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Zebiak1989:Ill,
  AUTHOR = {Stephen E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Ill Wind}},
  JOURNAL = {The Sciences},
  VOLUME = {29},
  PAGES = {26-31},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Zebiak1989,
  AUTHOR = {Stephen E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Oceanic heat content variability and El Ni\~no cycles}},
  JOURNAL = {J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
  VOLUME = {19},
  PAGES = {475-486},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Zebiak1989:On,
  AUTHOR = {Stephen E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{On the 30-60 day oscillation and the prediction of El Ni\~no.}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {2},
  PAGES = {1381-1387},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Zebiak1990,
  AUTHOR = {Stephen E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Diagnostic Studies of Pacific Surface Winds}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {3},
  PAGES = {1016-1031},
  YEAR = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Zebiak1993,
  AUTHOR = {Stephen E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Air-sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {6},
  PAGES = {1567-1586},
  YEAR = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Zebiak:Cane1987,
  AUTHOR = {Zebiak, S. E.  and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{A model El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {115},
  PAGES = {2262-2278},
  YEAR = {1987}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Zebiak:Cane1988,
  AUTHOR = {Stephen E. Zebiak and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {Diagnostic studies of a coupled model's climate variability.},
  EDITOR = {David R. Rodenhuis},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of the 13th Climate Diagnostics Workshop, 
                Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 1988}},
  YEAR = {1988},
  PUBLISHER = {NOAA}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Zebiak:Cane1989,
  AUTHOR = {Zebiak, S. E. and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Natural climate variability in a coupled model.}},
  EDITOR = {Michael E. Schlesinger},
  BOOKTITLE = {{{\rm Workshop on} Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change:  A Critical Appraisal of Simulations and Observations}},
  YEAR = {1989},
  PAGES = {457-469},
  PUBLISHER = {Oregon State University}
}

@ARTICLE{Zeng:etal1999,
  AUTHOR = {Zeng, N. and J. D. Neelin and C. Chou},
  TITLE = {The first quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation model -
                  implementation and simulation},
  JOURNAL = jas,
  VOLUME = {},
  PAGES = {},
  NOTE = {submitted},
  YEAR = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang:etal1997,
  AUTHOR = {Zhang, Y. and J. M. Wallace and D. S. Battisti},
  TITLE = {{ENSO-like decade-to-century scale variability: 1900-93}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {10},
  PAGES = {1004-1020},
  NOTE = {},
  YEAR = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhang:etal1996,
  AUTHOR = {Zhang, Y. and J. M. Wallace and N. Iwasaka},
  TITLE = {{Is climate variability over the North Pacific a linear
                  response to ENSO?}},
  JOURNAL = jc,
  VOLUME = {9},
  PAGES = {1468-1478},
  NOTE = {},
  YEAR = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Zhao:etal1989,
  AUTHOR = {Zhao, Y. and S.E. Zebiak and Mark A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{Climate variability over several centuries as revealed in a coupled model and ice core reconstructions}},
  JOURNAL = {},
  YEAR = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhao:etal1991,
  AUTHOR = {Zhao, Y and M. Cane and S.E. Zebiak},
  TITLE = {{Comparison of El Ni\~no as recorded in the Quelccaya
                 ice-cap and a coupled dynamical model}},
  JOURNAL = {in preparation},
  YEAR = {1991},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Zhao:Cane1995,
  AUTHOR = {Zhao, Y and M. A. Cane},
  TITLE = {{The influence of vertical resolution on ocean mixed
                  layer parameterizations}},
  JOURNAL = {To be submitted},
  YEAR = {1995},
  OPTVOLUME = {},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  OPTPAGES = {},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{Zwiers:Boer1987,
  AUTHOR = {Zwiers, F. W. and G. J. Boer},
  TITLE = {{A comparison of climates simulated by a general
                  circulation model when run in the annual cycle and
                  perpetual modes}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  YEAR = {1987},
  VOLUME = {115},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {2626-2644},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{andreas1985,
  AUTHOR = {E. L. Andreas},
  TITLE = {{Heat and moisture advection over Antarctic sea ice}},
  JOURNAL = mwr,
  VOLUME = {113},
  PAGES = {736-746},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@INCOLLECTION{deVerdiere1981,
  AUTHOR = {de Verdiere, A.C.},
  TITLE = {{C. Observations and mechanisms of meridional heat transfer by mesoscale eddies.}},
  EDITOR = {Eric B. Kraus and Mich\`ele Fleux},
  BOOKTITLE = {{NATO Advanced Research Institute; Large Scale Transport of Heat and Matter in the Ocean}},
  PAGES = {99-104},
  YEAR = {1981},
  PUBLISHER = {Laboratoire D'Oceanographie Physique du Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle de Paris}
}

@ARTICLE{deVerdiere1986,
  AUTHOR = {de Verdiere, A.},
  TITLE = {{On mean flow instabilities within the planetary geostrophic equations}},
  JOURNAL = jpo,
  VOLUME = {16},
  PAGES = {1981-1984},
  YEAR = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{deVerdiere1988,
  AUTHOR = {de Verdiere, A.C.},
  TITLE = {{Buoyancy driven planetary flows}},
  JOURNAL = jmr,
  VOLUME = {46},
  PAGES = {215-265},
  YEAR = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{duPenhoat:Cane1991,
  AUTHOR = {du Penhoat Y. and M.A. Cane},
  TITLE = {Effect of Low-Latitude {Western} Gaps on the
                 Reflection of Equatorial Motions },
  JOURNAL = jgr,
  YEAR = {1991},
  VOLUME = {96},
  OPTNUMBER = {},
  PAGES = {3307-3322},
  OPTMONTH = {},
  OPTNOTE = {}
}

@ARTICLE{duPenhoat:Treguier1985,
  AUTHOR = {du Penhoat, Y and A.M. Treguier},
  TITLE = {{The seasonal linear response of the tropical Atlantic ocean}},
  JOURNAL = jpo,
  VOLUME = {15},
  PAGES = {316-329},
  YEAR = {1985}
}

@INCOLLECTION{duPenhoat:etal1983,
  AUTHOR = {du Penhoat, Y. and Mark A. Cane and R.J. Patton},
  TITLE = {{Reflections of low frequency equatorial waves on partial boundaries. }},
  EDITOR = {JCL Nihoul},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Hydrodynamics of the Equatorial Ocean, Memories Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, 6e series Tome XI}},
  PAGES = {237-358},
  YEAR = {1983},
  PUBLISHER = {Elsevier}
}