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Bayesian statistics enable a quantitive determination of the impact of climate-change detection tests on prior subjective assessments of the probability of an externally forced climate change. The Bayesian method also provides a potentially powerful tool for enhancing statistical detection and attribution tests by combining a number of different climate-change indicators that are not amenable to standard signal-to-noise analyses because of inadequate information on the associated natural-variability statistics. The relation between the conventional and Bayesian approach is illustrated by examples taken from recent conventional analyses of climate-change detection and attribution for three cases of climate-change forcing by increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations, increasing greenhouse-gas and aerosol concentrations, and variations in solar insolation. The enhancement of detection and attribution levels through a joint Bayesian analysis of a number of different climate-change indices is demonstrated in a further example. However, this advantage of the Bayesian approach can be achieved only within the framework of a subjective rather than objective analysis. The conventional and Bayesian approach both exhibit specific advantages and shortcomings, so that a parallel application of both methods is probably the most promising detection and attribution strategy.} } @Article{hellerman_rosenstein:1983, author = "S. Hellerman and M. Rosenstein", title = "Normal Monthly Wind Stress over the {W}orld {O}cean with error estimates", journal = jpo, year = 1983, volume = 13, pages = "1093--1104" } @Article{hidaka53:_acc, author = {K. Hidaka and M. Tsuchiya}, title = {On the {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent}, journal = jmr, year = 1953, volume = 12, pages = {214--222} } @Article{holland73, author = {William R. 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McDougall}, title = {Minimal Adjustment of Hydrographic Profiles to Achieve Static Stability}, journal = jaot, year = 1995, volume = 12, number = 4, pages = {381--389} } @Article{jackett:97, author = "David R. Jackett and Trevor J. {McDougall}", title = "A Neutral Density Variable for the World's Ocean", journal = jpo, year = 1997, volume = 27, pages = "237--263" } @Article{jayne04, author = {Steven R. Jayne and Louis C. {St. Laurent} and Sarah T. Gille}, title = {Connections between Ocean Bottom Topography and {E}arth's Climate}, journal = {Oceanography}, year = 2004, volume = 17, number = 1, pages = {65--74} } @Article{jiang99, author = {Shi Jiang and Peter H. 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Fiorino}, title = {The {NCEP-NCAR} 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means {CD-ROM} and Documentation}, journal = bams, year = 2001, volume = 82, pages = {247--268} } @Article{klatt05, author = {Olaf Klatt and Eberhard Fahrbach and Mario Hoppeman and Gerd Rohardt}, title = {The Transport of the {W}eddell {G}yre Across the {P}rime {M}eridian}, journal = dsrtwo, year = 2005, volume = 52, pages = {513--528} } @Article{koenig-langlo94, author = {Gert K{\"o}nig-Langlo and Ernst Augstein}, title = {Parameterization of the Downward Long-Wave Radiation at the {E}arth's Surface in Polar Regions}, journal = metzeit, year = 1994, volume = 3, number = 6, pages = {343--347} } @InProceedings{koenig-langlo97, author = {Gert K{\"o}nig-Langlo and B. Marx}, title = {The Meteorological Information System at the {A}lfred {W}egener {I}nstiute}, booktitle = {Climate and Environmental Database Systems}, year = 1997, editor = {M. Lautenschlager and M. Reinke}, address = {Norwell, USA}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publisher} } @Book{kowalik93:_num_mod, author = {Zygmunt Kowalik and Tad S. Murty}, title = {Numerical Modeling of Ocean Dynamics}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing Company}, year = 1993, pages = 481, address = {Singapore} } @TechReport{large04, author = {William G. Large and S. Yeager}, title = {Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: the data sets and flux climatologies}, institution = {CGD Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research}, year = 2004, number = {NCAR/TN-460+STR} } @Proceedings{lederer:1998, title = "Proceedings in the Fourth European {SGI/CRAY MPP} {W}orkshop", year = 1998, editor = "H. Lederer and F. Hertweck", organization = "Max-Planck-Institut f{\"ur} Plasmaphysik" } @Article{madec91, author = {Gurvan Madec and Pascale Delecluse and Michel Crepon and Michel Chartier}, title = {A Three-Dimensional Numerical Study of Deep-Water Formation in the {N}orthwestern {M}editerranean {S}ea}, journal = jpo, year = 1991, volume = 21, number = 9, pages = {1349--1371}, doi = {10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021} } @Article{marks06, author = {K. M. Marks and W. H. F. Smith}, title = {An Evaluation of Publicly Available Global Bathymetry Grids}, journal = {Marine Geophysical Researches}, year = 2006, volume = 27, number = 1, pages = {19--34}, doi = {10.1007/s11001-005-2095-4} } @Article{marshall01:_insensitivity, author = {David P. Marshall and James C. Stephens}, title = {On the Insensitivity of the Wind-Driven Circulation to Bottom Topography}, journal = jmr, year = 2001, volume = 59, number = 1, pages = {1--27} } @Article{marsland01, author = {Simon Marsland and J{\"o}rg-Olaf Wolff}, title = {On the Sensitivity of {S}outhern {O}cean Sea Ice to the Surface Freshwater Flux: A Model Study}, journal = jgr, year = 2001, volume = 106, number = {C2}, pages = {2723--2741} } @Article{mcdougall03:_density, author = {Trevor J. McDougall and David R. Jackett and Daniel G. Wright and Rainer Feistel}, title = {Accurate and Computationally Efficient Algorithms for Potential Temperature and Density of Seawater}, journal = jaot, year = 2003, volume = 20, number = 5, pages = {730--741} } @Article{mcdougall:87, author = "Trevor J. {McDougall}", title = "Neutral Surfaces", journal = jpo, year = 1987, volume = 17, pages = "1950--1964" } @Article{mcdougall:88, author = "Trevor J. {McDougall}", title = "On the Helical Nature of Neutral Trajectories in the Ocean", journal = pin, year = 1988, volume = 20, pages = "153--183" } @Article{mcfarlane87, author = {N. A. McFarlane}, title = {The Effect of Orographically Excited Gravity Wave Drag on the General Circulation of the Lower Stratosphere and Troposphere}, journal = jas, year = 1987, volume = 44, number = 14, pages = {1775--1800} } @TechReport{millero78, author = {F. J. Millero}, title = {Annex 6, Freezing Point of Seawater}, institution = {UNESCO}, year = 1978, type = {Unesco Techn. Papers in Marine Science}, number = {28}, address = {Paris}, pages = {29--35} } Millero, F. J., 1978: Annex 6, freezing point of seawater. Unesco Tech. Papers in the Marine Sciences, 28, 29-35. @Misc{morgan94, author = {Phillip P. Morgan}, title = {SEAWATER, A Library of MATLAB Computational Routines for the Properties of Sea Water}, howpublished = {CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 222, 29pp}, year = 1994 } @Article{mosby34, author = {Hakon A. Mosby}, title = {The waters of the {A}tlantic {A}ntarctic {O}cean}, journal = {Scientific Research of the Norwegian Antarctic Expeditions 1927--1928}, year = 1934, volume = 1, pages = {1--131} } @Book{olbers92, title = {Hydrographic Atlas of the {S}outhern {O}cean}, author = {Dirk Olbers and Victor Gouretski and Guntram Seiss and Jens Schr{\"o}ter}, year = {1992}, publisher = {Alfred-Wegener-Institut f{\"u}r Polar- und Meeresforschung}, pages = 99 } @Article{orsi95:_merid_extent_fronts_acc, author = {Alejandro H. Orsi and Whitworth, III, Thomas and Nowlin, Jr., Worth D. }, title = {On the Meridional Extent and Fronts of the {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent}, journal = dsr, year = 1995, volume = 42, number = 5, pages = {641--673} } @TechReport{pacanowski95:_mom_docum, author = {Pacanowski, R.C.}, title = {{MOM} 2 {D}ocumentation ({U}ser's guide and reference manual)}, institution = {Princeton University}, year = 1995, type = {GFDL Ocean Technical Reports}, number = 3 } @Article{pacanowski98, author = {Ronald C. Pacanowski and Gnanadesikan Anand}, title = {Transient Response in a Z-Level Ocean Model That Resolves Topography with Partial Cells}, journal = mwr, year = 1998, volume = 126, number = 12, pages = {3248--3270}, doi = {0.1175/1520-0493(1998)126} } @Book{pedlosky87:_geoph_fluid_dynam, author = {Joseph Pedlosky}, title = {Geophysical Fluid Dynamics}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1987, address = {New York}, pages = 710 } . @Book{pedlosky96:_ocean_circul_theory, author = {Joseph Pedlosky}, title = {Ocean Circulation Theory}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, address = {Berlin}, pages = 453 } @Article{penduff02, author = {Thierry Penduff and Bernard Barnier and Marie-Aur{\'e}lie Kerbiriou and Jacques Verron}, title = {How Topographic Smoothing Contributes to Differences between the Eddy Flows Simulated by Sigma- and Geopotential-Coordinate Models}, journal = jpo, year = 2002, volume = 32, number = 1, pages = {122--137} } &TechReport{morgan94, author = {Phillip P. Morgan}, title = {SEAWATER, A Library of MATLAB Computational Routines for the Properties of Sea Water}, institution = {CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 222}, year = 1994, pages = {29pp.} } @Article{power94, author = {Power, S. B. and Kleeman, R.}, title = {Surface heat flux parameterization and the response of ocean general circulation models to high-latitude freshening}, journal = tellus, year = 1994, volume = {A 46}, number = 1, pages = {86--95.doi:10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.00008.x} } @Article{rahmstorf96, author = {Stefan Rahmstorf}, title = {Comments on ``{I}nstability of the Thermohaline Circulation with Respect to Mixed Boundary Conditions: Is It Really a Problem for Realistic Models?''}, journal = jpo, year = 1996, volume = 26, number = 6, pages = {1099--1105} } @Article{read93:_struc_trans_antar_circum_curren, author = {J. F. Read and R.T. Pollard}, title = {Structure and Transport of the {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent and {A}gulhas Return Current at {40$^\circ$E}}, journal = jgr, year = 1993, volume = 98, number = {C7}, pages = {12281--12295} } @InProceedings{redler:98, author = "Ren{\'e} Redler and Karsten Ketelsen and Joachim Dengg and Claus B{\"o}ning", title = "A high-resolution numerical model for the circulation of the {A}tlantic {O}cean", pages = "95--108", booktitle = "Proceedings in the Fourth European {SGI/CRAY MPP} {W}orkshop", editor = "H. Lederer and F. Hertweck", publisher = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Plasmaphysik}, address = {Garching, Germany}, year = 1998, note = {{\newline http://www.rzg.mpg.de/mpp-workshop/papers/ipp-report.html}} } @InProceedings{rintoul00:_antar_circum_current_system, author = {Stephen R. Rintoul and Chris Hughes and Dirk Olbers}, title = {The {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent System}, booktitle = {Ocean Circulation and Climate}, year = 2000, editor = {G. Siedler and J. Church and J. Gould}, publisher = {Academic Press}, note = {to be published} } @Article{roullet00, author = {Guillaume Roullet and Gurvan Madec}, title = {Salt Conservation, Free Surface, and Varying Levels: A New Formulation for Ocean General Circulation Models}, journal = jgr, year = 2000, volume = 105, number = {C10}, pages = {23927--23942} } @TechReport{sac_wtso:1998, author = {Gouretski, V. V. and K. Jancke}, title = {{WOCE} {R}eport {N}o. 162/98}, institution = {{WHP} Special Analysis Center}, year = 1998, number = 3, note = {{\newline http://www.dkrz.de/$\sim$u241046/SACserver/SACHome.htm}} } @Book{salmon98:_geophysical_fluid_dynamics, author = {Rick Salmon}, title = {Lectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1998, address = {New York} } @Article{sandstrom1908, author = {Johan W. Sandstr{\"o}m}, title = {Dynamische {V}ersuche mit {M}eerwasser}, journal = {Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie}, year = 1908, volume = 36, pages = {6--23} } @Article{saunders92:_trans_heat_fresh_fluxes_FRAM, author = {Peter M. Saunders and S. R. Thompson}, title = {Transport, Heat, and Freshwater Fluxes within a Diagnostic Numerical Model ({FRAM})}, journal = jpo, year = 1992, volume = 23, number = 3, pages = {452--464} } @Article{schauer04, author = {U. Schauer and E. Fahrbach and S. {\O}sterhus and G. Rohardt}, title = {Arctic Warming Through the {F}ram {S}trait - Oceanic Heat Transport from 3 Years of Measurements}, journal = jgr, year = 2004, volume = 109, number = {C6}, pages = {doi:10.1029/2003JC001823}, doi = {10.1029/2003JC001823} } @Article{schnur05, author = {Reiner Schnur and Klaus Hasselmann}, title = {Optimal Filtering for {B}ayesian Detection and Attribution of Climate Change}, journal = cdyn, year = 2005, volume = 24, pages = {45--55}, abstract = {In the conventional approach to the detection of an anthropogenic or other externally forced climate change signal, optimal filters (fingerprints) are used to maximize the ratio of the observed climate change signal to the natural variability noise. If detection is successful, attribution of the observed climate change to the hypothesized forcing mechanism is carried out in a second step by comparing the observed and predicted climate change signals. In contrast, the Bayesian approach to detection and attribution makes no distinction between detection and attribution. The purpose of filtering in this case is to maximize the impact of the evidence, the observed climate change, on the prior probability that the hypothesis of an anthropogenic origin of the observed signal is true. Whereas in the conventional approach model uncertainties have no direct impact on the definition of the optimal detection fingerprint, in optimal Bayesian filtering they play a central role. The number of patterns retained is governed by the magnitude of the predicted signal relative to the model uncertainties, defined in a pattern space normalized by the natural climate variability. Although this results in some reduction of the original phase space, this is not the primary objective of Bayesian filtering, in contrast to the conventional approach, in which dimensional reduction is a necessary prerequisite for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. The Bayesian filtering method is illustrated for two anthropogenic forcing hypotheses: greenhouse gases alone, and a combination of greenhouse gases plus sulfate aerosols. The hypotheses are tested against 31-year trends for near-surface temperature, summer and winter diurnal temperature range, and precipitation. Between six and thirteen response patterns can be retained, as compared with the one or two response patterns normally used in the conventional approach. Strong evidence is found for the detection of an anthropogenic climate change in temperature, with some preference given to the combined forcing hypothesis. Detection of recent anthropogenic trends in diurnal temperature range and precipitation is not successful, but there remains strong net evidence for anthropogenic climate change if all data are considered jointly.} } @Article{schodlok02, author = {Michael P. Schodlok and Hartmut H. Hellmer and Aike Beckmann}, title = {On the Transport, Variability and Origin of Dense Water Masses Crossing the {S}outh {S}cotia {R}idge}, journal = dsrtwo, year = 2002, volume = 49, number = 21, pages = {4807--4825}, doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00160-1} } @Article{schodlok07, author = {Michael P. Schodlok and Manfred Wenzel, Jens G. Schr{\"o}ter and Hartmut H. Hellmer}, title = {Regional and Global Effects of Southern Ocean Constraints in a Global Model}, journal = {submitted to Ocean Dynamics}, year = {2007}, OPTkey = {}, OPTvolume = {}, OPTnumber = {}, OPTpages = {}, OPTmonth = {}, OPTnote = {}, OPTannote = {} } @Article{schott88:_variab_struc_trans_florid_curren, author = {Friedrich A. Schott and Thomas N. Lee and Rainer Zantopp}, title = {Variability of Structure and Transport of the {F}lorida {C}urrent in the Period Range of Days to Seasonal}, journal = jpo, year = 1988, volume = 18, number = 9, pages = {1209--1230} } @Article{simmons04, author = {Harper L. Simmons and Steven R. Jayne and Louis C. {St. Laurent} and Andrew J. Weaver}, title = {Tidally Driven Mixing in a Numerical Model of the Ocean General Circulation}, journal = omg, year = 2004, volume = 6, number = {3--4}, pages = {245--263}, doi = {10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00011-8} } @misc{sloss88, author = {P. W. Sloss}, title = {Data Announcement 88-{MGG}-02, Digital Relief of the Surface of the {E}arth}, howpublished = {NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO}, year = {1988}, pages = {50} } &Article{rintoul01:_baroc_trans_variab_acc, author = {Stephen R. Rintoul and Serguei Sokolov}, title = {Baroclinic Transport Variability of the {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent South of {A}ustralia ({WOCE} Repeat Secton {SR3})}, journal = jgr, year = 2001, volume = 106, number = {C2}, pages = {2795--2814} } @Article{sloyan00:_circul_renew_modif_antar_mode_inter_water, author = {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul}, title = {Circulation, Renewal and Modification of {A}ntarctic Mode and Intermediate Water}, journal = jpo, year = 2001, note = {in press} } @Article{sloyan00:_estim_area_diapy_fluxes_basin_budget, author = {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul}, title = {Estimates of Area--averaged Diapycnal Fluxes from Basin--scale Budgets}, journal = jpo, volumes = 30, pages = {2320--2341}, year = 2000, } @Article{sloyan00:_south_ocean_limb_global_deep_overt_circul, author = {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul}, title = {The {S}outhern {O}cean Limb of the Global Deep Overturning Circulation}, journal = jpo, year = 2001, volume = 31, number = 1, pages = {143--173} } @Article{sloyan01:_cir_ren_mod_AAmwiw, author = {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul}, title = {Circulation, Renewal and Modification of {A}ntarctic Mode and Intermediate Water}, journal = jpo, year = 2001, volume = 31, number = {4}, pages = {1005--1030} } @Article{sloyan01:_south_ocean_limb_global_deep_overt_circul, author = {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul}, title = {The {S}outhern {O}cean Limb of the Global Deep Overturning Circulation}, journal = jpo, year = 2001, volume = 31, number = 1, pages = {143--173} } @Article{smith97:_global_topo, author = {Smith, Walter H. F. and David T. Sandwell}, title = {Global Seafloor Topography from Satellite Altimetry and Ship Depth Soundings}, journal = science, year = 1997, volume = 277, pages = {1957--1962} } @article{speer00, author = {Kevin G. Speer and Stephen R. Rintoul and Bernadette M. Sloyan}, title = {The Diabatic {D}eacon Cell}, journal = jpo, year = 1999, volume = 30, number = 12, pages = {3212--3222} } @Article{stammer94:_accuracy_precision_topex, author = {Detlef Stammer and Carl Wunsch}, title = {Preliminary Assessment of the Accuracy and Precision of {TOPEX}/{POSEIDON} Altimeter Data with Respect to the Large-Scale Circulation}, journal = jgr, year = 1994, volume = 99, number = {C12}, pages = {24584--24604} } @Book{storch99, author = {von Storch, Hans and Francis W. Zwiers}, title = {Statistical Analysis in Climate Research}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1999, address = {Cambridge, United Kingdom}, pages = 484 } @Article{tansley00, author = {Claire E. Tansley and David P. Marshall}, title = {On the Influence of Bottom Topography and the {D}eep {W}estern {B}oundary {C}urrent on {G}ulf {S}tream Separation}, journal = jmr, year = 2000, volume = 58, number = 2, pages = {297--325} } @Article{timmermann02a, author = {Ralph Timmermann and Aike Beckmann and Hartmut H. Hellmer}, title = {Simulation of Ice-Ocean Dynamics in the {W}eddell {S}ea. {P}art {I}: Model Configuration and Validation}, journal = jgr, year = 2002, volume = 107, number = {C3}, pages = 3024, doi = {10.1029/2000JC000741} } @Article{timmermann02b, author = {Ralph Timmermann and Hartmut H. Hellmer and Aike Beckmann}, title = {Simulations of Ice-Ocean Dynamics in the {W}eddell {S}ea. {P}art {II}: Interannual Variability 1985 - 1993}, journal = jgr, year = 2002, volume = 107, number = {C3}, pages = 3025, doi = {10.1029/2000JC000742} } @Article{timmermann04, author = {Ralph Timmermann and Aike Beckmann}, title = {Parameterization of Vertical Mixing in the {W}eddell {S}ea}, journal = omg, year = 2004, volume = 6, number = 1, pages = {83--100} } @Article{timmermann05, author = {Ralph Timmermann and H. Goosse and G. Madec and T. Fichefet and C. Ethe and V. Duliere}, title = {On the Representation of High Latitude Processes in the {ORCA-LIM} Global Coupled Sea Ice-Ocean Model}, journal = omg, year = 2005, volume = 8, number = {1--2}, pages = {175--201}, doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.12.009} } @Article{trenberth01, author = {Kevin E. Trenberth and Julie M. Caron}, title = {Estimates of Meridional Atmosphere and Ocean Heat Transports}, journal = jcl, year = 2001, volume = 14, number = 8, pages = {3433--3443} } @TechReport{trenberth89, author = {Kevin E. Trenberth and Jerry G. Olson and William G. Large}, title = {A Global Ocean Wind Stress Climatology based on {ECMWF} Analyses}, institution = {National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado}, year = 1989, number = {NCAR/TN-338+STR} } @Article{trenberth:1990, author = "Kevin E. Trenberth and Jerry G. Olson and William G. Large", title = "The Mean Annual Cycle in Global Ocean Wind Stress", journal = jpo, year = 1990, volume = 20, pages = "1742--1760" } @Proceedings{untersteiner86:_geophysics_sea_ice, title = {The Geophysics of Sea Ice}, year = 1986, editor = {Norbert Untersteiner}, volume = {X}, number = 146, series = {NATO ASI series B : Physics}, publisher = {Plenum Press}, note = {1196p.}, annote = {ISBN 0-306-42465-7} } @Article{vallis00, author = {Geoffrey K. Vallis}, title = {Large-Scale Circulation and Production of Stratification: Effects of Wind, Geometry, and Diffusion}, journal = jpo, year = 2000, volume = 30, number = 5, pages = {933--954} } @Article{warren99:_approx_energy_transport, author = {Bruce A. Warren}, title = {Approximating the Energy Transfer Across Oceanic Sections}, journal = jgr, year = 1999, volume = 104, number = {C4}, pages = {7915--7919} } @Article{webb91:_fram, author = {David J. Webb and others}, title = {Using an Eddy Resolving Model to Study the {S}outhern {O}cean}, journal = tagu, year = 1991, volume = 72, number = 15, pages = {169, 174, 175} } @Proceedings{wefer96:_south_atlantic, title = {The {S}outh {A}tlantic: {P}resent and Past Circulation}, year = 1996, editor = {Gerold Wefer and Wolfgang H. Berger and Gerold Sielder and David J. Webb}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @Article{whitworth82:_net_transport_acc, author = {Whitworth, III, Thomas and W. D. Nowlin and S. J. Worley}, title = {The Net Transport of the {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent Through {D}rake {P}assage}, journal = jpo, year = 1982, volume = 12, number = 9, pages = {960--971} } @Article{whitworth85:_volume_trans_acc, author = {Whitworth, III, Thomas and R. G. Peterson}, title = {Volume Transport of the {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent from Bottom Pressure Measurements}, journal = jpo, year = 1985, volume = 15, number = 6, pages = {810-816} } @Article{willebrand01:_circul_charac_three_eddy_model_north_atlan, author = {J{\"u}rgen Willebrand and Bernard Barnier and Claus B{\"o}ning and Christian Dieterich and Peter D. Killworth and Christian LeProvost and Yanli Jia and Jean-Marc Molines and Adrian L. New}, title = {Circulation Characteristics in Three Eddy-permitting Models of the {N}orth {A}tlantic}, journal = pin, year = 2001, volume = 48, number = {2--3}, pages = {123--161} } @TechReport{woodgate98, author = {Rebecca Woodgate and Ursula Schauer and Eberhard Fahrbach}, title = {Moored current meters in the {F}ram {S}trait at 79{\,$^\circ$}{N}: preliminary results with special emphasis on the {W}est {S}pitzbergen {C}urrent}, institution = {Alfred-Wegener-Institut f{\"u}r Polar- und Meeresforschung}, year = 1998, type = {Berichte des Fachbereichs Physik}, number = 91, pages = {1--25} } @Article{wunsch02:_thermohaline, author = {Carl Wunsch}, title = {What is the Thermohaline Circulation?}, journal = {Science}, year = 2002, volume = 298, pages = {1179--1180}, month = {November 8} } @Article{wunsch05:_therm_loops_stomm_box_model_sands, author = {Carl Wunsch}, title = {Thermohaline Loops, {S}tommel Box Models, and the {S}andstr{\"o}m theorem}, journal = {Tellus A}, year = 2005, volume = 57, number = 1, pages = {84--99}, doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0870.2005.00093.x} } @Article{wunsch05a, author = {Carl Wunsch}, title = {The Total Meridional Heat Flux and Its Oceanic and Atmospheric Partition}, journal = jcl, year = 2005, volume = 18, pages = {4374--4380}, number = 21, doi = {10.1175/JCLI3539.1} } @Incollection{wunsch84:_wm65, author = {C. Wunsch}, title = {Acoustic tomography and other answers}, booktitle = {"It's the water that makes you drunk." A celebration in Geophysics and Oceanography -- 1982. In honor of Walter Munk on his 65th birthday.}, publisher = {Scripps Institution of Oceanography, of California, San Diego}, year = {1984}, series = {Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference Series 84-5}, pages = {47--62}, address = {La Jolla, CA}, } @Article{wunsch99:_inter_short_climat_recor_commen, author = {Carl Wunsch}, title = {The Interpretation of Short Climate Records, with Comments on the {N}orth {A}tlantic and {S}outhern {O}scillation}, journal = bams, year = 1999, volume = 80, pages = {245--255} }