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\begin{abstract} |
\begin{abstract} |
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As part of ongoing efforts to obtain a best possible synthesis of most |
As part of an ongoing effort to obtain a best possible, time-evolving analysis |
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available, global-scale, ocean and sea ice data, a dynamic and thermodynamic |
of most |
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available ocean and sea ice data, a dynamic and thermodynamic |
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sea-ice model has been coupled to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
sea-ice model has been coupled to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
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general circulation model (MITgcm). Ice mechanics follow a viscous plastic |
general circulation model (MITgcm). Ice mechanics follow a viscous-plastic |
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rheology and the ice momentum equations are solved numerically using either |
rheology and the ice momentum equations are solved numerically using either |
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line successive relaxation (LSR) or elastic-viscous-plastic (EVP) dynamic |
line-successive-relaxation (LSR) or elastic-viscous-plastic (EVP) dynamic |
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models. Ice thermodynamics are represented using either a zero-heat-capacity |
models. Ice thermodynamics are represented using either a zero-heat-capacity |
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formulation or a two-layer formulation that conserves enthalpy. The model |
formulation or a two-layer formulation that conserves enthalpy. The model |
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includes prognostic variables for snow and for sea-ice salinity. The above |
includes prognostic variables for snow and for sea-ice salinity. The above |
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sea ice model components were borrowed from current-generation climate models |
sea ice model components were borrowed from current-generation climate models |
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but they were reformulated on an Arakawa C-grid in order to match the MITgcm |
but they were reformulated on an Arakawa C grid in order to match the MITgcm |
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oceanic grid and they were modified in many ways to permit efficient and |
oceanic grid and they were modified in many ways to permit efficient and |
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accurate automatic differentiation. This paper describes the MITgcm sea ice |
accurate automatic differentiation. This paper describes the MITgcm sea ice |
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model; it presents example Arctic and Antarctic results from a realistic, |
model; it presents example Arctic and Antarctic results from a realistic, |