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# Line 44  studies to motivate the present work. Line 44  studies to motivate the present work.
44  Traditionally, probably for historical reasons and the ease of  Traditionally, probably for historical reasons and the ease of
45  treating the Coriolis term, most standard sea-ice models are  treating the Coriolis term, most standard sea-ice models are
46  discretized on Arakawa-B-grids \citep[e.g.,][]{hibler79, harder99,  discretized on Arakawa-B-grids \citep[e.g.,][]{hibler79, harder99,
47    kreyscher00, zhang98, hunke97}\ml{, although there are sea ice only    kreyscher00, zhang98, hunke97}, although there are sea ice models
48    models diretized on a C-grid \citep[e.g.,][]{ip91, tremblay97,  diretized on a C-grid \citep[e.g.,][]{ip91, tremblay97,
49      lemieux09}}. From the perspective of coupling a sea ice-model to a    lemieux09}. %
50  C-grid ocean model, the exchange of fluxes of heat and fresh-water  \ml{[there is also MI-IM, but I only found this as a reference:
51  pose no difficulty for a B-grid sea-ice model    \url{http://retro.met.no/english/r_and_d_activities/method/num_mod/MI-IM-Documentation.pdf}]}
52  \citep[e.g.,][]{timmermann02a}. However, surface stress is defined at  From the perspective of coupling a sea ice-model to a C-grid ocean
53  velocities points and thus needs to be interpolated between a B-grid  model, the exchange of fluxes of heat and fresh-water pose no
54  sea-ice model and a C-grid ocean model. Smoothing implicitly  difficulty for a B-grid sea-ice model \citep[e.g.,][]{timmermann02a}.
55  associated with this interpolation may mask grid scale noise and may  However, surface stress is defined at velocities points and thus needs
56  contribute to stabilizing the solution. On the other hand, by  to be interpolated between a B-grid sea-ice model and a C-grid ocean
57  smoothing the stress signals are damped which could lead to reduced  model. Smoothing implicitly associated with this interpolation may
58  variability of the system. By choosing a C-grid for the sea-ice model,  mask grid scale noise and may contribute to stabilizing the solution.
59  we circumvent this difficulty altogether and render the stress  On the other hand, by smoothing the stress signals are damped which
60  coupling as consistent as the buoyancy coupling.  could lead to reduced variability of the system. By choosing a C-grid
61    for the sea-ice model, we circumvent this difficulty altogether and
62    render the stress coupling as consistent as the buoyancy coupling.
63    
64  A further advantage of the C-grid formulation is apparent in narrow  A further advantage of the C-grid formulation is apparent in narrow
65  straits. In the limit of only one grid cell between coasts there is no  straits. In the limit of only one grid cell between coasts there is no
66  flux allowed for a B-grid (with no-slip lateral boundary counditions),  flux allowed for a B-grid (with no-slip lateral boundary counditions),
67  and models have used topographies artificially widened straits to  and models have used topographies with artificially widened straits to
68  avoid this problem \citep{holloway07}. The C-grid formulation on the  avoid this problem \citep{holloway07}. The C-grid formulation on the
69  other hand allows a flux of sea-ice through narrow passages if  other hand allows a flux of sea-ice through narrow passages if
70  free-slip along the boundaries is allowed. We demonstrate this effect  free-slip along the boundaries is allowed. We demonstrate this effect
# Line 71  in the Candian archipelago. Line 73  in the Candian archipelago.
73  Talk about problems that make the sea-ice-ocean code very sensitive and  Talk about problems that make the sea-ice-ocean code very sensitive and
74  changes in the code that reduce these sensitivities.  changes in the code that reduce these sensitivities.
75    
76  This paper describes the MITgcm sea ice  This paper describes the MITgcm sea ice model; it presents example
77  model; it presents example Arctic and Antarctic results from a realistic,  Arctic and Antarctic results from a realistic, eddy-permitting, global
78  eddy-permitting, global ocean and sea-ice configuration; it compares B-grid  ocean and sea-ice configuration; it compares B-grid and C-grid dynamic
79  and C-grid dynamic solvers in a regional Arctic configuration; and it presents  solvers and investigates further aspects of sea ice modeling in a
80  example results from coupled ocean and sea-ice adjoint-model integrations.  regional Arctic configuration; and it presents example results from
81    coupled ocean and sea-ice adjoint-model integrations.
82    
83  %%% Local Variables:  %%% Local Variables:
84  %%% mode: latex  %%% mode: latex
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