| 98 |
\left(\dot{\epsilon}_{11}^2+\dot{\epsilon}_{22}^2\right) |
\left(\dot{\epsilon}_{11}^2+\dot{\epsilon}_{22}^2\right) |
| 99 |
(1+e^{-2}) + 4e^{-2}\dot{\epsilon}_{12}^2 + |
(1+e^{-2}) + 4e^{-2}\dot{\epsilon}_{12}^2 + |
| 100 |
2\dot{\epsilon}_{11}\dot{\epsilon}_{22} (1-e^{-2}) |
2\dot{\epsilon}_{11}\dot{\epsilon}_{22} (1-e^{-2}) |
| 101 |
\right]^{-\frac{1}{2}} |
\right]^{\frac{1}{2}} |
| 102 |
\end{align*} |
\end{align*} |
| 103 |
The bulk viscosities are bounded above by imposing both a minimum |
The bulk viscosities are bounded above by imposing both a minimum |
| 104 |
$\Delta_{\min}=10^{-11}\text{\,s}^{-1}$ (for numerical reasons) and a |
$\Delta_{\min}=10^{-11}\text{\,s}^{-1}$ (for numerical reasons) and a |
| 280 |
algorithm following Archimedes' principle) turns snow into ice until |
algorithm following Archimedes' principle) turns snow into ice until |
| 281 |
the ice surface is back at $z=0$ \citep{leppaeranta83}. |
the ice surface is back at $z=0$ \citep{leppaeranta83}. |
| 282 |
|
|
| 283 |
Effective ich thickness (ice volume per unit area, |
Effective ice thickness (ice volume per unit area, |
| 284 |
$c\cdot{h}$), concentration $c$ and effective snow thickness |
$c\cdot{h}$), concentration $c$ and effective snow thickness |
| 285 |
($c\cdot{h}_{s}$) are advected by ice velocities: |
($c\cdot{h}_{s}$) are advected by ice velocities: |
| 286 |
\begin{equation} |
\begin{equation} |
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