ceaice/bib/genocean.bib

@Article{Barnier:1995,
  author =       "Bernard Barnier and L. Siefridt and P. Marchesiello",
  title =        "Thermal Forcing for a Global Ocean Circulation Model
                  Using a Three-year Climatology of {ECMWF} analyses",
  journal =      jms,
  year =         1995,
  volume =       6,
  pages =        "363--380"
}

@Article{Bersch:1995,
  author =       {Manfred Bersch},
  title =        {On the Circulation of the northeastern {N}orth
                  {A}tlantic},
  journal =      dsr,
  year =         1995,
  volume =       42,
  number =       9,
  pages =        {1583--1607}
}

@TechReport{Boyer:1994,
  author =       {T. P. Boyer and S. Levitus},
  title =        {Quality control and processing of historical
                  oceanographic temperature, salinity, and oxygen
                  data.},
  institution =  {{NOAA}},
  year =         1994,
  type =         {{NOAA} {A}tlas {S}eries},
  number =       {NESDIS 81},
  address =      {Washington, D.C.},
  note =         {64 pp.}
}

@TechReport{Boyer:1997,
  author =       "T. P. Boyer and S. Levitus",
  title =        "Objective Analyses of Temperature and Salinity for
                  the Word Ocean on a 1/4 degree grid",
  institution =  "U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.",
  type =         {{NOAA}/{NESDIS} {A}tlas},
  year =         1997,
  number =       "11"
}

@Article{Bryden:1973,
  author =       "H. L. Bryden",
  title =        "New Polynomials for Thermal Expansion, Adiabatic
                  Temperature Gradient and Potential Temperature of
                  Sea Water",
  journal =      dsr,
  year =         1973,
  volume =       20,
  pages =        "401--408"
}

@Article{Bryden:1991,
  author =       {Harry L. Bryden and Dean H. Roemmich and
                  John. A. Church},
  title =        {Ocean Heat Transport Across 24 Degree {N} in the
                  {P}acific},
  journal =      dsr,
  year =         1991,
  volume =       38,
  number =       {3A},
  pages =        {397--324}
}

@InCollection{Bryden:93,
  author =       "H. L. Bryden",
  title =        "Ocean Heat Transport Across {24$^{\circ}$N} Latitude",
  booktitle =    "Interactions Between Global Climate Subsystems",
  publisher =    "American Geophysical Union",
  year =         1993,
  editor =       "G. A. {McBean} and M. Hantel",
  volume =       75,
  series =       "{AGU} Geophysical Monograph",
  pages =        "65-75",
  address =      "Washington, DC"
}

@Article{Chelton:1990,
  author =       "D. B. Chelton and Mestas-Nu{\~n}ez and
                  F. J. Freilich",
  title =        "Global Wind Stress and {S}verdrup Circulation from
                  the {S}easat Scatterometer",
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1990,
  volume =       20,
  pages =        "1175--1205"
}

@InProceedings{Defant:1941,
  author =       {A. Defant},
  title =        {{Q}uantitative {U}ntersuchungen zur {S}tatik und
                  {D}ynamik des {A}tlantischen {O}zeans. {D}ie
                  absolute {T}opographie des physikalischen
                  {M}eeresniveaus und der {D}ruckfl{\"a}chen sowie die
                  {W}asserbewegungen im {R}aum des {A}tlantischen
                  {O}zeans},
  booktitle =    {{W}issenschaftliche {E}rgebnisse der {D}eutschen
                  {A}tlantischen {E}xpedition auf dem {F}orschungs-
                  und {V}ermessungsschiff {``Meteor''}},
  pages =        {191--260},
  year =         1941,
  volume =       {6:2}
}


@TechReport{Fofonoff:1983,
  author =       "Fofonoff, P. and Millard, Jr., R.C.",
  title =        "Algorithms for Computation of Fundamental Properties
                  of Seawater",
  institution =  "Unesco",
  year =         1983,
  type =         "Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science",
  number =       44,
  pages =        {53 pp.}
}

@Book{Gill:1982,
  author =       {Adrian E. Gill},
  title =        {Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics},
  publisher =    {Academic Press},
  year =         1982,
  volume =       30,
  pages =        {666},
  series =       {International Geophysics Series}
}

@Article{Hidaka:1940a,
  author =       {K. Hidaka},
  title =        {Absolute Evaluation of Ocean Currents in Dynamic
                  Calculations},
  journal =      piat,
  year =         1940,
  volume =       16,
  pages =        {391--393}
}

@Article{Hidaka:1940b,
  author =       {K. Hidaka},
  title =        {Practial Evaluation of Ocean Currents},
  journal =      piat,
  year =         1940,
  volume =       16,
  pages =        {394--397}
}

@TechReport{Levitus:1994a,
  author =       {S. Levitus and T.P. Boyer},
  title =        {{W}orld {O}cean {A}tlas 1994. {V}olume 2: {O}xygen},
  institution =  {{NOAA}},
  year =         1994,
  type =         {{NOAA} {A}tlas {NEDSIS}},
  address =      {Washington D.C.},
  number =       {2}
}

@TechReport{Levitus:1994b,
  author =       {S. Levitus and R. Burgett and T.P. Boyer},
  title =        {{W}orld {O}cean {A}tlas 1994. {V}olume 3: {S}alinity},
  institution =  {{NOAA}},
  year =         1994,
  type =         {{NOAA} {A}tlas {NEDSIS}},
  address =      {Washington D.C.},
  number =       {3},
  pages =        {99}
}

@TechReport{Levitus:1994c,
  author =       {S. Levitus and T.P. Boyer},
  title =        {{W}orld {O}cean {A}tlas 1994. {V}olume 4: {T}emperature},
  institution =  {{NOAA}},
  year =         1994,
  type =         {{NOAA} {A}tlas {NEDSIS}},
  address =      {Washington D.C.},
  number =       {4},
  pages =        {117}
}

@Article{Millero:1980,
  author =       "Millero, F.J. and Chen, C.T. and Bradshaw, A. and
                  Schleicher, K.",
  title =        "A New High Pressure Equation of State for Seawater",
  journal =      dsr,
  year =         1980,
  volume =       "27A",
  pages =        "255--264"
}

@Book{Pedlosky:1986,
  author =       {Joseph Pedlosky},
  title =        {Geophysical Fluid Dynamics},
  publisher =    {Springer},
  year =         1987,
  address =      {New York},
  pages =        {710}
}

@Proceedings{WissErgebMeteor:1927,
  title =        {{W}issenschaftliche {E}rgebnisse der {D}eutschen
                  {A}tlantischen {E}xpedition auf dem {F}orschungs-
                  und {V}ermessungsschiff {``Meteor''}},
  year =         {1925--1927},
  key =          {AEM}
}

@Book{Worthington:1976,
  author =       {L. V. Worthington},
  title =        {On the {N}orth {A}tlantic Circulation},
  publisher =    {Johns Hopkins University Press},
  year =         1976,
  address =      {Baltimore}
}

@InProceedings{Wuest:1935,
  author =       {G. W{\"u}st},
  title =        {{S}chichtung und {Z}irkulation des {A}tlantischen
                  {O}zeans. {D}as {B}odenwasser und die {S}tratosph{\"a}re},
  booktitle =    {{W}issenschaftliche {E}rgebnisse der {D}eutschen
                  {A}tlantischen {E}xpedition auf dem {F}orschungs-
                  und {V}ermessungsschiff {``Meteor''}},
  pages =        {1--288},
  year =         1935,
  volume =       {6:1, 2},
}

@Article{adcroft01:_geoth_heating_global_ocean_circul,
  author =       {Alistair Adcroft and Jeffery R. Scott and Jochem
                  Marotzke},
  title =        {Impact of Geothermal Heating on the Global Ocean
                  Circulation},
  journal =      grl,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       28,
  number =       9,
  pages =        {1735--1738}
}

@Article{adcroft98:_slippery_coast,
  author =       {Alistair Adcroft and David Marshall},
  title =        {How Slippery are Piecewise-Constant Coastlines in
                  Numerical Ocean Models?},
  journal =      {Tellus},
  year =         1998,
  volume =       {50A},
  pages =        {95--108}
}

@TechReport{au9309,
  author =       {Mark Rosenberg and Ruth Eriksen and Stephen Rintoul},
  title =        {{A}urora {A}ustralis Marine Science Cruise
                  {AU9309/AU9391} - Oceanographic Field Measurements
                  and Analysis},
  institution =  {Antarctic {CRC}},
  year =         1995,
  type =         {{A}ntarctic {CRC} Research Report},
  number =       2,
  address =      {Hobart, Australia}
}

@TechReport{au9404,
  author =       {Mark Rosenberg and Ruth Eriksen and Steve Bell and
                  Stephen Rintoul},
  title =        {{A}urora {A}ustralis Marine Science Cruise {AU9404}
                  - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis},
  institution =  {Antarctic {CRC}},
  year =         1996,
  type =         {{A}ntarctic {CRC} Research Report},
  number =       8,
  address =      {Hobart, Australia}
}

@TechReport{au9407,
  author =       {Mark Rosenberg and Ruth Eriksen and Steve Bell and
                  Nathan Bindoff and Stephen Rintoul},
  title =        {{A}urora {A}ustralis Marine Science Cruise {AU9407}
                  - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis},
  institution =  {Antarctic {CRC}},
  year =         1995,
  type =         {{A}ntarctic {CRC} Research Report},
  number =       6,
  address =      {Hobart, Australia}
}

@TechReport{au9604,
  author =       {Mark Rosenberg and Stephen Bray and Nathan Bindoff
                  and Stephen Rintoul and Neale Johnston and Steve Bell
                  and Phillip Towler},
  title =        {{A}urora {A}ustralis Marine Science Cruise {AU9407}
                  - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis,
                  Intercruise Comparisons and Data Quality Notes},
  institution =  {Antarctic {CRC}},
  year =         1997,
  type =         {{A}ntarctic {CRC} Research Report},
  number =       12,
  address =      {Hobart, Australia}
}

@Unpublished{barnard:_dynamo,
  author =       {Sally Barnard and Bernard Barnier and Aike Beckmann
                  and Claus W. B{\"o}ning and Macky Coulibaly and
                  D'Arcy DeCuevas and Joachim Dengg and Christian
                  Dieterich and Ute Ernst and Peter Herrmann and Yanli
                  Jia and Peter D. Killworth and J{\"u}rgen Kr{\"o}ger
                  and Mei-Man Lee and Christian LeProvost and
                  Jean-Marc Molines and Adrian L. New and Andreas
                  Oschlies and Thierry Reynaud and Luke J. West and
                  J{\"u}rgen Willebrand},
  title =        {{DYNAMO}, {D}ynamics of {N}orth {A}tlantic {M}odels},
  note =         {{DYNAMO} Scientific Report {N$^o$3}},
  year =         {1997}
}

@Article{beckmann97,
  author =       {Aike Beckmann and Ralf Doescher},
  title =        {A Method for Improved Representation of Dense Water
                  Spreading over Topography in Geopotential-Coordinate
                  Models},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1997,
  volume =       27,
  pages =        {581--591}
}

@Article{beismann04,
  author =       {Jens-Olaf Beismann and Bernard Barnier},
  title =        {Variability of the Meridional Overturning
                  Circulation of the {N}orth {A}tlantic: Sensitivity
                  to Overflows of Dense Water Masses},
  journal =      {Ocean Dynamics},
  year =         2004,
  volume =       54,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {92--106},
  doi =          {10.1007/s10236-003-0088-x}
}

@Article{bindoff_mcdougall:94,
  author =       "Nathaniel L. Bindoff and Trevor J. McDougall",
  title =        "Diagnosing Climate Change and Ocean Ventilation
                  Using Hydrographic Data",
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       24,
  pages =        "1137--1152"
}

@Article{bleck02,
  author =       {Reiner Bleck},
  title =        {An Oceanic General Circulation Model Framed in Hybrid Isopycnic-Cartesian Coordinates},
  journal =      omg,
  year =         {2002},
  OPTkey =       {},
  volume =       {4},
  OPTnumber =    {},
  pages =        {55--88},
  OPTmonth =     {},
  OPTnote =      {},
  OPTannote =    {}
}

@Article{boening01:_season_cycle_merid_heat_trans,
  author =       {B{\"o}ning, Claus W. and Dieterich, Christian and
                  Barnier, Bernard and Yanli Jia},
  title =        {Seasonal Cycle of Meridional Heat Transport in the
                  Subtropical {N}orth {A}tlantic: a Model
                  Intercomparison in Relation to Observations near
                  {25$^{\circ}$N}},
  journal =      pin,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       48,
  number =       {2--3},
  pages =        {231--253}
}

@Article{boening92:_eddy_dynam_primit_equat_model,
  author =       {Claus W. B{\"o}ning and R. Budich},
  title =        {Eddy Dynamics in a Primitive Equation Model:
                  {S}ensitivity to Horizonal Resolution and Friction},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1992,
  volume =       22,
  pages =        {361--381}
}

@Article{bryan87,
  author =       {Frank Bryan},
  title =        {Parameter Sensitivity of Primitive Equation Ocean
                  General Circulation Models},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1987,
  volume =       17,
  number =       7,
  pages =        {970--985}
}

@Article{bryden96:_decad_chang_water_mass_charac,
  author =       {Harry L. Bryden and Micheal J. Griffiths and Alicia
                  M. Lavin and Robert C. Millard and Gregorio Parrilla
                  and William M. Smethie},
  title =        {Decadal Changes in Water Mass Characteristics at
                  {24$^\circ$N} in the Subtropical {N}orth {A}tlantic
                  {O}cean},
  journal =      jcl,
  year =         1996,
  volume =       9,
  pages =        {3162--3186}
}

@Article{callahan71:_veloc_struc_flux_antar_circum_curren_austr,
  author =       {Jeffrey E. Callahan},
  title =        {Velocity Structure and Flux of the {A}ntarctic
                  {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent south of {A}ustralia},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         1971,
  volume =       76,
  number =       {C24},
  pages =        {5859--5864}
}

@Article{campin99,
  author =       {Jean-Michel Campin and Hugues Goosse},
  title =        {Parameterization of Density-Driven Downsloping Flow
                  for a Coarse-Resolution Ocean Model in Z-Coordinate},
  journal =      tellus,
  year =         1999,
  volume =       {51A},
  number =       {412-430}
}

@InProceedings{chelton00,
  author =       {Dudley B. Chelton and John C. Ries and Bruce
                  J. Haines and Lee-Lueng Fu and Phillip S. Callahan},
  booktitle =    {Satellite altimetry and Earth sciences, A Handbook
                  of techniques and applications},
  title =        {Satellite Altimetry},
  crossref =     {fu00},
  year =         2000,
  volume =       69,
  series =       {International Geophysics Series},
  address =      {San Diego},
  pages =        {1--131}
}

@Article{cisewski03,
  author =       {Boris Cisewski and G. Bud{\'e}us and G. Krause},
  title =        {Absolute Transport Estimates of Total and Individual
                  Water Masses in the {N}orthern {G}reenland {S}ea
                  Derived from Hydrographic and {ADCP} Measurements},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         2003,
  volume =       108,
  number =       {C9},
  pages =        {doi:10.1029/2002JC001530}
}

@Article{cisewski08,
  author =       {Boris Cisewski and Volker Strass and Martin Losch
                  and H. Prandke},
  title =        {Mixed Layer Analysis of a Mesoscale Eddy in the
                  {A}ntarctic {P}olar {F}ront {Z}one},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         {2008},
  OPTkey =       {},
  OPTvolume =    {},
  OPTnumber =    {},
  OPTpages =     {},
  OPTmonth =     {},
  OPTnote =      {},
  OPTannote =    {}
}

@TechReport{conkright1994,
  author =       {M. Conkright and S. Levitus and T. Boyer},
  title =        {{W}orld {O}cean {A}tlas 1994. {V}olume 1: {N}utrients},
  institution =  {{NOAA}},
  year =         1994,
  type =         {{NOAA} {A}tlas {NEDSIS}},
  address =      {Washington D.C.},
  number =       {1}
}

@Article{danabasoglu94:_mesoscale_transports,
  author =       {Gokhan Danabasoglu and James C. McWilliams and Peter
                  R. Gent},
  title =        {The Role of Mesoscale Tracer Transports in the
                  Global Ocean Circulation},
  journal =      science,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       264,
  pages =        {1123--1126},
  month =        {May}
}

@Article{dewar98,
  author =       {William K. Dewar and Ya Hsueh and Trevor
                  J. McDougall and Dongliang Yuan},
  title =        {Calculation of Pressure in Ocean Simulations},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1998,
  volume =       28,
  number =       4,
  pages =        {577--588}
}

@Article{doeoes94:_deacon_cell,
  author =       {K. D{\"o\"o}s and David J. Webb},
  title =        {The {D}eacon Cell and the other meridional cells of
                  the {S}outhern {O}cean},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       24,
  pages =        {429--442}
}

@Article{eby94,
  author =       {Michael Eby and Greg Holloway},
  title =        {Sensitivity of a Large-Scale Ocean Model to a
                  Parameterization of Topographic Stress},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       24,
  number =       12,
  pages =        {2577--2588},
  doi =          {10.1175/1520-0485(19949)024<2577:SOALSO>2.0.CO;2}
}

@misc{etopo5,
  author =       {NOAA},
  title =        {Data Announcement 88-MGG-02, Digital Relief of the
                  Surface of the {E}arth},
  howpublished = {{NOAA}, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder,
                  CO},
  year =         {1988},
  pages =        {50}
}

@Article{fahrbach01,
  author =       {Eberhard Fahrbach and Jens Meincke and Svein
                  {\O}sterhus and Gerd Rohardt and Ursula Schauer and
                  V. Tverberg and J. Verduin},
  title =        {Direct Measurements of Volume Transports Through
                  {F}ram {S}trait},
  journal =      {Polar Research},
  year =         2001,
  volume =       20,
  number =       2,
  pages =        {217--224}
}

@Article{fahrbach03,
  author =       {Eberhard Fahrbach and Ursula Schauer and Gerd
                  Rohardt},
  title =        {How to Measure Oceanic Fluxes from the {A}tlantic
                  {O}cean Through {F}ram {S}trait},
  journal =      {ASOF Newsletter},
  year =         2003,
  volume =       1,
  pages =        {3--7}
}

@Article{fahrbach92:_antar_coast_curren_wedel_sea,
  author =       {Eberhard Fahrbach and Gerd Rohardt and Gunter
                  Krause},
  title =        {The {A}ntarctic {C}oastal {C}urrent in the
                  southeastern {W}edell {S}ea},
  journal =      {Polar Biology},
  year =         1992,
  volume =       12,
  pages =        {171--182}
}

@Article{fahrbach94:_trans_struc_weddel_gyre,
  author =       {Eberhard Fahrbach and Gerd Rohardt and Michael
                  Schr{\"o}der and Volker Strass},
  title =        {Transport and Structure of the {W}eddell {G}yre},
  journal =      ag,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       12,
  pages =        {840--855}
}

@Article{foster72,
  author =       {Theodore D. Foster},
  title =        {Haline Convection in Leads and Polynyas},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1972,
  volume =       2,
  number =       4,
  doi =          {10.1175/1520-0485(1972)002{$<$}0462:HCIPAL{$>$}2.0.CO;2},
  pages =        {462--469}
}

@Proceedings{fu00,
  title =        {Satellite altimetry and Earth sciences, A Handbook
                  of techniques and applications},
  year =         2000,
  editor =       {Lee-Lueng Fu and Anny Cazenave},
  volume =       69,
  series =       {International Geophysics Series},
  address =      {San Diego},
  publisher =    {Academic Press}
}

@InProceedings{fu96:_circul_variab_south_atlantic_ocean,
  author =       {Lee-Lueng Fu},
  title =        {The Circulation and its Variability of the {S}outh
                  {A}tlantic {O}cean: {F}irst Results from the
                  {TOPEX}/{POSEIDON} Mission},
  booktitle =    {The {S}outh {A}tlantic: {P}resent and Past
                  Circulation},
  crossref =     {wefer96:_south_atlantic},
  pages =        {63--82},
  year =         1996
}
@Article{gavart:97,
  author =       "Michel Gavart and Pierre {De Mey}",
  title =        "Isopycnal {EOFs} in the {A}zores {C}urrent {R}egion:
                  {A} Statistical Tool for Dynamical Analysis and Data
                  Assimilation",
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1997,
  volume =       27,
  number =       4,
  pages =        "2146--2157"
}


@Misc{gebco,
  author =       {{Canadian Hydrographic Office}},
  title =        {{G}eneral {B}athymetric {C}hart of the {O}ceans
                  ({GEBCO})},
  howpublished = {Hydrographic Distribution Office, Ottawa, Canada},
  year =         1981
}

@Misc{gebco03,
  author =       {{British Oceanographic Data Center}},
  title =        {Centenary Edition of the {GEBCO} Digital Atlas
                  [{CD}-{ROM}]},
  howpublished = {Liverpool, {UK}: Published on behalf of the
                  Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the
                  International Hydrographic Organization},
  year =         2003
}

@Article{gnanadesikan06,
  author =       {Anand Gnanadesikan and Keith W. Dixon and Stephen
                  M. Griffies and V. Balaji and Marcelo Barreiro and
                  J. Anthony Beesley and William F. Cooke and Thomas
                  L. Delworth and R{\"u}diger Gerdes and Matthew
                  J. Harrison and Isaac M. Held and William J. Hurlin
                  and Hyun-Chul Lee and Zhi Liang and Giang Nong and
                  Ronald C. Pacanowski and Anthony Rosati and Joellen
                  Russell and Bonita L. Samuels and Qian Song and
                  Michael J. Spelman and Ronald J. Stouffer and Colm
                  O. Sweeney and Gabriel Vecchi and Michael Winton and
                  Andrew T. Wittenberg and Fanrong Zeng and Rong Zhang
                  and John P. Dunne},
  title =        {{GFDL}'s {CM2} Global Coupled Climate Models. {P}art
                  {II}: The Baseline Ocean Simulation},
  journal =      jcl,
  year =         2006,
  volume =       19,
  number =       3,
  pages =        {675--697}
}

@Article{gordon75:_antar_ocean_section,
  author =       {A. L. Gordon},
  title =        {An {A}ntarctic Oceanographic Section along
                  {170$^\circ$E}},
  journal =      dsr,
  year =         1975,
  volume =       22,
  number =       6,
  pages =        {357--377}
}

@Article{griffies01,
  author =       {Stephen M. Griffies and Ronald C. Pacanowski and
                  Martin Schmidt and V. Balaji},
  title =        {Tracer Conservation with an Explicit Free Surface
                  Method for z-Coordinate Models},
  journal =      mwr,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       129,
  number =       {5},
  pages =        {1081--1098}
}

@Book{haidvogel99:_numer_ocean_circul_model,
  author =       {Dale B. Haidvogel and Aike Beckmann},
  title =        {Numerical Ocean Circulation Modelling},
  publisher =    {Imperial College Press},
  year =         1999,
  volume =       2,
  series =       {Series on Environmental Science and Management},
  address =      {London},
  pages =        {344},
}

@Book{haltiner80,
  author =       {G. J. Haltiner and R. T. Williams},
  title =        {Numerical Prediction and Dynamical Meteorology},
  publisher =    {Wiley},
  year =         1980,
  pages =        {477},
  note =         {2nd edition}
}

@Article{hasselmann93:_fingerprints,
  author =       {Klaus Hasselmann},
  title =        {Optimal Fingerprints for the Detection of
                  Time-dependent Climate Change},
  journal =      jcl,
  year =         1993,
  volume =       6,
  number =       10,
  pages =        {1957--1971}
}

@Article{hasselmann98,
  author =       {Klaus Hasselmann},
  title =        {Conventional and {B}ayesian Approach to
                  Climate-Change Detection and Attribution},
  journal =      qjrms,
  year =         1998,
  volume =       124,
  number =       552,
  abstract =     {The conventional multi-variate, multi-fingerprint
                  theory of climate-change detection and attribution,
                  expressed in terms of existing frequency
                  distributions, is reviewed and generalized to a
                  Bayesian approach based on subjective
                  probabilities. Bayesian statistics enable a
                  quantitive determination of the impact of
                  climate-change detection tests on prior subjective
                  assessments of the probability of an externally
                  forced climate change. The Bayesian method also
                  provides a potentially powerful tool for enhancing
                  statistical detection and attribution tests by
                  combining a number of different climate-change
                  indicators that are not amenable to standard
                  signal-to-noise analyses because of inadequate
                  information on the associated natural-variability
                  statistics. The relation between the conventional
                  and Bayesian approach is illustrated by examples
                  taken from recent conventional analyses of
                  climate-change detection and attribution for three
                  cases of climate-change forcing by increasing
                  greenhouse-gas concentrations, increasing
                  greenhouse-gas and aerosol concentrations, and
                  variations in solar insolation. The enhancement of
                  detection and attribution levels through a joint
                  Bayesian analysis of a number of different
                  climate-change indices is demonstrated in a further
                  example. However, this advantage of the Bayesian
                  approach can be achieved only within the framework
                  of a subjective rather than objective analysis. The
                  conventional and Bayesian approach both exhibit
                  specific advantages and shortcomings, so that a
                  parallel application of both methods is probably the
                  most promising detection and attribution strategy.}
}

@Article{hellerman_rosenstein:1983,
  author =       "S. Hellerman and M. Rosenstein",
  title =        "Normal Monthly Wind Stress over the {W}orld {O}cean
                  with error estimates",
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1983,
  volume =       13,
  pages =        "1093--1104"
}

@Article{hidaka53:_acc,
  author =       {K. Hidaka and M. Tsuchiya},
  title =        {On the {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent},
  journal =      jmr,
  year =         1953,
  volume =       12,
  pages =        {214--222}
}

@Article{holland73,
  author =       {William R. Holland},
  title =        {Baroclinic and Topographic Influences on the
                  Transport in Western Boundary Currents},
  journal =      gfd,
  year =         1973,
  volume =       4,
  pages =        {187--210}
}

@Article{holloway92,
  author =       {Gregg Holloway},
  title =        {Representing Topography Stress in Large-Scale Ocean
                  Models},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1992,
  volume =       22,
  number =       9,
  pages =        {1033--1046}
}

@Article{il'in74:_smoothed_bottom_relief_world_ocean,
  author =       {A. M. {Il'in} and V. M. Kamenkovich and
                  V. F. Kanayev and T. G. Zhugrina and
                  L. I. Lavrishcheva},
  title =        {An Experiment in Constructing a Smoothed Bottom
                  Relief of the {W}orld {O}cean},
  journal =      {Okeanologiya},
  year =         1974,
  volume =       14,
  pages =        {617--622},
  note =         {(Translated from Russian)}
}

&TechReport{Gouretski:1998,
  author =       {Gouretski, V. V. and K. Jancke},
  title =        {{WOCE} {R}eport {N}o. 162/98},
  institution =  {{WHP} Special Analysis Center},
  year =         1998,
  number =       3,
}

@Article{jackett95,
  author =       {David R. Jackett and Trevor J. McDougall},
  title =        {Minimal Adjustment of Hydrographic Profiles to
                  Achieve Static Stability},
  journal =      jaot,
  year =         1995,
  volume =       12,
  number =       4,
  pages =        {381--389}
}

@Article{jackett:97,
  author =       "David R. Jackett and Trevor J. {McDougall}",
  title =        "A Neutral Density Variable for the World's Ocean",
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1997,
  volume =       27,
  pages =        "237--263"
}

@Article{jayne04,
  author =       {Steven R. Jayne and Louis C. {St. Laurent} and Sarah
                  T. Gille},
  title =        {Connections between Ocean Bottom Topography and
                  {E}arth's Climate},
  journal =      {Oceanography},
  year =         2004,
  volume =       17,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {65--74}
}

@Article{jiang99,
  author =       {Shi Jiang and Peter H. Stone and Paola
                  Malanotte-Rizzoli},
  title =        {An Assessment of the {G}eophysical {F}luid
                  {D}ynamics {L}aboratory Ocean Model with Coarse
                  Resolution: Annual-Mean Climatology},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         1999,
  volume =       104,
  number =       {C11},
  pages =        {25,623--25,645}
}

@Book{kalledietrich,
  author =       "G{\"u}nter Dietrich and Kurt Kalle and Wolgang
                  Krauss and Gerold Siedler",
  title =        "Allgemeine Meereskunde",
  publisher =    "Gebr{\"u}der Borntraeger",
  year =         1975,
  pages =        "594",
  address =      "Berlin, Stuttgart"
}

@Article{kalnay96,
  author =       {E. Kalnay and M. Kanamitsu and R. Kistler and
                  W. Collins and D. Deaven and L. Gandin and
                  M. Iredell and S. Saha and G. White and J. Woollen
                  and Y. Zhu and M. Chelliah and W. Ebisuzaki and
                  W. Higgins and J. Janowiak and K. C. Mo and
                  C. Ropelewski and J. Wang and A. Leetmaa and
                  R. Reynolds and R. Jenne and D. Joseph},
  title =        {The {NMC/NCAR} 40-Year Reanalysis Project},
  journal =      bams,
  year =         1996,
  volume =       77,
  pages =        {437--471}
}

@Article{killworth99,
  author =       {Peter D. Killworth and Neil R. Edwards},
  title =        {A Turbulent Bottom Boundary Layer Code for Use in
                  Numerical Ocean Models},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1999,
  volume =       29,
  number =       6,
  pages =        {1221--1238}
}

@TechReport{king94:_altim_data_set,
  author =       {Charmaine King and Detlef Stammer and Carl Wunsch},
  title =        {The {CMPO/MIT} {TOPEX/POSEIDON} Altimetric Data Set},
  institution =  {Center of Global Change Science, Massachusetts
                  Institute of Technology},
  year =         1994,
  type =         {Report},
  number =       30
}

@Article{kistler01,
  author =       {R. Kistler and E. Kalnay and W. Collins and S. Saha
                  and G. White and J. Woollen and M. Chelliah and
                  W. Ebisuzaki and M. Kanamitsu and V. Kousky and
                  H. van den Dool and R. Jenne and M. Fiorino},
  title =        {The {NCEP-NCAR} 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means
                  {CD-ROM} and Documentation},
  journal =      bams,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       82,
  pages =        {247--268}
}

@Article{klatt05,
  author =       {Olaf Klatt and Eberhard Fahrbach and Mario Hoppeman
                  and Gerd Rohardt},
  title =        {The Transport of the {W}eddell {G}yre Across the
                  {P}rime {M}eridian},
  journal =      dsrtwo,
  year =         2005,
  volume =       52,
  pages =        {513--528}
}

@Article{koenig-langlo94,
  author =       {Gert K{\"o}nig-Langlo and Ernst Augstein},
  title =        {Parameterization of the Downward Long-Wave Radiation
                  at the {E}arth's Surface in Polar Regions},
  journal =      metzeit,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       3,
  number =       6,
  pages =        {343--347}
}

@InProceedings{koenig-langlo97,
  author =       {Gert K{\"o}nig-Langlo and B. Marx},
  title =        {The Meteorological Information System at the
                  {A}lfred {W}egener {I}nstiute},
  booktitle =    {Climate and Environmental Database Systems},
  year =         1997,
  editor =       {M. Lautenschlager and M. Reinke},
  address =      {Norwell, USA},
  publisher =    {Kluwer Academic Publisher}
}

@Book{kowalik93:_num_mod,
  author =       {Zygmunt Kowalik and Tad S. Murty},
  title =        {Numerical Modeling of Ocean Dynamics},
  publisher =    {World Scientific Publishing Company},
  year =         1993,
  pages =        481,
  address =      {Singapore}
}

@TechReport{large04,
  author =       {William G. Large and S. Yeager},
  title =        {Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and
                  sea-ice models: the data sets and flux
                  climatologies},
  institution =  {CGD Division of the National Center for Atmospheric
                  Research},
  year =         2004,
  number =       {NCAR/TN-460+STR}
}

@Proceedings{lederer:1998,
  title =        "Proceedings in the Fourth European {SGI/CRAY MPP}
                  {W}orkshop",
  year =         1998,
  editor =       "H. Lederer and F. Hertweck",
  organization = "Max-Planck-Institut f{\"ur} Plasmaphysik"
}

@Article{madec91,
  author =       {Gurvan Madec and Pascale Delecluse and Michel Crepon
                  and Michel Chartier},
  title =        {A Three-Dimensional Numerical Study of Deep-Water
                  Formation in the {N}orthwestern {M}editerranean
                  {S}ea},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1991,
  volume =       21,
  number =       9,
  pages =        {1349--1371},
  doi =          {10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021}
}

@Article{marks06,
  author =       {K. M. Marks and W. H. F. Smith},
  title =        {An Evaluation of Publicly Available Global
                  Bathymetry Grids},
  journal =      {Marine Geophysical Researches},
  year =         2006,
  volume =       27,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {19--34},
  doi =          {10.1007/s11001-005-2095-4}
}


@Article{marshall01:_insensitivity,
  author =       {David P. Marshall and James C. Stephens},
  title =        {On the Insensitivity of the Wind-Driven Circulation
                  to Bottom Topography},
  journal =      jmr,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       59,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {1--27}
}

@Article{marsland01,
  author =       {Simon Marsland and J{\"o}rg-Olaf Wolff},
  title =        {On the Sensitivity of {S}outhern {O}cean Sea Ice
                  to the Surface Freshwater Flux: A Model Study},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       106,
  number =       {C2},
  pages =        {2723--2741}
}

@Article{mcdougall03:_density,
  author =       {Trevor J. McDougall and David R. Jackett and Daniel
                  G. Wright and Rainer Feistel},
  title =        {Accurate and Computationally Efficient Algorithms
                  for Potential Temperature and Density of Seawater},
  journal =      jaot,
  year =         2003,
  volume =       20,
  number =       5,
  pages =        {730--741}
}

@Article{mcdougall:87,
  author =       "Trevor J. {McDougall}",
  title =        "Neutral Surfaces",
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1987,
  volume =       17,
  pages =        "1950--1964"
}

@Article{mcdougall:88,
  author =       "Trevor J. {McDougall}",
  title =        "On the Helical Nature of Neutral Trajectories in the
                  Ocean",
  journal =      pin,
  year =         1988,
  volume =       20,
  pages =        "153--183"
}

@Article{mcfarlane87,
  author =       {N. A. McFarlane},
  title =        {The Effect of Orographically Excited Gravity Wave
                  Drag on the General Circulation of the Lower
                  Stratosphere and Troposphere},
  journal =      jas,
  year =         1987,
  volume =       44,
  number =       14,
  pages =        {1775--1800}
}

@TechReport{millero78,
  author =       {F. J. Millero},
  title =        {Annex 6, Freezing Point of Seawater},
  institution =  {UNESCO},
  year =         1978,
  type =         {Unesco Techn. Papers in Marine Science},
  number =       {28},
  address =      {Paris},
  pages =        {29--35}
}

Millero, F. J., 1978: Annex 6, freezing point of seawater. Unesco Tech. Papers in the Marine Sciences, 28, 29-35.  
@Misc{morgan94,
  author =       {Phillip P. Morgan},
  title =        {SEAWATER, A Library of MATLAB Computational Routines
                  for the Properties of Sea Water},
  howpublished = {CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 222, 29pp},
  year =         1994
}

@Article{mosby34,
  author =       {Hakon A. Mosby},
  title =        {The waters of the {A}tlantic {A}ntarctic {O}cean},
  journal =      {Scientific Research of the Norwegian Antarctic
                  Expeditions 1927--1928},
  year =         1934,
  volume =       1,
  pages =        {1--131}
}

@Book{olbers92,
  title =        {Hydrographic Atlas of the {S}outhern {O}cean},
  author =       {Dirk Olbers and Victor Gouretski and Guntram Seiss
                  and Jens Schr{\"o}ter},
  year =         {1992},
  publisher =    {Alfred-Wegener-Institut f{\"u}r Polar- und
                  Meeresforschung},
  pages =        99
}

@Article{orsi95:_merid_extent_fronts_acc,
  author =       {Alejandro H. Orsi and Whitworth, III, Thomas and
                  Nowlin, Jr., Worth D. },
  title =        {On the Meridional Extent and Fronts of the
                  {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent},
  journal =      dsr,
  year =         1995,
  volume =       42,
  number =       5,
  pages =        {641--673}
}

@TechReport{pacanowski95:_mom_docum,
  author =       {Pacanowski, R.C.},
  title =        {{MOM} 2 {D}ocumentation ({U}ser's guide and reference
                  manual)},
  institution =  {Princeton University},
  year =         1995,
  type =         {GFDL Ocean Technical Reports},
  number =       3
}

@Article{pacanowski98,
  author =       {Ronald C. Pacanowski and Gnanadesikan Anand},
  title =        {Transient Response in a Z-Level Ocean Model That
                  Resolves Topography with Partial Cells},
  journal =      mwr,
  year =         1998,
  volume =       126,
  number =       12,
  pages =        {3248--3270},
  doi =          {0.1175/1520-0493(1998)126}
}

@Book{pedlosky87:_geoph_fluid_dynam,
  author =       {Joseph Pedlosky},
  title =        {Geophysical Fluid Dynamics},
  publisher =    {Springer},
  year =         1987,
  address =      {New York},
  pages =        710
}

. 


@Book{pedlosky96:_ocean_circul_theory,
  author =       {Joseph Pedlosky},
  title =        {Ocean Circulation Theory},
  publisher =    {Springer},
  year =         1996,
  address =      {Berlin},
  pages =        453
}

@Article{penduff02,
  author =       {Thierry Penduff and Bernard Barnier and
                  Marie-Aur{\'e}lie Kerbiriou and Jacques Verron},
  title =        {How Topographic Smoothing Contributes to Differences
                  between the Eddy Flows Simulated by Sigma- and
                  Geopotential-Coordinate Models},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         2002,
  volume =       32,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {122--137}
}

&TechReport{morgan94,
  author =       {Phillip P. Morgan},
  title =        {SEAWATER, A Library of MATLAB Computational Routines
                  for the Properties of Sea Water},
  institution =  {CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 222},
  year =         1994,
  pages =        {29pp.}
}

@Article{power94,
  author =       {Power, S. B. and Kleeman, R.},
  title =        {Surface heat flux parameterization and the response
                  of ocean general circulation models to high-latitude
                  freshening},
  journal =      tellus,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       {A 46},
  number =       1,
  pages =        {86--95.doi:10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.00008.x}
}

@Article{rahmstorf96,
  author =       {Stefan Rahmstorf},
  title =        {Comments on ``{I}nstability of the Thermohaline
                  Circulation with Respect to Mixed Boundary
                  Conditions: Is It Really a Problem for Realistic
                  Models?''},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1996,
  volume =       26,
  number =       6,
  pages =        {1099--1105}
}

@Article{read93:_struc_trans_antar_circum_curren,
  author =       {J. F. Read and R.T. Pollard},
  title =        {Structure and Transport of the {A}ntarctic
                  {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent and {A}gulhas Return Current
                  at {40$^\circ$E}},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         1993,
  volume =       98,
  number =       {C7},
  pages =        {12281--12295}
}

@InProceedings{redler:98,
  author =       "Ren{\'e} Redler and Karsten Ketelsen and Joachim
                  Dengg and Claus B{\"o}ning",
  title =        "A high-resolution numerical model for the
                  circulation of the {A}tlantic {O}cean",
  pages =        "95--108",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings in the Fourth European {SGI/CRAY MPP}
                  {W}orkshop",
  editor =       "H. Lederer and F. Hertweck",
  publisher =    {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Plasmaphysik},
  address =      {Garching, Germany},
  year =         1998,
  note =         {{\newline
                  http://www.rzg.mpg.de/mpp-workshop/papers/ipp-report.html}}
}

@InProceedings{rintoul00:_antar_circum_current_system,
  author =       {Stephen R. Rintoul and Chris Hughes and Dirk Olbers},
  title =        {The {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent System},
  booktitle =    {Ocean Circulation and Climate},
  year =         2000,
  editor =       {G. Siedler and J. Church and J. Gould},
  publisher =    {Academic Press},
  note =         {to be published}
}

@Article{roullet00,
  author =       {Guillaume Roullet and Gurvan Madec},
  title =        {Salt Conservation, Free Surface, and Varying Levels:
                  A New Formulation for Ocean General Circulation
                  Models},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         2000,
  volume =       105,
  number =       {C10},
  pages =        {23927--23942}
}

@TechReport{sac_wtso:1998,
  author =       {Gouretski, V. V. and K. Jancke},
  title =        {{WOCE} {R}eport {N}o. 162/98},
  institution =  {{WHP} Special Analysis Center},
  year =         1998,
  number =       3,
  note =         {{\newline
                  http://www.dkrz.de/$\sim$u241046/SACserver/SACHome.htm}}
}

@Book{salmon98:_geophysical_fluid_dynamics,
  author =       {Rick Salmon},
  title =        {Lectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics},
  publisher =    {Oxford University Press},
  year =         1998,
  address =      {New York}
}

@Article{sandstrom1908,
  author =       {Johan W. Sandstr{\"o}m},
  title =        {Dynamische {V}ersuche mit {M}eerwasser},
  journal =      {Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen
                  Meteorologie},
  year =         1908,
  volume =       36,
  pages =        {6--23}
}

@Article{saunders92:_trans_heat_fresh_fluxes_FRAM,
  author =       {Peter M. Saunders and S. R. Thompson},
  title =        {Transport, Heat, and Freshwater Fluxes within a
                  Diagnostic Numerical Model ({FRAM})},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1992,
  volume =       23,
  number =       3,
  pages =        {452--464}
}

@Article{schauer04,
  author =       {U. Schauer and E. Fahrbach and S. {\O}sterhus and
                  G. Rohardt},
  title =        {Arctic Warming Through the {F}ram {S}trait - Oceanic
                  Heat Transport from 3 Years of Measurements},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         2004,
  volume =       109,
  number =       {C6},
  pages =        {doi:10.1029/2003JC001823},
  doi =          {10.1029/2003JC001823}
}

@Article{schnur05,
  author =       {Reiner Schnur and Klaus Hasselmann},
  title =        {Optimal Filtering for {B}ayesian Detection and
                  Attribution of Climate Change},
  journal =      cdyn,
  year =         2005,
  volume =       24,
  pages =        {45--55},
  abstract =     {In the conventional approach to the detection of an
                  anthropogenic or other externally forced climate
                  change signal, optimal filters (fingerprints) are
                  used to maximize the ratio of the observed climate
                  change signal to the natural variability noise. If
                  detection is successful, attribution of the observed
                  climate change to the hypothesized forcing mechanism
                  is carried out in a second step by comparing the
                  observed and predicted climate change signals. In
                  contrast, the Bayesian approach to detection and
                  attribution makes no distinction between detection
                  and attribution. The purpose of filtering in this
                  case is to maximize the impact of the evidence, the
                  observed climate change, on the prior probability
                  that the hypothesis of an anthropogenic origin of
                  the observed signal is true. Whereas in the
                  conventional approach model uncertainties have no
                  direct impact on the definition of the optimal
                  detection fingerprint, in optimal Bayesian filtering
                  they play a central role. The number of patterns
                  retained is governed by the magnitude of the
                  predicted signal relative to the model
                  uncertainties, defined in a pattern space normalized
                  by the natural climate variability. Although this
                  results in some reduction of the original phase
                  space, this is not the primary objective of Bayesian
                  filtering, in contrast to the conventional approach,
                  in which dimensional reduction is a necessary
                  prerequisite for enhancing the signal-to-noise
                  ratio. The Bayesian filtering method is illustrated
                  for two anthropogenic forcing hypotheses: greenhouse
                  gases alone, and a combination of greenhouse gases
                  plus sulfate aerosols. The hypotheses are tested
                  against 31-year trends for near-surface temperature,
                  summer and winter diurnal temperature range, and
                  precipitation. Between six and thirteen response
                  patterns can be retained, as compared with the one
                  or two response patterns normally used in the
                  conventional approach. Strong evidence is found for
                  the detection of an anthropogenic climate change in
                  temperature, with some preference given to the
                  combined forcing hypothesis. Detection of recent
                  anthropogenic trends in diurnal temperature range
                  and precipitation is not successful, but there
                  remains strong net evidence for anthropogenic
                  climate change if all data are considered jointly.}
}

@Article{schodlok02,
  author =       {Michael P. Schodlok and Hartmut H. Hellmer and Aike
                  Beckmann},
  title =        {On the Transport, Variability and Origin of Dense
                  Water Masses Crossing the {S}outh {S}cotia {R}idge},
  journal =      dsrtwo,
  year =         2002,
  volume =       49,
  number =       21,
  pages =        {4807--4825},
  doi =          {10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00160-1}
}

@Article{schodlok07,
  author =       {Michael P. Schodlok and Manfred Wenzel, Jens
                  G. Schr{\"o}ter and Hartmut H. Hellmer},
  title =        {Regional and Global Effects of {S}outhern {O}cean
                  Constraints in a Global Model},
  journal =      {submitted to Ocean Dynamics},
  year =         {2007},
  OPTkey =       {},
  OPTvolume =    {},
  OPTnumber =    {},
  OPTpages =     {},
  OPTmonth =     {},
  OPTnote =      {},
  OPTannote =    {}
}

@Article{schott88:_variab_struc_trans_florid_curren,
  author =       {Friedrich A. Schott and Thomas N. Lee and Rainer
                  Zantopp},
  title =        {Variability of Structure and Transport of the
                  {F}lorida {C}urrent in the Period Range of Days to
                  Seasonal},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1988,
  volume =       18,
  number =       9,
  pages =        {1209--1230}
}

@Article{simmons04,
  author =       {Harper L. Simmons and Steven R. Jayne and Louis
                  C. {St. Laurent} and Andrew J. Weaver},
  title =        {Tidally Driven Mixing in a Numerical Model of the
                  Ocean General Circulation},
  journal =      omg,
  year =         2004,
  volume =       6,
  number =       {3--4},
  pages =        {245--263},
  doi =          {10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00011-8}
}

@misc{sloss88,
  author =       {P. W. Sloss},
  title =        {Data Announcement 88-{MGG}-02, Digital Relief of the
                  Surface of the {E}arth},
  howpublished = {NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO},
  year =         {1988},
  pages =        {50}
}

&Article{rintoul01:_baroc_trans_variab_acc,
  author =       {Stephen R. Rintoul and Serguei Sokolov},
  title =        {Baroclinic Transport Variability of the {A}ntarctic
                  {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent South of {A}ustralia ({WOCE}
                  Repeat Secton {SR3})},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       106,
  number =       {C2},
  pages =        {2795--2814}
}

@Article{sloyan00:_circul_renew_modif_antar_mode_inter_water,
  author =       {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul},
  title =        {Circulation, Renewal and Modification of {A}ntarctic
                  Mode and Intermediate Water},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         2001,
  note =         {in press}
}

@Article{sloyan00:_estim_area_diapy_fluxes_basin_budget,
  author =       {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul},
  title =        {Estimates of Area--averaged Diapycnal Fluxes from
                  Basin--scale Budgets},
  journal =      jpo,
  volumes =      30,
  pages =        {2320--2341},
  year =         2000,
}

@Article{sloyan00:_south_ocean_limb_global_deep_overt_circul,
  author =       {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul},
  title =        {The {S}outhern {O}cean Limb of the Global Deep
                  Overturning Circulation},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       31,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {143--173}
}

@Article{sloyan01:_cir_ren_mod_AAmwiw,
  author =       {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul},
  title =        {Circulation, Renewal and Modification of {A}ntarctic
                  Mode and Intermediate Water},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       31,
  number =       {4},
  pages =        {1005--1030}
}

@Article{sloyan01:_south_ocean_limb_global_deep_overt_circul,
  author =       {Bernadette M. Sloyan and Stephen R. Rintoul},
  title =        {The {S}outhern {O}cean Limb of the Global Deep
                  Overturning Circulation},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       31,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {143--173}
}

@Article{smith97:_global_topo,
  author =       {Smith, Walter H. F. and David T. Sandwell},
  title =        {Global Seafloor Topography from Satellite Altimetry
                  and Ship Depth Soundings},
  journal =      science,
  year =         1997,
  volume =       277,
  pages =        {1957--1962}
}

@article{speer00,
  author =       {Kevin G. Speer and Stephen R. Rintoul and Bernadette
                  M. Sloyan},
  title =        {The Diabatic {D}eacon Cell},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1999,
  volume =       30,
  number =       12,
  pages =        {3212--3222}
}

@Article{stammer94:_accuracy_precision_topex,
  author =       {Detlef Stammer and Carl Wunsch},
  title =        {Preliminary Assessment of the Accuracy and Precision
                  of {TOPEX}/{POSEIDON} Altimeter Data with Respect to
                  the Large-Scale Circulation},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       99,
  number =       {C12},
  pages =        {24584--24604}
}


@Book{storch99,
  author =       {von Storch, Hans and Francis W. Zwiers},
  title =        {Statistical Analysis in Climate Research},
  publisher =    {Cambridge University Press},
  year =         1999,
  address =      {Cambridge, United Kingdom},
  pages =        484
}

@Article{tansley00,
  author =       {Claire E. Tansley and David P. Marshall},
  title =        {On the Influence of Bottom Topography and the {D}eep
                  {W}estern {B}oundary {C}urrent on {G}ulf {S}tream
                  Separation},
  journal =      jmr,
  year =         2000,
  volume =       58,
  number =       2,
  pages =        {297--325}
}

@Article{timmermann02a,
  author =       {Ralph Timmermann and Aike Beckmann and Hartmut
                  H. Hellmer},
  title =        {Simulation of Ice-Ocean Dynamics in the {W}eddell
                  {S}ea. {P}art {I}: Model Configuration and
                  Validation},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         2002,
  volume =       107,
  number =       {C3},
  pages =        3024,
  doi =          {10.1029/2000JC000741}
}

@Article{timmermann02b,
  author =       {Ralph Timmermann and Hartmut H. Hellmer and Aike
                  Beckmann},
  title =        {Simulations of Ice-Ocean Dynamics in the {W}eddell
                  {S}ea. {P}art {II}: Interannual Variability 1985 -
                  1993},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         2002,
  volume =       107,
  number =       {C3},
  pages =        3025,
  doi =          {10.1029/2000JC000742}
}

@Article{timmermann04,
  author =       {Ralph Timmermann and Aike Beckmann},
  title =        {Parameterization of Vertical Mixing in the {W}eddell
                  {S}ea},
  journal =      omg,
  year =         2004,
  volume =       6,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {83--100}
}

@Article{timmermann05,
  author =       {Ralph Timmermann and H. Goosse and G. Madec and
                  T. Fichefet and C. Ethe and V. Duliere},
  title =        {On the Representation of High Latitude Processes in
                  the {ORCA-LIM} Global Coupled Sea Ice-Ocean Model},
  journal =      omg,
  year =         2005,
  volume =       8,
  number =       {1--2},
  pages =        {175--201},
  doi =          {10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.12.009}
}

@Article{trenberth01,
  author =       {Kevin E. Trenberth and Julie M. Caron},
  title =        {Estimates of Meridional Atmosphere and Ocean Heat
                  Transports},
  journal =      jcl,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       14,
  number =       8,
  pages =        {3433--3443}
}

@TechReport{trenberth89,
  author =       {Kevin E. Trenberth and Jerry G. Olson and William
                  G. Large},
  title =        {A Global Ocean Wind Stress Climatology based on
                  {ECMWF} Analyses},
  institution =  {National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,
                  Colorado},
  year =         1989,
  number =       {NCAR/TN-338+STR}
}

@Article{trenberth:1990,
  author =       "Kevin E. Trenberth and Jerry G. Olson and William G. Large",
  title =        "The Mean Annual Cycle in Global Ocean Wind
                  Stress",
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1990,
  volume =       20,
  pages =        "1742--1760"
}

@Proceedings{untersteiner86:_geophysics_sea_ice,
  title =        {The Geophysics of Sea Ice},
  year =         1986,
  editor =       {Norbert Untersteiner},
  volume =       {X},
  number =       146,
  series =       {NATO ASI series B : Physics},
  publisher =    {Plenum Press},
  note =         {1196p.},
  annote =       {ISBN 0-306-42465-7}
}

@Article{vallis00,
  author =       {Geoffrey K. Vallis},
  title =        {Large-Scale Circulation and Production of
                  Stratification: Effects of Wind, Geometry, and
                  Diffusion},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         2000,
  volume =       30,
  number =       5,
  pages =        {933--954}
}

@Article{warren99:_approx_energy_transport,
  author =       {Bruce A. Warren},
  title =        {Approximating the Energy Transfer Across Oceanic
                  Sections},
  journal =      jgr,
  year =         1999,
  volume =       104,
  number =       {C4},
  pages =        {7915--7919}
}

@Article{webb91:_fram,
  author =       {David J. Webb and others},
  title =        {Using an Eddy Resolving Model to Study the
                  {S}outhern {O}cean},
  journal =      tagu,
  year =         1991,
  volume =       72,
  number =       15,
  pages =        {169, 174, 175}
}

@Proceedings{wefer96:_south_atlantic,
  title =        {The {S}outh {A}tlantic: {P}resent and Past
                  Circulation},
  year =         1996,
  editor =       {Gerold Wefer and Wolfgang H. Berger and Gerold
                  Sielder and David J. Webb},
  address =      {Berlin},
  publisher =    {Springer}
}

@Article{whitworth82:_net_transport_acc,
  author =       {Whitworth, III, Thomas and W. D. Nowlin and
                  S. J. Worley},
  title =        {The Net Transport of the {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar
                  {C}urrent Through {D}rake {P}assage},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1982,
  volume =       12,
  number =       9,
  pages =        {960--971}
}

@Article{whitworth85:_volume_trans_acc,
  author =       {Whitworth, III, Thomas and R. G. Peterson},
  title =        {Volume Transport of the {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar
                  {C}urrent from Bottom Pressure Measurements},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1985,
  volume =       15,
  number =       6,
  pages =        {810-816}
}

@Article{willebrand01:_circul_charac_three_eddy_model_north_atlan,
  author =       {J{\"u}rgen Willebrand and Bernard Barnier and Claus
                  B{\"o}ning and Christian Dieterich and Peter
                  D. Killworth and Christian LeProvost and Yanli Jia
                  and Jean-Marc Molines and Adrian L. New},
  title =        {Circulation Characteristics in Three Eddy-permitting
                  Models of the {N}orth {A}tlantic},
  journal =      pin,
  year =         2001,
  volume =       48,
  number =       {2--3},
  pages =        {123--161}
}

@TechReport{woodgate98,
  author =       {Rebecca Woodgate and Ursula Schauer and Eberhard
                  Fahrbach},
  title =        {Moored current meters in the {F}ram {S}trait at
                  79{\,$^\circ$}{N}: preliminary results with special
                  emphasis on the {W}est {S}pitzbergen {C}urrent},
  institution =  {Alfred-Wegener-Institut f{\"u}r Polar- und
                  Meeresforschung},
  year =         1998,
  type =         {Berichte des Fachbereichs Physik},
  number =       91,
  pages =        {1--25}
}


@Article{wunsch02:_thermohaline,
  author =       {Carl Wunsch},
  title =        {What is the Thermohaline Circulation?},
  journal =      {Science},
  year =         2002,
  volume =       298,
  pages =        {1179--1180},
  month =        {November 8}
}


@Article{wunsch05:_therm_loops_stomm_box_model_sands,
  author =       {Carl Wunsch},
  title =        {Thermohaline Loops, {S}tommel Box Models, and the
                  {S}andstr{\"o}m theorem},
  journal =      {Tellus A},
  year =         2005,
  volume =       57,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {84--99},
  doi =          {10.1111/j.1600-0870.2005.00093.x}
}

@Article{wunsch05a,
  author =       {Carl Wunsch},
  title =        {The Total Meridional Heat Flux and Its Oceanic and
                  Atmospheric Partition},
  journal =      jcl,
  year =         2005,
  volume =       18,
  pages =        {4374--4380},
  number =       21,
  doi =          {10.1175/JCLI3539.1}
}

@Incollection{wunsch84:_wm65,
  author =       {C. Wunsch},
  title =        {Acoustic tomography and other answers},
  booktitle =    {"It's the water that makes you drunk." A celebration
                  in Geophysics and Oceanography -- 1982. In honor of
                  Walter Munk on his 65th birthday.},
  publisher =    {Scripps Institution of Oceanography, of California,
                  San Diego},
  year =         {1984},
  series =       {Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference Series
                  84-5},
  pages =        {47--62},
  address =      {La Jolla, CA},
}


@Article{wunsch99:_inter_short_climat_recor_commen,
  author =       {Carl Wunsch},
  title =        {The Interpretation of Short Climate Records, with
                  Comments on the {N}orth {A}tlantic and {S}outhern
                  {O}scillation},
  journal =      bams,
  year =         1999,
  volume =       80,
  pages =        {245--255}
}