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@Article{Barnier:1995,
  author =       "Bernard Barnier and L. Siefridt and P. Marchesiello",
  title =        "Thermal Forcing for a Global Ocean Circulation Model
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  journal =      jms,
  year =         1995,
  volume =       6,
  pages =        "363--380"
}

@Article{Bersch:1995,
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}

@TechReport{Boyer:1994,
  author =       {T. P. Boyer and S. Levitus},
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                  data.},
  institution =  {{NOAA}},
  year =         1994,
  type =         {{NOAA} {A}tlas {S}eries},
  number =       {NESDIS 81},
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  note =         {64 pp.}
}

@TechReport{Boyer:1997,
  author =       "T. P. Boyer and S. Levitus",
  title =        "Objective Analyses of Temperature and Salinity for
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  institution =  "U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.",
  type =         {{NOAA}/{NESDIS} {A}tlas},
  year =         1997,
  number =       "11"
}

@Article{Bryden:1973,
  author =       "H. L. Bryden",
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}

@Article{Bryden:1991,
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@InCollection{Bryden:93,
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@Article{Chelton:1990,
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@TechReport{Fofonoff:1983,
  author =       "Fofonoff, P. and Millard, Jr., R.C.",
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  institution =  "Unesco",
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@Book{Gill:1982,
  author =       {Adrian E. Gill},
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@Article{Hidaka:1940a,
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@Article{Hidaka:1940b,
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@TechReport{Levitus:1994a,
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@TechReport{Levitus:1994b,
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}

@TechReport{Levitus:1994c,
  author =       {S. Levitus and T.P. Boyer},
  title =        {{W}orld {O}cean {A}tlas 1994. {V}olume 4: {T}emperature},
  institution =  {{NOAA}},
  year =         1994,
  type =         {{NOAA} {A}tlas {NEDSIS}},
  address =      {Washington D.C.},
  number =       {4},
  pages =        {117}
}

@Article{Millero:1980,
  author =       "Millero, F.J. and Chen, C.T. and Bradshaw, A. and
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  year =         1980,
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  pages =        "255--264"
}

@Book{Pedlosky:1986,
  author =       {Joseph Pedlosky},
  title =        {Geophysical Fluid Dynamics},
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  year =         1987,
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  pages =        {710}
}

@Proceedings{WissErgebMeteor:1927,
  title =        {{W}issenschaftliche {E}rgebnisse der {D}eutschen
                  {A}tlantischen {E}xpedition auf dem {F}orschungs-
                  und {V}ermessungsschiff {``Meteor''}},
  year =         {1925--1927},
  key =          {AEM}
}

@Book{Worthington:1976,
  author =       {L. V. Worthington},
  title =        {On the {N}orth {A}tlantic Circulation},
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  year =         1976,
  address =      {Baltimore}
}

@InProceedings{Wuest:1935,
  author =       {G. W{\"u}st},
  title =        {{S}chichtung und {Z}irkulation des {A}tlantischen
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  booktitle =    {{W}issenschaftliche {E}rgebnisse der {D}eutschen
                  {A}tlantischen {E}xpedition auf dem {F}orschungs-
                  und {V}ermessungsschiff {``Meteor''}},
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  year =         1935,
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}

@Article{adcroft01:_geoth_heating_global_ocean_circul,
  author =       {Alistair Adcroft and Jeffery R. Scott and Jochem
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  journal =      grl,
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@Article{adcroft98:_slippery_coast,
  author =       {Alistair Adcroft and David Marshall},
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                  Numerical Ocean Models?},
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  year =         1998,
  volume =       {50A},
  pages =        {95--108}
}

@TechReport{au9309,
  author =       {Mark Rosenberg and Ruth Eriksen and Stephen Rintoul},
  title =        {{A}urora {A}ustralis Marine Science Cruise
                  {AU9309/AU9391} - Oceanographic Field Measurements
                  and Analysis},
  institution =  {Antarctic {CRC}},
  year =         1995,
  type =         {{A}ntarctic {CRC} Research Report},
  number =       2,
  address =      {Hobart, Australia}
}

@TechReport{au9404,
  author =       {Mark Rosenberg and Ruth Eriksen and Steve Bell and
                  Stephen Rintoul},
  title =        {{A}urora {A}ustralis Marine Science Cruise {AU9404}
                  - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis},
  institution =  {Antarctic {CRC}},
  year =         1996,
  type =         {{A}ntarctic {CRC} Research Report},
  number =       8,
  address =      {Hobart, Australia}
}

@TechReport{au9407,
  author =       {Mark Rosenberg and Ruth Eriksen and Steve Bell and
                  Nathan Bindoff and Stephen Rintoul},
  title =        {{A}urora {A}ustralis Marine Science Cruise {AU9407}
                  - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis},
  institution =  {Antarctic {CRC}},
  year =         1995,
  type =         {{A}ntarctic {CRC} Research Report},
  number =       6,
  address =      {Hobart, Australia}
}

@TechReport{au9604,
  author =       {Mark Rosenberg and Stephen Bray and Nathan Bindoff
                  and Stephen Rintoul and Neale Johnston and Steve Bell
                  and Phillip Towler},
  title =        {{A}urora {A}ustralis Marine Science Cruise {AU9407}
                  - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis,
                  Intercruise Comparisons and Data Quality Notes},
  institution =  {Antarctic {CRC}},
  year =         1997,
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  number =       12,
  address =      {Hobart, Australia}
}

@Unpublished{barnard:_dynamo,
  author =       {Sally Barnard and Bernard Barnier and Aike Beckmann
                  and Claus W. B{\"o}ning and Macky Coulibaly and
                  D'Arcy DeCuevas and Joachim Dengg and Christian
                  Dieterich and Ute Ernst and Peter Herrmann and Yanli
                  Jia and Peter D. Killworth and J{\"u}rgen Kr{\"o}ger
                  and Mei-Man Lee and Christian LeProvost and
                  Jean-Marc Molines and Adrian L. New and Andreas
                  Oschlies and Thierry Reynaud and Luke J. West and
                  J{\"u}rgen Willebrand},
  title =        {{DYNAMO}, {D}ynamics of {N}orth {A}tlantic {M}odels},
  note =         {{DYNAMO} Scientific Report {N$^o$3}},
  year =         {1997}
}

@Article{beckmann97,
  author =       {Aike Beckmann and Ralf Doescher},
  title =        {A Method for Improved Representation of Dense Water
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  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1997,
  volume =       27,
  pages =        {581--591}
}

@Article{beismann04,
  author =       {Jens-Olaf Beismann and Bernard Barnier},
  title =        {Variability of the Meridional Overturning
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  journal =      {Ocean Dynamics},
  year =         2004,
  volume =       54,
  number =       1,
  pages =        {92--106},
  doi =          {10.1007/s10236-003-0088-x}
}

@Article{bindoff_mcdougall:94,
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@Article{bleck02,
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  year =         {2002},
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}

@Article{boening01:_season_cycle_merid_heat_trans,
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  pages =        {231--253}
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@Article{boening92:_eddy_dynam_primit_equat_model,
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  year =         1992,
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@Article{bryan87,
  author =       {Frank Bryan},
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@Article{bryden96:_decad_chang_water_mass_charac,
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  volume =       9,
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@Article{callahan71:_veloc_struc_flux_antar_circum_curren_austr,
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@Article{campin99,
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  year =         1999,
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  number =       {412-430}
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@InProceedings{chelton00,
  author =       {Dudley B. Chelton and John C. Ries and Bruce
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                  of techniques and applications},
  title =        {Satellite Altimetry},
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  address =      {San Diego},
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@Article{cisewski03,
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@Article{cisewski08,
  author =       {Boris Cisewski and Volker Strass and Martin Losch
                  and H. Prandke},
  title =        {Mixed Layer Analysis of a Mesoscale Eddy in the
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  journal =      jgr,
  year =         {2008},
  OPTkey =       {},
  OPTvolume =    {},
  OPTnumber =    {},
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}

@TechReport{conkright1994,
  author =       {M. Conkright and S. Levitus and T. Boyer},
  title =        {{W}orld {O}cean {A}tlas 1994. {V}olume 1: {N}utrients},
  institution =  {{NOAA}},
  year =         1994,
  type =         {{NOAA} {A}tlas {NEDSIS}},
  address =      {Washington D.C.},
  number =       {1}
}

@Article{danabasoglu94:_mesoscale_transports,
  author =       {Gokhan Danabasoglu and James C. McWilliams and Peter
                  R. Gent},
  title =        {The Role of Mesoscale Tracer Transports in the
                  Global Ocean Circulation},
  journal =      science,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       264,
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  month =        {May}
}

@Article{dewar98,
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                  J. McDougall and Dongliang Yuan},
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  volume =       28,
  number =       4,
  pages =        {577--588}
}

@Article{doeoes94:_deacon_cell,
  author =       {K. D{\"o\"o}s and David J. Webb},
  title =        {The {D}eacon Cell and the other meridional cells of
                  the {S}outhern {O}cean},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       24,
  pages =        {429--442}
}

@Article{eby94,
  author =       {Michael Eby and Greg Holloway},
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  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1994,
  volume =       24,
  number =       12,
  pages =        {2577--2588},
  doi =          {10.1175/1520-0485(19949)024<2577:SOALSO>2.0.CO;2}
}

@misc{etopo5,
  author =       {NOAA},
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  howpublished = {{NOAA}, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder,
                  CO},
  year =         {1988},
  pages =        {50}
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@Article{fahrbach01,
  author =       {Eberhard Fahrbach and Jens Meincke and Svein
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  title =        {Direct Measurements of Volume Transports Through
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@Article{fahrbach03,
  author =       {Eberhard Fahrbach and Ursula Schauer and Gerd
                  Rohardt},
  title =        {How to Measure Oceanic Fluxes from the {A}tlantic
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@Article{fahrbach92:_antar_coast_curren_wedel_sea,
  author =       {Eberhard Fahrbach and Gerd Rohardt and Gunter
                  Krause},
  title =        {The {A}ntarctic {C}oastal {C}urrent in the
                  southeastern {W}edell {S}ea},
  journal =      {Polar Biology},
  year =         1992,
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}

@Article{fahrbach94:_trans_struc_weddel_gyre,
  author =       {Eberhard Fahrbach and Gerd Rohardt and Michael
                  Schr{\"o}der and Volker Strass},
  title =        {Transport and Structure of the {W}eddell {G}yre},
  journal =      ag,
  year =         1994,
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  pages =        {840--855}
}

@Article{foster72,
  author =       {Theodore D. Foster},
  title =        {Haline Convection in Leads and Polynyas},
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1972,
  volume =       2,
  number =       4,
  doi =          {10.1175/1520-0485(1972)002{$<$}0462:HCIPAL{$>$}2.0.CO;2},
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}

@Proceedings{fu00,
  title =        {Satellite altimetry and Earth sciences, A Handbook
                  of techniques and applications},
  year =         2000,
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  volume =       69,
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  address =      {San Diego},
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}

@InProceedings{fu96:_circul_variab_south_atlantic_ocean,
  author =       {Lee-Lueng Fu},
  title =        {The Circulation and its Variability of the {S}outh
                  {A}tlantic {O}cean: {F}irst Results from the
                  {TOPEX}/{POSEIDON} Mission},
  booktitle =    {The {S}outh {A}tlantic: {P}resent and Past
                  Circulation},
  crossref =     {wefer96:_south_atlantic},
  pages =        {63--82},
  year =         1996
}
@Article{gavart:97,
  author =       "Michel Gavart and Pierre {De Mey}",
  title =        "Isopycnal {EOFs} in the {A}zores {C}urrent {R}egion:
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                  Assimilation",
  journal =      jpo,
  year =         1997,
  volume =       27,
  number =       4,
  pages =        "2146--2157"
}


@Misc{gebco,
  author =       {{Canadian Hydrographic Office}},
  title =        {{G}eneral {B}athymetric {C}hart of the {O}ceans
                  ({GEBCO})},
  howpublished = {Hydrographic Distribution Office, Ottawa, Canada},
  year =         1981
}

@Misc{gebco03,
  author =       {{British Oceanographic Data Center}},
  title =        {Centenary Edition of the {GEBCO} Digital Atlas
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  howpublished = {Liverpool, {UK}: Published on behalf of the
                  Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the
                  International Hydrographic Organization},
  year =         2003
}

@Article{gnanadesikan06,
  author =       {Anand Gnanadesikan and Keith W. Dixon and Stephen
                  M. Griffies and V. Balaji and Marcelo Barreiro and
                  J. Anthony Beesley and William F. Cooke and Thomas
                  L. Delworth and R{\"u}diger Gerdes and Matthew
                  J. Harrison and Isaac M. Held and William J. Hurlin
                  and Hyun-Chul Lee and Zhi Liang and Giang Nong and
                  Ronald C. Pacanowski and Anthony Rosati and Joellen
                  Russell and Bonita L. Samuels and Qian Song and
                  Michael J. Spelman and Ronald J. Stouffer and Colm
                  O. Sweeney and Gabriel Vecchi and Michael Winton and
                  Andrew T. Wittenberg and Fanrong Zeng and Rong Zhang
                  and John P. Dunne},
  title =        {{GFDL}'s {CM2} Global Coupled Climate Models. {P}art
                  {II}: The Baseline Ocean Simulation},
  journal =      jcl,
  year =         2006,
  volume =       19,
  number =       3,
  pages =        {675--697}
}

@Article{gordon75:_antar_ocean_section,
  author =       {A. L. Gordon},
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                  {170$^\circ$E}},
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  number =       6,
  pages =        {357--377}
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@Article{griffies01,
  author =       {Stephen M. Griffies and Ronald C. Pacanowski and
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  title =        {Tracer Conservation with an Explicit Free Surface
                  Method for z-Coordinate Models},
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  year =         2001,
  volume =       129,
  number =       {5},
  pages =        {1081--1098}
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@Book{haidvogel99:_numer_ocean_circul_model,
  author =       {Dale B. Haidvogel and Aike Beckmann},
  title =        {Numerical Ocean Circulation Modelling},
  publisher =    {Imperial College Press},
  year =         1999,
  volume =       2,
  series =       {Series on Environmental Science and Management},
  address =      {London},
  pages =        {344},
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@Book{haltiner80,
  author =       {G. J. Haltiner and R. T. Williams},
  title =        {Numerical Prediction and Dynamical Meteorology},
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  year =         1980,
  pages =        {477},
  note =         {2nd edition}
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@Article{hasselmann93:_fingerprints,
  author =       {Klaus Hasselmann},
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}

@Article{hasselmann98,
  author =       {Klaus Hasselmann},
  title =        {Conventional and {B}ayesian Approach to
                  Climate-Change Detection and Attribution},
  journal =      qjrms,
  year =         1998,
  volume =       124,
  number =       552,
  abstract =     {The conventional multi-variate, multi-fingerprint
                  theory of climate-change detection and attribution,
                  expressed in terms of existing frequency
                  distributions, is reviewed and generalized to a
                  Bayesian approach based on subjective
                  probabilities. Bayesian statistics enable a
                  quantitive determination of the impact of
                  climate-change detection tests on prior subjective
                  assessments of the probability of an externally
                  forced climate change. The Bayesian method also
                  provides a potentially powerful tool for enhancing
                  statistical detection and attribution tests by
                  combining a number of different climate-change
                  indicators that are not amenable to standard
                  signal-to-noise analyses because of inadequate
                  information on the associated natural-variability
                  statistics. The relation between the conventional
                  and Bayesian approach is illustrated by examples
                  taken from recent conventional analyses of
                  climate-change detection and attribution for three
                  cases of climate-change forcing by increasing
                  greenhouse-gas concentrations, increasing
                  greenhouse-gas and aerosol concentrations, and
                  variations in solar insolation. The enhancement of
                  detection and attribution levels through a joint
                  Bayesian analysis of a number of different
                  climate-change indices is demonstrated in a further
                  example. However, this advantage of the Bayesian
                  approach can be achieved only within the framework
                  of a subjective rather than objective analysis. The
                  conventional and Bayesian approach both exhibit
                  specific advantages and shortcomings, so that a
                  parallel application of both methods is probably the
                  most promising detection and attribution strategy.}
}

@Article{hellerman_rosenstein:1983,
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                  H. van den Dool and R. Jenne and M. Fiorino},
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  address =      {Singapore}
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  institution =  {CGD Division of the National Center for Atmospheric
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  organization = "Max-Planck-Institut f{\"ur} Plasmaphysik"
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  institution =  {UNESCO},
  year =         1978,
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@Misc{morgan94,
  author =       {Phillip P. Morgan},
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  year =         1994
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@Book{olbers92,
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                  and Jens Schr{\"o}ter},
  year =         {1992},
  publisher =    {Alfred-Wegener-Institut f{\"u}r Polar- und
                  Meeresforschung},
  pages =        99
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  author =       {Alejandro H. Orsi and Whitworth, III, Thomas and
                  Nowlin, Jr., Worth D. },
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@TechReport{pacanowski95:_mom_docum,
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  year =         1995,
  type =         {GFDL Ocean Technical Reports},
  number =       3
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  doi =          {0.1175/1520-0493(1998)126}
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                  Marie-Aur{\'e}lie Kerbiriou and Jacques Verron},
  title =        {How Topographic Smoothing Contributes to Differences
                  between the Eddy Flows Simulated by Sigma- and
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  number =       1,
  pages =        {122--137}
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  author =       {Phillip P. Morgan},
  title =        {SEAWATER, A Library of MATLAB Computational Routines
                  for the Properties of Sea Water},
  institution =  {CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 222},
  year =         1994,
  pages =        {29pp.}
}

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  number =       1,
  pages =        {86--95.doi:10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.00008.x}
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  author =       {Stefan Rahmstorf},
  title =        {Comments on ``{I}nstability of the Thermohaline
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  number =       6,
  pages =        {1099--1105}
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@Article{read93:_struc_trans_antar_circum_curren,
  author =       {J. F. Read and R.T. Pollard},
  title =        {Structure and Transport of the {A}ntarctic
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  pages =        {12281--12295}
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@InProceedings{redler:98,
  author =       "Ren{\'e} Redler and Karsten Ketelsen and Joachim
                  Dengg and Claus B{\"o}ning",
  title =        "A high-resolution numerical model for the
                  circulation of the {A}tlantic {O}cean",
  pages =        "95--108",
  booktitle =    "Proceedings in the Fourth European {SGI/CRAY MPP}
                  {W}orkshop",
  editor =       "H. Lederer and F. Hertweck",
  publisher =    {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Plasmaphysik},
  address =      {Garching, Germany},
  year =         1998,
  note =         {{\newline
                  http://www.rzg.mpg.de/mpp-workshop/papers/ipp-report.html}}
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@InProceedings{rintoul00:_antar_circum_current_system,
  author =       {Stephen R. Rintoul and Chris Hughes and Dirk Olbers},
  title =        {The {A}ntarctic {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent System},
  booktitle =    {Ocean Circulation and Climate},
  year =         2000,
  editor =       {G. Siedler and J. Church and J. Gould},
  publisher =    {Academic Press},
  note =         {to be published}
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  author =       {Guillaume Roullet and Gurvan Madec},
  title =        {Salt Conservation, Free Surface, and Varying Levels:
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  volume =       105,
  number =       {C10},
  pages =        {23927--23942}
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@TechReport{sac_wtso:1998,
  author =       {Gouretski, V. V. and K. Jancke},
  title =        {{WOCE} {R}eport {N}o. 162/98},
  institution =  {{WHP} Special Analysis Center},
  year =         1998,
  number =       3,
  note =         {{\newline
                  http://www.dkrz.de/$\sim$u241046/SACserver/SACHome.htm}}
}

@Book{salmon98:_geophysical_fluid_dynamics,
  author =       {Rick Salmon},
  title =        {Lectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics},
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  year =         1998,
  address =      {New York}
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  pages =        {6--23}
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  pages =        {452--464}
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                  G. Rohardt},
  title =        {Arctic Warming Through the {F}ram {S}trait - Oceanic
                  Heat Transport from 3 Years of Measurements},
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  volume =       109,
  number =       {C6},
  pages =        {doi:10.1029/2003JC001823},
  doi =          {10.1029/2003JC001823}
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@Article{schnur05,
  author =       {Reiner Schnur and Klaus Hasselmann},
  title =        {Optimal Filtering for {B}ayesian Detection and
                  Attribution of Climate Change},
  journal =      cdyn,
  year =         2005,
  volume =       24,
  pages =        {45--55},
  abstract =     {In the conventional approach to the detection of an
                  anthropogenic or other externally forced climate
                  change signal, optimal filters (fingerprints) are
                  used to maximize the ratio of the observed climate
                  change signal to the natural variability noise. If
                  detection is successful, attribution of the observed
                  climate change to the hypothesized forcing mechanism
                  is carried out in a second step by comparing the
                  observed and predicted climate change signals. In
                  contrast, the Bayesian approach to detection and
                  attribution makes no distinction between detection
                  and attribution. The purpose of filtering in this
                  case is to maximize the impact of the evidence, the
                  observed climate change, on the prior probability
                  that the hypothesis of an anthropogenic origin of
                  the observed signal is true. Whereas in the
                  conventional approach model uncertainties have no
                  direct impact on the definition of the optimal
                  detection fingerprint, in optimal Bayesian filtering
                  they play a central role. The number of patterns
                  retained is governed by the magnitude of the
                  predicted signal relative to the model
                  uncertainties, defined in a pattern space normalized
                  by the natural climate variability. Although this
                  results in some reduction of the original phase
                  space, this is not the primary objective of Bayesian
                  filtering, in contrast to the conventional approach,
                  in which dimensional reduction is a necessary
                  prerequisite for enhancing the signal-to-noise
                  ratio. The Bayesian filtering method is illustrated
                  for two anthropogenic forcing hypotheses: greenhouse
                  gases alone, and a combination of greenhouse gases
                  plus sulfate aerosols. The hypotheses are tested
                  against 31-year trends for near-surface temperature,
                  summer and winter diurnal temperature range, and
                  precipitation. Between six and thirteen response
                  patterns can be retained, as compared with the one
                  or two response patterns normally used in the
                  conventional approach. Strong evidence is found for
                  the detection of an anthropogenic climate change in
                  temperature, with some preference given to the
                  combined forcing hypothesis. Detection of recent
                  anthropogenic trends in diurnal temperature range
                  and precipitation is not successful, but there
                  remains strong net evidence for anthropogenic
                  climate change if all data are considered jointly.}
}

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  author =       {Michael P. Schodlok and Hartmut H. Hellmer and Aike
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  year =         2002,
  volume =       49,
  number =       21,
  pages =        {4807--4825},
  doi =          {10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00160-1}
}

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  author =       {Michael P. Schodlok and Manfred Wenzel, Jens G. Schr{\"o}ter and Hartmut H. Hellmer}, 
  title =        {Regional and Global Effects of Southern Ocean Constraints in a Global Model},
  journal =      {submitted to Ocean Dynamics},
  year =         {2007},
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  OPTvolume =    {},
  OPTnumber =    {},
  OPTpages =     {},
  OPTmonth =     {},
  OPTnote =      {},
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}

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  author =       {Friedrich A. Schott and Thomas N. Lee and Rainer
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  volume =       18,
  number =       9,
  pages =        {1209--1230}
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  title =        {Tidally Driven Mixing in a Numerical Model of the
                  Ocean General Circulation},
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  year =         2004,
  volume =       6,
  number =       {3--4},
  pages =        {245--263},
  doi =          {10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00011-8}
}

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  author =       {P. W. Sloss},
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&Article{rintoul01:_baroc_trans_variab_acc,
  author =       {Stephen R. Rintoul and Serguei Sokolov},
  title =        {Baroclinic Transport Variability of the {A}ntarctic
                  {C}ircumpolar {C}urrent South of {A}ustralia ({WOCE}
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  year =         2001,
  volume =       106,
  number =       {C2},
  pages =        {2795--2814}
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