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302 |
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315 |
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317 |
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318 |
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319 |
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131E0078130EA200F81306A27E1400B4FC13E06CB4FC14C06C13F06C13F86C13FC000313 |
320 |
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321 |
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323 |
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324 |
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325 |
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328 |
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329 |
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330 |
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332 |
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D<121C123E127FA3123E121CC7FCA7B4FCA2121FB2EAFFE0A20B247EA310>I<B4FCA212 |
333 |
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1FB3ADEAFFE0A20B237EA210>108 D<3AFF07F007F090391FFC1FFC3A1F303E303E0140 |
334 |
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1340496C487EA201001300AE3BFFE0FFE0FFE0A22B167E9530>I<38FF07E0EB1FF8381F |
335 |
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307CEB403CEB803EA21300AE39FFE1FFC0A21A167E951F>I<13FE3807FFC0380F83E038 |
336 |
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1E00F0003E13F848137CA300FC137EA7007C137CA26C13F8381F01F0380F83E03807FFC0 |
337 |
|
3800FE0017167E951C>I<38FF0FE0EB3FF8381FE07CEB803E497E1580A2EC0FC0A8EC1F |
338 |
|
80A29038803F00EBC03EEBE0FCEB3FF8EB0FC090C8FCA8EAFFE0A21A207E951F>I<EAFE |
339 |
|
1FEB3FC0381E67E013C71387A2381F83C090C7FCADEAFFF0A213167E9517>114 |
340 |
|
D<EA0FF3EA3FFFEA781FEA6007EAE003A212F000FCC7FCEA7FE013F8EA3FFEEA0FFF1201 |
341 |
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38000F80EAC007130312E0A238F00700EAFC0EEAEFFCEAC7F011167E9516>I<487EA412 |
342 |
|
03A21207A2120F123FB5FCA2EA0F80ABEB8180A5EB8300EA07C3EA03FEEA00F811207F9F |
343 |
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16>I<38FF01FEA2381F003EAF147E14FE380F81BE3907FF3FC0EA01FC1A167E951F>I<39 |
344 |
|
FFE01FE0A2391F800700000F1306EBC00E0007130C13E000035BA26C6C5AA26C6C5AA2EB |
345 |
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346 |
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FC1B207F951E>121 D<387FFFF0A2387C03E0387007C0EA600F38E01F8000C01300133E |
347 |
|
137EC65A5B485A00031330EA07E013C0380F8070121F383F0060003E13E0EA7C03B5FCA2 |
348 |
|
14167E9519>I E end |
349 |
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%%EndProlog |
350 |
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%%BeginSetup |
351 |
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%%Feature: *Resolution 300dpi |
352 |
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TeXDict begin |
353 |
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354 |
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%%EndSetup |
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%%Page: 1 1 |
356 |
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1 0 bop -60 69 a Fh(Sea-Ice)18 b(P)n(arameterization)-60 |
357 |
|
127 y(in)g(the)h(MIT)f(GCM)-60 218 y Fg(D.)13 b(Menemenlis,)g(J.)h |
358 |
|
(Zhang)-60 326 y Fh(In)n(tro)r(duction)-10 412 y Fg(Sea)c(ice)h(co)o(v) |
359 |
|
o(ers)g(up)f(to)h(30)r Ff(\002)r Fg(10)465 397 y Fe(6)493 |
360 |
|
412 y Fg(km)551 397 y Fe(2)578 412 y Fg(of)f(the)h(o)q(cean's)f(sur-) |
361 |
|
-60 462 y(face)k(\(almost)e(10\045\).)17 b(Because)f(of)d(lac)o(k)h(of) |
362 |
|
f(data,)g(meteoro-)-60 511 y(logical)d(\014elds)j(ha)o(v)o(e)f(large)f |
363 |
|
(uncertain)o(ties)i(in)f(p)q(olar)f(regions.)-60 561 |
364 |
|
y(The)18 b(inclusion)e(of)h(a)g(sea)h(ice)f(mo)q(del)f(will)g(p)q |
365 |
|
(ermit)h(ECCO)-60 611 y(to)d(mak)o(e)f(use)j(of)d(satellite)i(observ)n |
366 |
|
(ations)f(o)o(v)o(er)h(ice-co)o(v)o(ered)-60 661 y(o)q(ceans.)j(F)m(or) |
367 |
|
10 b(example,)f(SSM/I)i(ice)f(motion)f(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)j(a)f(b)q(et-)-60 |
368 |
|
711 y(ter)18 b(estimate)f(of)f(surface)i(stress)i(than)d(that)g(pro)o |
369 |
|
(vided)g(b)o(y)-60 761 y(NCEP)12 b(or)f(ECMWF.)g(Another)i(motiv)n |
370 |
|
(atio)o(n)c(for)i(including)-60 810 y(sea)k(ice)h(is)f(that)g(global)e |
371 |
|
(estimates)i(of)f(atmospheric)g(\015uxes)-60 860 y(o)o(v)o(er)9 |
372 |
|
b(the)h(o)q(cean)g(are)g Fd(not)g Fg(p)q(ossible)g(without)f(a)g(sea)h |
373 |
|
(ice)f(mo)q(del)-60 910 y(b)q(ecause)17 b(of)d(h)o(uge)h(storage)g(and) |
374 |
|
g(transp)q(ort)h(sea)f(ice)h(terms,)-60 960 y(e.g.,)i(laten)o(t)g(heat) |
375 |
|
g(of)g(fusion)f(and)h(fresh)o(w)o(ater)i(transp)q(ort.)-60 |
376 |
|
1010 y(Finally)m(,)10 b(a)i(complete)f(global)g(o)q(cean)h(state)h |
377 |
|
(estimation,)d(the)-60 1059 y(cen)o(tral)16 b(goal)e(of)i(ECCO,)f |
378 |
|
(requires)i(inclusion)e(of)g(the)h(Arc-)-60 1109 y(tic)g(Ocean.)25 |
379 |
|
b(Prop)q(er)17 b(represen)o(tation)g(of)e(p)q(olar)g(regions)h(in)-60 |
380 |
|
1159 y(the)g(ECCO)g(pro)q(ducts)h(will)d(mak)o(e)g(it)h(p)q(ossible)g |
381 |
|
(to)h(address)-60 1209 y(a)e(host)g(of)f(in)o(teresting)i(and)e(imp)q |
382 |
|
(ortan)o(t)g(science)i(questions)-60 1259 y(p)q(ertaining)k(to)h(o)q |
383 |
|
(ceanographic)g(links)e(in)i(p)q(olar-subp)q(olar)-60 |
384 |
|
1308 y(in)o(teractions.)-10 1367 y(A)12 b(sea)g(ice)g(mo)q(del)e(is)i |
385 |
|
(no)o(w)f(a)o(v)n(ailable)f(for)h(the)i(MIT)e(GCM)-60 |
386 |
|
1417 y(and)17 b(ready)h(for)f(inclusion)f(in)h(the)h(\014rst)g(public)f |
387 |
|
(release)i(of)-60 1467 y(the)14 b(mo)q(del.)i(The)e(sea)g(ice)f(co)q |
388 |
|
(de)i(is)e(robust)h(\(53-y)o(ear)f(global)-60 1517 y(in)o(tegration)i |
389 |
|
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390 |
|
1566 y(ready)e(compare)e(fa)o(v)o(orably)f(with)i(data)g(prior)g(to)g |
391 |
|
(an)o(y)g(tun-)-60 1616 y(ing)j(or)g(assimilation\),)d(clean)k(\(a)f |
392 |
|
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393 |
|
(trouble-free)i(parsing)f(b)o(y)g(the)h(adjoin)o(t)d(mo)q(del)-60 |
394 |
|
1716 y(compiler\),)j(and)g(parallelized)g(\(the)h(53-y)o(ear)f(in)o |
395 |
|
(tegration)-60 1766 y(used)15 b(32)f(pro)q(cessors\).)22 |
396 |
|
b(Herein)16 b(w)o(e)f(discuss)g(sea-ice)g(mo)q(del)-60 |
397 |
|
1816 y(c)o(haracteristics,)24 b(its)c(n)o(umerical)f(implemen)o |
398 |
|
(tation,)g(some)-60 1865 y(prelinary)14 b(results,)g(and)g(remaining)e |
399 |
|
(c)o(hallenges.)-60 1974 y Fh(Sea-Ice)18 b(Mo)r(del)f(Description)-10 |
400 |
|
2059 y Fg(Sea-ice)11 b(mo)q(del)e(thermo)q(dynamics)g(are)i(based)g(on) |
401 |
|
f(Hibler)-60 2109 y([1980],)i(that)j(is,)f(a)g(2-category)h(mo)q(del)e |
402 |
|
(that)h(sim)o(ulates)g(ice)-60 2159 y(thic)o(kness)21 |
403 |
|
b(and)f(concen)o(tration.)37 b(Sno)o(w)20 b(is)g(sim)o(ulated)e(as)-60 |
404 |
|
2209 y(p)q(er)d(Zhang)f(et)g(al.)36 b([1998].)16 b(Although)d(recen)o |
405 |
|
(t)j(y)o(ears)e(ha)o(v)o(e)-60 2258 y(seen)g(an)f(increased)h(use)g(of) |
406 |
|
e(m)o(ulti-category)f(thic)o(kness)j(dis-)-60 2308 y(tribution)j |
407 |
|
(sea-ice)h(mo)q(dels)f(for)g(climate)f(studies,)i(the)g(Hi-)-60 |
408 |
|
2358 y(bler)12 b(2-category)g(ice)g(mo)q(del)f(is)h(still)f(the)h(most) |
409 |
|
f(widely)g(used)-60 2408 y(mo)q(del)i(and)h(has)g(resulted)i(in)d |
410 |
|
(realistic)i(sim)o(ulation)c(of)j(sea-)-60 2458 y(ice)20 |
411 |
|
b(v)n(ariabilit)o(y)c(on)j(regional)f(and)h(global)f(scales.)35 |
412 |
|
b(Being)-60 2507 y(less)20 b(complicated,)g(compared)f(to)h(m)o |
413 |
|
(ulti-category)e(mo)q(d-)-60 2557 y(els,)c(a)f(2-category)h(mo)q(del)e |
414 |
|
(will)g(p)q(ermit)h(easier)h(application)-60 2607 y(of)f(adjoin)o(t)g |
415 |
|
(mo)q(del)f(optimization)f(metho)q(ds.)-10 2666 y(Note,)19 |
416 |
|
b(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(that)e(the)h(Hibler)f(2-category)g(mo)q(del)-60 |
417 |
|
2716 y(and)k(its)g(v)n(arian)o(ts)g(use)h(a)f(so-called)f(zero-la)o(y)o |
418 |
|
(er)i(thermo-)1050 69 y(dynamic)e(mo)q(del)g(to)h(estimate)g(ice)h(gro) |
419 |
|
o(wth)f(and)g(deca)o(y)m(.)1050 118 y(The)e(zero-la)o(y)o(er)g(thermo)q |
420 |
|
(dynamic)e(mo)q(del)g(assumes)i(that)1050 168 y(ice)14 |
421 |
|
b(do)q(es)h(not)f(store)h(heat)f(and,)f(therefore,)i(tends)g(to)f |
422 |
|
(exag-)1050 218 y(gerate)j(the)f(seasonal)g(v)n(ariabilit)o(y)e(in)h |
423 |
|
(ice)i(thic)o(kness.)25 b(This)1050 268 y(exaggeration)c(can)h(b)q(e)g |
424 |
|
(signi\014can)o(tly)f(reduced)i(b)o(y)e(using)1050 318 |
425 |
|
y(Sem)o(tner's)36 b([1976])16 b(three-la)o(y)o(er)j(thermo)q(dynamic)d |
426 |
|
(mo)q(del)1050 368 y(that)e(p)q(ermits)f(heat)h(storage)g(in)g(ice.)k |
427 |
|
(Recen)o(tly)m(,)13 b(the)i(three-)1050 417 y(la)o(y)o(er)10 |
428 |
|
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429 |
|
(y)1050 467 y(Win)o(ton)35 b([2000].)28 b(The)18 b(reform)o(ulation)e |
430 |
|
(impro)o(v)o(es)g(mo)q(del)1050 517 y(ph)o(ysics)h(b)o(y)f(represen)o |
431 |
|
(ting)i(the)f(brine)g(con)o(ten)o(t)g(of)f(the)h(up-)1050 |
432 |
|
567 y(p)q(er)c(ice)f(with)f(a)h(v)n(ariable)e(heat)j(capacit)o(y)m(.)j |
433 |
|
(It)c(also)f(impro)o(v)o(es)1050 617 y(mo)q(del)e(n)o(umerics)g(and)h |
434 |
|
(consumes)h(less)f(computer)g(time)f(and)1050 666 y(memory)m(.)14 |
435 |
|
b(W)m(e)e(plan)f(to)h(adapt)f(and)h(mak)o(e)e(use)j(of)e(Win)o(ton's) |
436 |
|
1050 716 y(thermo)q(dynamic)h(sea-ice)i(mo)q(del)f(in)g(our)h(study)m |
437 |
|
(.)1100 775 y(The)23 b(ice)g(dynamics)e(mo)q(dels)h(that)h(are)g(most)f |
438 |
|
(widely)1050 825 y(used)e(for)e(large-scale)h(climate)e(studies)i(are)g |
439 |
|
(the)h(viscous-)1050 875 y(plastic)10 b(\(VP\))h(mo)q(del)19 |
440 |
|
b([)p Fd(Hibler,)9 b Fg(1979],)g(the)h(ca)o(vitating)f(\015uid)1050 |
441 |
|
924 y(\(CF\))j(mo)q(del)22 b([)p Fd(Flato)13 b(and)h(Hibler,)c |
442 |
|
Fg(1992],)h(and)g(the)i(elastic-)1050 974 y(viscous-plastic)j(\(EVP\))g |
443 |
|
(mo)q(del)30 b([)p Fd(Hunke)17 b(and)g(Dukowicz,)1050 |
444 |
|
1024 y Fg(1997].)32 b(Compared)18 b(to)h(the)g(VP)h(mo)q(del,)e(the)h |
445 |
|
(CF)g(mo)q(del)1050 1074 y(do)q(es)j(not)e(allo)o(w)f(ice)j(shear)f(in) |
446 |
|
g(calculating)e(ice)j(motion,)1050 1124 y(stress,)g(and)d(deformation.) |
447 |
|
32 b(EVP)20 b(mo)q(dels)e(appro)o(ximate)1050 1174 y(VP)i(b)o(y)f |
448 |
|
(adding)g(an)g(elastic)h(term)f(to)h(the)g(equations)f(for)1050 |
449 |
|
1223 y(easier)f(adaptation)e(to)h(parallel)f(computers.)28 |
450 |
|
b(Because)20 b(of)1050 1273 y(its)c(higher)h(accuracy)g(in)g(plastic)f |
451 |
|
(solution)f(and)i(relativ)o(ely)1050 1323 y(simpler)10 |
452 |
|
b(form)o(ulation,)f(compared)h(to)i(the)g(EVP)g(mo)q(del,)e(w)o(e)1050 |
453 |
|
1373 y(decided)15 b(to)e(use)h(the)h(VP)f(mo)q(del)e(as)h(the)h |
454 |
|
(dynamic)e(comp)q(o-)1050 1423 y(nen)o(t)18 b(of)g(our)g(ice)g(mo)q |
455 |
|
(del.)29 b(T)m(o)17 b(do)h(this)g(w)o(e)g(extended)h(the)1050 |
456 |
|
1472 y(alternating-direction-implicit)7 b(\(ADI\))k(metho)q(d)f(of)g |
457 |
|
(Zhang)1050 1522 y(and)16 b(Rothro)q(c)o(k)31 b([2000])14 |
458 |
|
b(for)i(use)g(in)g(a)f(parallel)g(con\014gura-)1050 1572 |
459 |
|
y(tion.)1050 1680 y Fh(Numerical)h(Impleme)o(n)n(tation)1100 |
460 |
|
1766 y Fg(The)11 b(sea)h(ice)g(mo)q(del)d(is)i(implemen)o(ted)e(as)i(a) |
461 |
|
g(pac)o(k)n(age)g(and)1050 1816 y(follo)o(ws)19 b(standard)i(MIT)f(GCM) |
462 |
|
g(pac)o(k)n(age)g(structure)j(and)1050 1865 y(guidelines.)18 |
463 |
|
b(T)m(o)12 b(impro)o(v)o(e)g(p)q(ortabilit)o(y)g(to)i(all)e(existing)h |
464 |
|
(and)1050 1915 y(future)h(v)o(ersions)f(of)g(the)h(MIT)f(GCM,)f(the)i |
465 |
|
(sea)g(ice)f(pac)o(k)n(age)1050 1965 y(has)19 b(a)f(single)g(en)o(try)h |
466 |
|
(p)q(oin)o(t:)26 b(it)19 b(replaces)g(the)g(subroutine)1050 |
467 |
|
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468 |
|
b(All)17 b(sea-ice)i(input,)1050 2065 y(output,)14 b(c)o(hec)o(kp)q |
469 |
|
(oin)o(ting,)f(and)h(pic)o(kup)g(op)q(erations)h(as)f(w)o(ell)1050 |
470 |
|
2114 y(as)e(the)g(dynamic)e(and)i(thermo)q(dynamic)d(comp)q(onen)o(ts)j |
471 |
|
(tak)o(e)1050 2164 y(place)18 b(during)f(this)g(single)g(call.)28 |
472 |
|
b(F)m(urthermore,)18 b(con)o(trary)1050 2214 y(to)c(existing)f |
473 |
|
(practice,)i(the)f(sea)h(ice)f(mo)q(del)e(do)q(es)j(not)f(mo)q(d-)1050 |
474 |
|
2264 y(ify)f(surface)i(temp)q(erature)g(and)e(salinit)o(y)g(directly)m |
475 |
|
(.)18 b(Instead)1050 2314 y(the)i(in)o(teraction)g(with)f(the)h(MIT)g |
476 |
|
(GCM)f(is)h(through)f(the)1050 2363 y(computation)12 |
477 |
|
b(of)h(equiv)n(alen)o(t)g(net)h(\015uxes)g(at)g(the)g(ice-o)q(cean)1050 |
478 |
|
2413 y(in)o(terface.)19 b(This)14 b(facilitates)f(in)o(terfacing)h |
479 |
|
(with)f(other)i(MIT)1050 2463 y(GCM)f(pac)o(k)n(ages,)f(for)h(example,) |
480 |
|
e(the)j(mixed)d(la)o(y)o(er)i(param-)1050 2513 y(eterization.)1100 |
481 |
|
2572 y(The)24 b(sea)h(ice)f(mo)q(del)e(requires)j(the)g(follo)o(wing)c |
482 |
|
(input)1050 2621 y(\014elds:)g(10-m)13 b(winds,)i(2-m)f(air)g(temp)q |
483 |
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484 |
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485 |
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(radia-)1050 2721 y(tions,)10 b(precipitation,)f(ev)n(ap)q(oration,)h |
486 |
|
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487 |
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2 1 bop -60 69 a Fg(runo\013.)24 b(The)17 b(sea)f(ice)g(mo)q(del)f |
489 |
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(also)g(requires)i(surface)g(tem-)-60 118 y(p)q(erature)i(from)d(the)i |
490 |
|
(o)q(cean)h(mo)q(del)d(and)h(third)h(lev)o(el)f(hor-)-60 |
491 |
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168 y(izon)o(tal)f(v)o(elo)q(cit)o(y)g(whic)o(h)g(is)h(used)g(as)g(a)f |
492 |
|
(pro)o(xy)h(for)f(surface)-60 218 y(geostrophic)h(v)o(elo)q(cit)o(y)m |
493 |
|
(.)26 b(Output)18 b(\014elds)f(are)h(surface)f(wind)-60 |
494 |
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268 y(stress,)f(ev)n(ap)q(oration)e(min)o(us)e(precipitation)i(min)o |
495 |
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496 |
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(net)i(short)o(w)o(a)o(v)o(e)e(\015ux.)33 b(The)-60 368 |
497 |
|
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498 |
|
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499 |
|
(ceanic)g(forcing)g(from)e(the)-60 467 y(atmospheric)f(\014elds.)-60 |
500 |
|
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501 |
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502 |
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503 |
|
(con\014guration)-60 761 y(as)h(that)f(of)g(the)h(ECCO)g(2)393 |
504 |
|
745 y Fc(\016)433 761 y Fg(optimization,)e(that)h(is,)i(an)-60 |
505 |
|
810 y(80)-18 795 y Fc(\016)1 810 y Fg(S{80)87 795 y Fc(\016)105 |
506 |
|
810 y Fg(N)18 b(quasi-global)e(con\014guration)i(with)g(23)g(v)o(erti-) |
507 |
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-60 860 y(cal)12 b(lev)o(els.)18 b(KPP)13 b(and)f(GM)g(mixing)e(sc)o |
508 |
|
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509 |
|
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510 |
|
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511 |
|
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512 |
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513 |
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514 |
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1109 y(a)23 b(realistic)h(seasonal)f(cycle)h(and)f(in)o(terann)o(ual)g |
515 |
|
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516 |
|
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517 |
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518 |
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519 |
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520 |
|
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521 |
|
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522 |
|
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523 |
|
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524 |
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525 |
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526 |
|
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527 |
|
(main)o(taining)c(a)k(minim)n(um)17 b(cap)23 b(of)-60 |
528 |
|
1666 y Ff(\000)p Fg(1)p Fb(:)p Fg(8)26 1651 y Fc(\016)66 |
529 |
|
1666 y Fg(C)f(in)f(the)h(surface)h(temp)q(erature.)42 |
530 |
|
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531 |
|
j(strength)h(in)e(North)h(A)o(t-)-60 1766 y(lan)o(tic)f(and)g(Southern) |
532 |
|
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533 |
|
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534 |
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535 |
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536 |
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537 |
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538 |
|
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539 |
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540 |
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2065 y(h)o(uge)e(impact)e(on)i(the)h(large-scale)f(mo)q(del)e |
541 |
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(circulation.)-60 2173 y Fh(Discussion)-10 2258 y Fg(The)20 |
542 |
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1 j |
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1 sg |
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18 w |
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PP |
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12 w |
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DO |
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0 sg |
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899 2171 mt 899 389 L |
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899 389 mt 899 389 L |
870 |
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1970 2171 mt 1970 389 L |
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1970 389 mt 1970 389 L |
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6254 389 mt 6254 389 L |
890 |
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SO |
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18 w |
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|
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|
6254 2171 mt 6254 389 L |
895 |
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896 |
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899 2171 mt 6254 2171 L |
897 |
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899 389 mt 899 443 L |
900 |
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713 2367 mt |
903 |
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(1950) s |
904 |
|
1970 2171 mt 1970 2117 L |
905 |
|
1970 389 mt 1970 443 L |
906 |
|
1784 2367 mt |
907 |
|
(1960) s |
908 |
|
3041 2171 mt 3041 2117 L |
909 |
|
3041 389 mt 3041 443 L |
910 |
|
2855 2367 mt |
911 |
|
(1970) s |
912 |
|
4112 2171 mt 4112 2117 L |
913 |
|
4112 389 mt 4112 443 L |
914 |
|
3926 2367 mt |
915 |
|
(1980) s |
916 |
|
5183 2171 mt 5183 2117 L |
917 |
|
5183 389 mt 5183 443 L |
918 |
|
4997 2367 mt |
919 |
|
(1990) s |
920 |
|
6254 2171 mt 6254 2117 L |
921 |
|
6254 389 mt 6254 443 L |
922 |
|
6068 2367 mt |
923 |
|
(2000) s |
924 |
|
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925 |
|
6254 2171 mt 6200 2171 L |
926 |
|
771 2235 mt |
927 |
|
(0) s |
928 |
|
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929 |
|
6254 1726 mt 6200 1726 L |
930 |
|
678 1790 mt |
931 |
|
(10) s |
932 |
|
899 1280 mt 953 1280 L |
933 |
|
6254 1280 mt 6200 1280 L |
934 |
|
678 1344 mt |
935 |
|
(20) s |
936 |
|
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937 |
|
6254 835 mt 6200 835 L |
938 |
|
678 899 mt |
939 |
|
(30) s |
940 |
|
899 389 mt 953 389 L |
941 |
|
6254 389 mt 6200 389 L |
942 |
|
678 453 mt |
943 |
|
(40) s |
944 |
|
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945 |
|
899 2171 mt 6254 2171 L |
946 |
|
899 2171 mt 899 389 L |
947 |
|
6254 2171 mt 6254 389 L |
948 |
|
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949 |
|
DA |
950 |
|
36 w |
951 |
|
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|
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953 |
|
107 -127 107 -299 107 -86 107 57 107 -1 107 8 107 194 107 -28 |
954 |
|
107 -21 108 -26 107 5 107 -180 107 -61 107 -24 107 63 107 -26 |
955 |
|
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956 |
|
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957 |
|
107 -15 107 18 107 29 107 2 685 1157 53 MP stroke |
958 |
|
SO |
959 |
|
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960 |
|
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961 |
|
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962 |
|
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963 |
|
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964 |
|
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965 |
|
107 101 107 72 107 143 107 -49 685 1125 53 MP stroke |
966 |
|
gr |
967 |
|
|
968 |
|
36 w |
969 |
|
623 1939 mt -90 rotate |
970 |
|
(Overturning \(Sv\)) s |
971 |
|
90 rotate |
972 |
|
1441 253 mt |
973 |
|
(Strength of North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Cell) s |
974 |
|
18 w |
975 |
|
1 sg |
976 |
|
0 429 1499 0 0 -429 1041 900 4 MP |
977 |
|
PP |
978 |
|
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979 |
|
12 w |
980 |
|
DO |
981 |
|
SO |
982 |
|
18 w |
983 |
|
0 sg |
984 |
|
1041 900 mt 2540 900 L |
985 |
|
1041 471 mt 2540 471 L |
986 |
|
2540 900 mt 2540 471 L |
987 |
|
1041 900 mt 1041 471 L |
988 |
|
1041 900 mt 2540 900 L |
989 |
|
1041 900 mt 1041 471 L |
990 |
|
1041 471 mt 2540 471 L |
991 |
|
1041 900 mt 2540 900 L |
992 |
|
1041 900 mt 1041 471 L |
993 |
|
2540 900 mt 2540 471 L |
994 |
|
1509 648 mt |
995 |
|
(no sea ice ) s |
996 |
|
1509 847 mt |
997 |
|
(with sea ice) s |
998 |
|
gs 1041 471 1500 430 MR c np |
999 |
|
DA |
1000 |
|
36 w |
1001 |
|
280 0 1135 589 2 MP stroke |
1002 |
|
SO |
1003 |
|
280 0 1135 788 2 MP stroke |
1004 |
|
gr |
1005 |
|
|
1006 |
|
36 w |
1007 |
|
18 w |
1008 |
|
1 sg |
1009 |
|
0 1782 5355 0 0 -1782 899 4614 4 MP |
1010 |
|
PP |
1011 |
|
-5355 0 0 1782 5355 0 0 -1782 899 4614 5 MP stroke |
1012 |
|
12 w |
1013 |
|
DO |
1014 |
|
0 sg |
1015 |
|
899 4614 mt 899 2832 L |
1016 |
|
899 2832 mt 899 2832 L |
1017 |
|
1970 4614 mt 1970 2832 L |
1018 |
|
1970 2832 mt 1970 2832 L |
1019 |
|
3041 4614 mt 3041 2832 L |
1020 |
|
3041 2832 mt 3041 2832 L |
1021 |
|
4112 4614 mt 4112 2832 L |
1022 |
|
4112 2832 mt 4112 2832 L |
1023 |
|
5183 4614 mt 5183 2832 L |
1024 |
|
5183 2832 mt 5183 2832 L |
1025 |
|
6254 4614 mt 6254 2832 L |
1026 |
|
6254 2832 mt 6254 2832 L |
1027 |
|
899 4614 mt 6254 4614 L |
1028 |
|
6254 4614 mt 6254 4614 L |
1029 |
|
899 3723 mt 6254 3723 L |
1030 |
|
6254 3723 mt 6254 3723 L |
1031 |
|
899 2832 mt 6254 2832 L |
1032 |
|
6254 2832 mt 6254 2832 L |
1033 |
|
SO |
1034 |
|
18 w |
1035 |
|
899 4614 mt 6254 4614 L |
1036 |
|
899 2832 mt 6254 2832 L |
1037 |
|
6254 4614 mt 6254 2832 L |
1038 |
|
899 4614 mt 899 2832 L |
1039 |
|
899 4614 mt 6254 4614 L |
1040 |
|
899 4614 mt 899 2832 L |
1041 |
|
899 4614 mt 899 4560 L |
1042 |
|
899 2832 mt 899 2886 L |
1043 |
|
713 4810 mt |
1044 |
|
(1950) s |
1045 |
|
1970 4614 mt 1970 4560 L |
1046 |
|
1970 2832 mt 1970 2886 L |
1047 |
|
1784 4810 mt |
1048 |
|
(1960) s |
1049 |
|
3041 4614 mt 3041 4560 L |
1050 |
|
3041 2832 mt 3041 2886 L |
1051 |
|
2855 4810 mt |
1052 |
|
(1970) s |
1053 |
|
4112 4614 mt 4112 4560 L |
1054 |
|
4112 2832 mt 4112 2886 L |
1055 |
|
3926 4810 mt |
1056 |
|
(1980) s |
1057 |
|
5183 4614 mt 5183 4560 L |
1058 |
|
5183 2832 mt 5183 2886 L |
1059 |
|
4997 4810 mt |
1060 |
|
(1990) s |
1061 |
|
6254 4614 mt 6254 4560 L |
1062 |
|
6254 2832 mt 6254 2886 L |
1063 |
|
6068 4810 mt |
1064 |
|
(2000) s |
1065 |
|
899 4614 mt 953 4614 L |
1066 |
|
6254 4614 mt 6200 4614 L |
1067 |
|
771 4678 mt |
1068 |
|
(0) s |
1069 |
|
899 3723 mt 953 3723 L |
1070 |
|
6254 3723 mt 6200 3723 L |
1071 |
|
678 3787 mt |
1072 |
|
(10) s |
1073 |
|
899 2832 mt 953 2832 L |
1074 |
|
6254 2832 mt 6200 2832 L |
1075 |
|
678 2896 mt |
1076 |
|
(20) s |
1077 |
|
899 2832 mt 6254 2832 L |
1078 |
|
899 4614 mt 6254 4614 L |
1079 |
|
899 4614 mt 899 2832 L |
1080 |
|
6254 4614 mt 6254 2832 L |
1081 |
|
gs 899 2832 5356 1783 MR c np |
1082 |
|
DA |
1083 |
|
36 w |
1084 |
|
107 -122 107 -85 107 -77 107 -92 107 -64 108 57 107 -63 107 87 |
1085 |
|
107 -298 107 464 107 74 107 264 107 -213 107 27 107 74 108 -165 |
1086 |
|
107 -166 107 -315 107 232 107 148 107 -268 107 86 107 75 107 71 |
1087 |
|
107 73 108 -149 107 -261 107 114 107 -70 107 -192 107 358 107 76 |
1088 |
|
107 -58 107 -241 107 47 108 44 107 33 107 48 107 13 107 63 |
1089 |
|
107 -118 107 90 107 -230 107 195 107 -164 108 -3 107 135 107 50 |
1090 |
|
107 68 107 86 107 -91 107 14 685 3523 53 MP stroke |
1091 |
|
SO |
1092 |
|
107 14 107 9 107 -10 107 -61 107 -84 108 45 107 39 107 75 |
1093 |
|
107 -59 107 84 107 31 107 -6 107 -29 107 -39 107 -27 108 -44 |
1094 |
|
107 29 107 -81 107 60 107 -6 107 -102 107 99 107 29 107 3 |
1095 |
|
107 5 108 -39 107 2 107 94 107 40 107 -70 107 23 107 -28 |
1096 |
|
107 35 107 -47 107 54 108 37 107 -104 107 17 107 61 107 -35 |
1097 |
|
107 -1 107 36 107 52 107 37 107 -35 108 45 107 -21 107 -56 |
1098 |
|
107 -9 107 35 107 -42 107 14 685 3765 53 MP stroke |
1099 |
|
gr |
1100 |
|
|
1101 |
|
36 w |
1102 |
|
623 4382 mt -90 rotate |
1103 |
|
(Overturning \(Sv\)) s |
1104 |
|
90 rotate |
1105 |
|
2945 4988 mt |
1106 |
|
(Simulation Year) s |
1107 |
|
1347 2696 mt |
1108 |
|
(Strength of Southern Ocean Meridional Overturning Cell) s |
1109 |
|
18 w |
1110 |
|
1 sg |
1111 |
|
0 429 1499 0 0 -429 4613 4531 4 MP |
1112 |
|
PP |
1113 |
|
-1499 0 0 429 1499 0 0 -429 4613 4531 5 MP stroke |
1114 |
|
12 w |
1115 |
|
DO |
1116 |
|
SO |
1117 |
|
18 w |
1118 |
|
0 sg |
1119 |
|
4613 4531 mt 6112 4531 L |
1120 |
|
4613 4102 mt 6112 4102 L |
1121 |
|
6112 4531 mt 6112 4102 L |
1122 |
|
4613 4531 mt 4613 4102 L |
1123 |
|
4613 4531 mt 6112 4531 L |
1124 |
|
4613 4531 mt 4613 4102 L |
1125 |
|
4613 4102 mt 6112 4102 L |
1126 |
|
4613 4531 mt 6112 4531 L |
1127 |
|
4613 4531 mt 4613 4102 L |
1128 |
|
6112 4531 mt 6112 4102 L |
1129 |
|
5081 4279 mt |
1130 |
|
(no sea ice ) s |
1131 |
|
5081 4478 mt |
1132 |
|
(with sea ice) s |
1133 |
|
gs 4613 4102 1500 430 MR c np |
1134 |
|
DA |
1135 |
|
36 w |
1136 |
|
280 0 4707 4220 2 MP stroke |
1137 |
|
SO |
1138 |
|
280 0 4707 4419 2 MP stroke |
1139 |
|
gr |
1140 |
|
|
1141 |
|
36 w |
1142 |
|
18 w |
1143 |
|
|
1144 |
|
end |
1145 |
|
|
1146 |
|
eplot |
1147 |
|
|
1148 |
|
epage |
1149 |
|
end |
1150 |
|
|
1151 |
|
showpage |
1152 |
|
|
1153 |
|
%%EndDocument |
1154 |
|
|
1155 |
|
endTexFig |
1156 |
|
1050 876 a Fa(Figure)h(1.)19 b Fg(Impact)13 b(of)g(Sea)h(Ice)h(on)e |
1157 |
|
(Ocean)i(Circulation.)1050 970 y(tak)o(en)f(in)g(the)h(older,)f |
1158 |
|
(quasi-global,)d(2)1662 955 y Fc(\016)1695 970 y Fg(ECCO)k |
1159 |
|
(con\014gura-)1050 1020 y(tion)d(b)q(efore)i(b)q(eing)f(p)q(orted)g(to) |
1160 |
|
g(the)h(curren)o(t)g(higher)f(resolu-)1050 1070 y(tion)i(one.)22 |
1161 |
|
b(Another)17 b(imp)q(ortan)o(t)c(task)j(is)f(the)h(inclusion)f(of)1050 |
1162 |
|
1120 y(the)d(Arctic)g(Ocean,)h(either)f(through)g(the)g(elegan)o(t,)f |
1163 |
|
(but)h(still)1050 1169 y(exp)q(erimen)o(tal,)j(cub)q(ed-sphere)j |
1164 |
|
(con\014guration)e(that)g(is)f(b)q(e-)1050 1219 y(ing)f(dev)o(elop)q |
1165 |
|
(ed)i(b)o(y)f(A.)f(Adcroft)h(or)g(through)g(a)g(more)f(con-)1050 |
1166 |
|
1269 y(v)o(en)o(tional)19 b(approac)o(h,)j(for)f(example,)f(b)o(y)h |
1167 |
|
(displacing)e(the)1050 1319 y(North)c(P)o(ole)f(singularit)o(y)f(o)o(v) |
1168 |
|
o(er)i(a)f(land)g(lo)q(cation)g(or)g(b)o(y)h(us-)1050 |
1169 |
|
1369 y(ing)e(a)h(nested-grid.)1050 1475 y Fh(References)1050 |
1170 |
|
1561 y Fg(G.)d(M.)h(Flato)f(and)h(W.)f(D.)g(Hibler,)h(I)q(I)q(I.)j(Mo)q |
1171 |
|
(deling)d(pac)o(k)g(ice)1100 1610 y(as)k(a)f(ca)o(vitating)g(\015uid.) |
1172 |
|
23 b Fd(J.)16 b(Phys.)h(Oc)n(e)n(ano)n(gr.)p Fg(,)e(22:626{)1100 |
1173 |
|
1660 y(651,)d(1992.)1050 1714 y(W.)g(D.)g(Hibler,)h(I)q(I)q(I.)k(A)c |
1174 |
|
(dynamic)e(thermo)q(dynamic)g(sea)j(ice)1100 1764 y(mo)q(del.)i |
1175 |
|
Fd(J.)f(Phys.)g(Oc)n(e)n(ano)n(gr.)p Fg(,)e(9:815{846,)e(1979.)1050 |
1176 |
|
1818 y(W.)j(D.)h(Hibler,)g(I)q(I)q(I.)22 b(Mo)q(deling)15 |
1177 |
|
b(a)g(v)n(ariable)f(thic)o(kness)i(sea)1100 1867 y(ice)e(co)o(v)o(er.) |
1178 |
|
19 b Fd(Mon.)c(We)n(ather)g(R)n(ev.)p Fg(,)e(1:1943{1973,)e(1980.)1050 |
1179 |
|
1921 y(E.)i(C.)g(Hunk)o(e)g(and)h(J.)f(K.)g(Duk)o(o)o(wicz.)j(An)e |
1180 |
|
(elastic-viscous-)1100 1971 y(plastic)26 b(mo)q(del)f(for)h(sea)h(ice)g |
1181 |
|
(dynamics.)54 b Fd(J.)26 b(Phys.)1100 2021 y(Oc)n(e)n(ano)n(gr.)p |
1182 |
|
Fg(,)13 b(27:1849{1867,)d(1997.)1050 2075 y(A.)16 b(J.)h(Sem)o(tner,)f |
1183 |
|
(Jr.)27 b(A)17 b(mo)q(del)e(for)h(the)h(thermo)q(dynamic)1100 |
1184 |
|
2125 y(gro)o(wth)12 b(of)g(sea)h(ice)h(in)e(n)o(umerical)f(in)o(v)o |
1185 |
|
(estigations)h(of)g(cli-)1100 2174 y(mate.)17 b Fd(J.)d(Phys.)h(Oc)n(e) |
1186 |
|
n(ano)n(gr.)p Fg(,)e(6:379{389,)e(1976.)1050 2228 y(M.)g(Win)o(ton.)i |
1187 |
|
(A)f(reform)o(ulated)e(three-la)o(y)o(er)i(sea)g(ice)g(mo)q(del.)1100 |
1188 |
|
2278 y Fd(J.)i(A)o(tmos.)g(Oc)n(e)n(anic)h(T)m(e)n(chnol.)p |
1189 |
|
Fg(,)f(17:525{531,)c(2000.)1050 2332 y(J.)20 b(Zhang,)h(W.)e(D.)g |
1190 |
|
(Hibler,)i(I)q(I)q(I,)e(M.)h(Steele,)i(and)d(D.)g(A.)1100 |
1191 |
|
2382 y(Rothro)q(c)o(k.)47 b(Arctic)24 b(ice-o)q(cean)g(mo)q(deling)e |
1192 |
|
(with)h(and)1100 2431 y(without)g(climate)f(restoring.)48 |
1193 |
|
b Fd(J.)24 b(Phys.)g(Oc)n(e)n(ano)n(gr.)p Fg(,)1100 2481 |
1194 |
|
y(191:191{217,)10 b(1998.)1050 2535 y(J.)17 b(Zhang)h(and)f(D.)g |
1195 |
|
(Rothro)q(c)o(k.)28 b(Mo)q(deling)17 b(arctic)h(sea)g(ice)1100 |
1196 |
|
2585 y(with)11 b(an)h(e\016cien)o(t)g(plastic)g(solution.)i |
1197 |
|
Fd(J.)e(Ge)n(ophys.)i(R)n(es.)p Fg(,)1100 2635 y(105:3325{3338)o(,)d |
1198 |
|
(2000.)p 1050 2662 200 2 v eop |
1199 |
|
%%Trailer |
1200 |
|
end |
1201 |
|
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if |
1202 |
|
%%EOF |